In ancient Roman law, the principle of "if the crime is doubtful, the benefit goes to the defendant" was adopted, and a lenient or lenient sentence was made from the perspective of benefiting the defendant. The principle of innocence was put forward as an ideological principle in the bourgeois Enlightenment Movement. In July 1764, Italian criminal jurist Beccaria proposed the theoretical concept of presumption of innocence: "Before the judge makes a decision, a person cannot be called a criminal. As long as it cannot be concluded that he has violated the rights granted to him* If a person has a contract for personal protection, society cannot cancel his public protection." This principle was later adopted by the constitutions, constitutional documents, or international treaties of many Western countries. German criminal proceedings adopt the principle of giving priority to the lesser crime. Countries such as the Anglo-American legal system do not have the doctrine of innocence beyond a reasonable doubt, but there is the formulation of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.