Author's works:
1, eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong.
2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as "Liu Han", were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty.
3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).
4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as "Su Xin"; Graceful poetess: Li Qingzhao (poetess)
5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu. Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu.
6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He initiated the new poetic style of "Chu Ci" and the romantic style of China's poetry.
7. Confucius, named Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism, known as "Confucius Sage" and Mencius as "Yasheng", both of whom are called "Confucius and Mencius".
8. Su Shi praised Wang Wei for "painting in poetry and poetry in painting."
9. Du Fu was a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty. His poems reflect the social reality extensively and profoundly, and are called "the history of poetry", so Du Fu is honored as a "poet saint". There are three famous officials: Tongguan officials, Shi Hao officials and Xin 'an officials. "Three Farewells": wedding farewell, farewell to the old and welcome the new, and homelessness.
10. China's first biographical general history is Historical Records (also known as Taishi Gongshu), written by Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty. Lu Xun called Historical Records "the swan song of historians", including: 12 biographies, 30, 70 and 650.
1 1, Four Histories: Historical Records, Han History, Later Han History, History of the Three Kingdoms.
12, four masters of the Yuan Dynasty: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan.
13, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is the first excellent collection of short stories in classical Chinese in China, written by Pu Songling, a famous novelist in Qing Dynasty. "Liaozhai" is the name of his library, "Zhi" is a narrative, and "Alien" is a strange thing.
14. Four great calligraphers: Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ou Yangxun and Zhao Meng (f incarnation).
15, the main schools and their representatives in the Warring States Period:
Confucianism: Confucius and Mencius
Legalist: Han Feizi
Taoism: Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Mohist school: Mozi
16, four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao.
17, frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling.
18, Tang Zong: Taizong Li Shimin Song Zu: Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin Qin Huang: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng Hanwu: Han Wudi Liu Che.
19. The first pastoral poet in China was Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He "does not bow down for five buckets of rice."
20. Four misers in world literature: Grandet, Shylock, Overflow Higgins and Abalone.
2 1, a typical miser in China: Yan Jiansheng.
Third, the most China literature:
The earliest collection of poems was The Book of Songs.
The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan;
The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The most famous patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty.
The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in Tang Dynasty.
The patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The most famous novel in ancient times was The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty.
The most famous historical novel in ancient times is The Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong in the early Ming Dynasty.
The earliest novel of peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan and the beginning of Ming Dynasty.
The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty.
The most outstanding satirical novel in ancient times is Wu's Scholars in Qing Dynasty.
The most outstanding collection of classical short stories in ancient China is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty.
The earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius.
The earliest chronicle work in ancient times was Zuo Zhuan.
The earliest biographical history in ancient times was Historical Records.
The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription in Tang Dynasty.
The greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun;
The most outstanding novel in modern times is Midnight by Mao Dun.
The most influential collection of short stories in modern times is Lu Xun's Scream.
Fourth, cultural common sense:
1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.
2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu and Wu.
3. "Four classic masterpieces": Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and Journey to the West.
4. "Four Legends": The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, butterfly lovers, Meng Jiangnv and the Legend of the White Snake.
5. The world's four great short story masters: Chekhov, Mo Bosang, Mark Twain and O Henry.
6. Su Shi's prose represents the highest achievement of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his poetry and Huang Tingjian are called "Su Huang".
7. Ma Zhiyuan's masterpiece Tianjingsha Qiu Si is known as "the ancestor of Qiu Si".
8. Cao Xueqin wrote A Dream of Red Mansions (also known as The Story of the Stone), the greatest realistic work in China's classical novels, which was widely circulated and loved by people after its publication. The study of this book, A Dream of Red Mansions, has now become an important topic in the study of world literature.
9. Lu Xun is the founder of modern literature in China, and Chen Yi is called "Marshal Poet".
Cang Kejia is called a "local poet" because most of his poems are rural themes.
In other places, Wen Yiduo is known as the "drummer of the times" (drummer poet).
10, three friends in the cold: pine, bamboo and plum.
1 1. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.
12, four friends of literati: piano, chess, books and paintings.
13, Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.
14, Sikuquanshu: Scenery, History, Zi and Ji.
15, the six meanings in The Book of Songs refer to: style, elegance, praise (classification), fu, comparison and honor (expression).
16, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels.
17, laurel, top, top, champion: first.
18, three cardinal guides and five permanent members: "three cardinal guides": the father is the child guide, the monarch is the minister guide, and the husband is the wife guide; "Five permanent members": benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.
19, The Four Books and Five Classics are mainly Confucian classics: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean, and University; The Five Classics refer to poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period.
20. Huang San: Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang or Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong;
Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun.
2 1. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron and tin.
22. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty.
23. Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth.
24. "Eight methods of harmony" means that the word "harmony" has eight strokes: point, horizontal, vertical, left, press, fold, hook and lift.
25. In ancient times, there were names such as Yao, Xu and imperial academy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the highest institution of higher learning was imperial academy.
26. Three religions and nine streams: "Three religions": Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; "Nine streams": Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalists, Famous Scholars, Mohists, Strategists, Miscellaneous Scholars and Peasants.
27. Ancient imperial examinations (Sui Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties):
Tongsheng test, also called Tongsheng test, is called Tongsheng regardless of age. After passing the exam, you can get the qualification of trainee (scholar, xianggong), so as to take the imperial examination.
B. After obtaining the rural examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the examination was held in provincial capitals every three years. The scholar took part in the exam, and the person who passed the exam was called Jie.
Exam C, an exam held every three years in Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, can be taken by juren from all provinces and imperial academy Jian-guo students, and 300 students are admitted as Gong Shi, and the first one is Huiyuan.
D Palace Examination is the highest-level examination in the imperial examination system, and the emperor personally questioned the palace officials who will be admitted to the imperial court to determine the first level. Admission is divided into three grades: first-class and third-class, awarded the title of "Jinshi Ji", the first champion (Dingyuan), the second, the third Tan Hua, collectively known as "the top three"; A number of dimethyl, given the name "Jinshi origin"; Number three, given the name "with Jinshi origin"
Poetry and people:
(1) Take care of the world and devote your heart to two generations. -Zhuge Liang
But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. -Zhuge Liang
(3) Real name first, who is better than one thousand years. -Zhuge Liang
(4) It is known that there are three tripods in the world, and people are exhausted to get started. -Zhuge Liang
5 integrity, keep positive; You are worried about me and angry, writing the glory of history. -Sima Qian
⑥ Grinding needles on rocks between hops and grasses, and hanging bows with swords to help mulberry. -Li Bai
⑦ There are thousands of ancient poems, and the bones of great writers are your brushes, which are sent in heaven; Proudly speaking, violet laity is immortal. -Li Bai
8 Weng went to 800 years, and his hometown was still drunk; Six or seven miles in the mountains, the pavilion is not alone. —— Ouyang Xiu
Pet-name ruby iron plate copper handkerchief after Dongpo song the river does not return, the United States, Qin, sorrow, Ji, Southern Song Dynasty and Hongyan fly south. -Xin Qiji
Attending the world is pale, the sage in the poem; Human suffering, pen bottom waves. -Du Fu
Still keep tall and straight, and stay in Dan's heart forever. -Wen Tianxiang
Thoughtful, noble and pure loyalty, gurgling thousands of ancient haters. —— Qu Yuan
Surrounded by mountains, lakes and mountains, thousands of people worry. —— Fan Zhongyan
Hundreds of rivers, thousands of waves rush together, washing out heroes all over the world; Ci Yuan is in full bloom for a thousand years, and a daughter flower is in full bloom. -Li Qingzhao
The translation hasn't been written yet. I was shocked to hear about the meteorite. China, who took the lead in shouting? Mr. Wang has passed away, recalling the past rain, and the literary world has been at a loss since then. -Lu Xun
Mao Zedong called Zhu Ziqing: "A man who has five buckets of rice and does not bend his back."
Lenin praised Gorky: "The most outstanding representative of proletarian art."
The incarnation of ballet: ulanova.
Guan Hanqing is called "Shakespeare of the East".
Six, a word storytelling:
① Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The words are not very deep and the words are not very vulgar.
② A Dream of Red Mansions: Every word is well-written, and ten years of painstaking efforts are extraordinary. (Cao Xueqin)
③ Meng Qian's pen talk: the coordinates in the history of science and technology in China. (Needham)
④ Dragon Entry: Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
⑤ Mirror of the Emperor: Purple Tongzhi Sword
⑥ meaningful rhetoric: Warring States policy.
⑦ Immortal Art of War: Sun Tzu's Art of War
8 Old Corona Odds: Camel Xiangzi.
Seven, this person's title:
(1) Calling character: the name given by my father and elders when I was a child. As an adult (male 20, female 15), the word Yan Bing was taken from Shen Dehong and Cai Yu from Lu Xun.
(2) Appellation: generally, it is only used to claim to express a certain interest or express a certain emotion, regardless of age, such as Li Bai's Qinglian layman, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan layman, and Li Qingzhao's Yi 'an layman.
(3) Calling posthumous title: titles added after the death of ancient princes, senior officials and famous scribes, such as Fan Zhongyan calling Zheng Wen and Ouyang Xiu calling Wenzhong.
(4) Birthplace: named after the place where people came, such as Meng Haoran's name is Meng Xiangyang and Liu Zongyuan's name is Liu Hedong.
(5) Official name: named after the official name of the people, such as Du Fu called Du Gongbu.
(6) Official land: named after the place where people are officials. For example, Cen Can: Liu Zongyuan of Cenjiazhou is called Liu Liuzhou.
(7) The titles of ancient emperors to noble heroes (ranks): Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong (level 5).
Eight, modest name:
1, claiming to be: stupid, humble, humble, servant.
The emperor claimed to be lonely and embarrassed.
3. Ancient officials claimed to be: Xiaguan, Last Guan and Xuli.
This scholar calls himself a pupil, a late student, a late student, a poor talent and a corrupt official.
The ancients said that relatives and friends use home or home, such as my father, mother, brother, brother, sister and nephew.
6. Other self-deprecating words:
The elders claimed to be: in this world.
The younger generation claimed to be the next one.
The old man claims to be an old man and an old man.
Women's modesty: concubines
Nine, your respectful name:
1, to the emperor: Long live the saint, the son of heaven, the holy driving, your majesty and the king.
2. to the general: under his command
3. Use honorifics in an orderly, respectful and virtuous manner to the other party or relatives of the other party.
Order: Your father (opposite father), your mother (opposite mother), your brother (opposite brother), your son (opposite son), and your love (opposite daughter).
Zun: Used to refer to people and things related to each other.
Respect (the other parent), the public, the monarch and the government (the other father).
Zuntang (the mother of the other party) respects relatives (the relatives of the other party), lives (the orders of the other party), and cares (the meaning of the other party).
Xian: Call them peers or younger generations.
Xianjia (referring to the other party) Xianlang (the other party's son) Xian Di (the other party's brother)
Jen: Call those friends who are older than themselves my good friends. Call a superior person a benevolent person.
4. Call the old man husband. After the Tang Dynasty, my father-in-law was called my father-in-law, also known as Mount Tai. The wife and mother are the mother-in-law, also known as Taishui.
5. adding "first" before the title means dead, which is used to address people with high status or older people.
Calling for the dead father: the first exam, the first father.
The name is dead mother: virtuous words, virtuous words.
The dead and the talented: sages.
The late emperor.
6. Jun pays tribute to his ministers: Qing and Ai Qing.
7. People with noble moral character and superior wisdom are regarded as "saints", Confucius as a saint, Mencius as an Asian saint and Du Fu as a poet. Later, "Saint" was mostly used for emperors, such as "Lord" and "Sacred Driving".
X. Special appellation:
1. Names of ordinary people: Buyi, Limin, Sublime, Ordinary People and Mang.
2. Bo (Meng) Zhong: the ranking order of the elders among the brothers.
Bo (Meng) is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Uncle is the third and Ji is the fourth.
3. Appellations between different friends:
Poor friends: friends you made when your status was low.
Friendship in Jin Lan: Friendly and close friends like brothers.
A friend in need: a friend who shares weal and woe
Forget the turn of the year: friends of different generations and ages.
Friends of the opposite sex who grew up together.
Cloth friend: a friend who associates as a civilian.
A friend in need: a friend formed when encountering hardships.
4. Age name:
Crying: three or four years old-eight or nine years old.
Overall angle: eight or nine years old-thirteen or fourteen years old.
Cardamom: thirteen or fourteen-fifteen or sixteen. )
Weak crown: 20 years old.
Standing: 30.
There is no doubt: 40 years old.
Know destiny: 50 years old.
Flower: 60 years old.
Gu Xi: 70 years old.
Octogenarians: 80 years old, 90 years old.
Period: 100 years old.
Eleven, the appointment and removal of ancient official positions:
1, relocation: transfer, generally refers to promotion; Moving to the left is demotion and transfer.
2. Demotion and remote adjustment.
3. worship: granting official positions.
4. Grant: Grant an official position.
5. Selection and promotion.
6. Except: Withdraw the old post and take a new post.
7. Strike: recall and suspension.
8. Exemption: Exemption from official position.
9. Deprivation or demotion is also used to deprive the throne or prince of his inheritance.
Twelve. Geographical part:
1, Yin: Mountain North Water Nanyang: Mountain South Water North
2. Left: East is left, right: West is right.
3. River: Yellow River. Jiang: Yangtze River
4. Five Mountains: Mount Tai (East), Mount Hengshan (South), Mount Huashan (West), Mount Hengshan (North) and Mount Songshan (Middle).
5. Four famous Buddhist mountains: Wutai Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain, Emei Mountain and Putuo Mountain.
6. Liuhe: six directions: heaven, earth, east, south, west and north.
7. Eight Barrens: East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest, North and Northeast.
8. Ancient names of China: Kyushu, Shenzhou, Chixian, Huaxia, Jiutu, Zhonghua and Huaxia.
9. Names of important towns, comparing ancient and modern times.
Suzhou: Gusu
Chengdu: Jinguancheng
Nanjing: Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Danyang, Jiangning, Baixia and Shicheng.
Yangzhou: Weiyang, Yangcheng, Huaishang, Jiangdu and Guangling.
Beijing: Dadu, Yanjing and Shenjing.
Kaifeng: Daliang, Bianliang and Tokyo.
Zhenjiang: Jingkou.
Hangzhou: Lin 'an, Wulin and Qiantang.
10, nicknames of some cities in China.
Kunming-Spring City
Suzhou-Venice of China
Chongqing-Mountain City and Fog City
Lhasa-the city of sunshine
Guangzhou-Huacheng, Yangcheng and Wuyangcheng
Xuzhou-Pengcheng
1 1. The "three furnaces" on the Yangtze River: Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing.