Reprinted, I don't know if it is of great use to you, hehe!

(A) determine the topic, select materials

1. Establish a topic according to the nature and purpose of speech activities.

The so-called topic is the central topic of the speech. The writing of a speech must focus on a specific problem with social or scientific value, practical significance or academic significance, otherwise it will be aimless.

The speaker always determines the theme according to the nature and purpose of the speech. If you are invited to give an academic speech, you should introduce your latest research results or the latest academic information to make the topic the most academic. If you speak in a lecture on ideological education, you should express your views on the freshest phenomena in reality and the problems that the audience is most concerned about. Even in campaign speeches and inaugural speeches, we should be able to grasp the ideals and wishes of the audience and choose topics.

2. Choose materials according to the theme and audience of the speech.

Materials are the flesh and blood of the speech, so the selection and use of materials is an important link in the writing process of the speech.

First of all, we should screen the material around the theme. The theme is the idea and purpose of the speech. Material is the foundation and pillar of the theme. The ideas and viewpoints of the speech must be supported by materials, which must fully express and strongly support the theme. Therefore, all materials that can fully explain, highlight and contrast the theme should be selected, otherwise they will be abandoned to achieve the unity of materials and viewpoints. In addition, we should also choose those novel, typical and real materials to make the theme more profound and powerful.

Secondly, the selection of materials should also take into account the situation of the audience. The audience's political quality, social status, cultural education and psychological needs all restrict the speech. Therefore, the selected material should be as close to the audience's life as possible, which can make them understand and sound interesting. Generally speaking, speeches to teenagers should be interesting and meaningful, such as choosing people they admire and sensational things as much as possible; The speeches to workers and peasants should be lively and interesting, easy to understand, and give examples of people around them and what happened among them as much as possible. However, we must pay attention to the cultural level in the use of materials in intellectual speeches.

(2) Carefully arrange the beginning, the main body and the end.

Different types and contents of speeches have different structural ways, but the basic form of the structure is composed of three parts: the beginning, the subject and the end. The specific requirements of each part are as follows:

1. Start with an attractive voice.

The beginning of a speech, also called prologue, is like the "town hall" at the beginning of a drama, which occupies an important position in the whole article.

There are several ways to get started:

Don't come straight to the point and say the main point.

This kind of beginning does not beat around the bush, cut to the chase, and put forward your own views from the beginning. For example, in 194 1, Liebknecht's statement in the German parliament opposing military appropriations began by saying, "I voted against this proposal for the following reasons."

Don't state facts and explain the background.

It is easier to attract people's attention and attract the audience to listen by reporting some new facts to the audience at the beginning. For example, at the beginning of Stalin's "Radio Speech" on July 3, 194 1: "Hitler's perfidious military attack on our motherland has continued since June 22. Although the Red Army fought bravely, although the enemy's elite divisions and its elite air force were defeated and buried in the battlefield, the enemy still transferred fresh troops from the front line and continued to break through. ..... Our motherland is facing serious danger. "

Don't ask questions, let people think.

Ask questions to guide the audience to think about a question, create suspense and arouse the audience's expectation of knowing the answer. For example, Xiao Qu's life, ideal and pursuit began like this: "How should a person treat his youth? I want to talk to you about my situation here. "

Don't quote epigrams, lead to the following words.

Quote a profound and thought-provoking epigram, which leads to the following contents. For example, a college student's speech entitled "My Thinking and Rise" was wonderful at the beginning: "If a person has never been confused in his life, then he has never thought."

There are still some methods at the beginning, so I won't list them one by one. In a word, no matter what form you take at the beginning, you must have a voice and charm.

2. The main part should be unfolded layer by layer and pushed to the climax step by step.

The main body of the speech should be unfolded layer by layer and pushed to the climax step by step. The so-called climax is the most exciting and exciting part of the speech. The writing of the main part should convince the audience step by step in theory, attract the audience step by step in content and infect the audience step by step in emotion. It is necessary to carefully arrange the structural levels, deepen them layer by layer, and interlock them, which will naturally push them to a climax.

The main part can be expanded in the following three ways:

T coordinate.

The juxtaposition is expressed from different angles and sides around the central argument of the speech, and its structural form is radial in all directions, just like the axle of a wheel and its spokes. And each side directly faces the central argument and proves the central argument.

T progressive.

That is, starting from the surface and shallow layers, the method of gradual deepening and layer-by-layer promotion is adopted, and the profound theme is finally revealed, just like peeling bamboo shoots layer by layer. Using this method to arrange the structural level of the speech can make things thoroughly expounded and proved from the outside to the inside.

T parallel progressive combination.

This structure contains either progression in juxtaposition or juxtaposition in progression. This method is often used in some grand speeches.

3. The ending should be crisp, concise and powerful.

The end of the speech is the inevitable result of the development of the main content. There are many ways to end it, either induction, sublimation, hope or calling. A good ending should be the length of the whole article, concise, concise and powerful, and avoid gilding the lily and adding details.

Fan Wenyi

Gettysburg address

Lincoln

Eighty-seven years ago, our forefathers established a new country on this continent, which was conceived in freedom and pursued the principle that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war to test this country, or to test whether any country conceived in freedom and carrying out the above principles can exist for a long time.

We are gathered on the great battlefield of this war. The martyrs gave their lives for the survival of this country, and we are gathered here to dedicate a part of this battlefield to them as the final resting place. It is entirely appropriate for us to do so.

However, in a broader sense, we cannot dedicate this land, we cannot deify it, we cannot deify it. The brave men who fought here, living and dead, have consecrated this land, which is far from our meager strength to increase or decrease.

For a long time, the world will not pay attention to or remember what we said here today, but it will never forget what brave people did here.

On the contrary, those of us who are still alive should devote ourselves here to the unfinished business that the warriors have so nobly advanced. On the contrary, we should devote ourselves to the great task still before us, so that we can draw more dedication from these glorious dead to complete their career that they have completely and thoroughly sacrificed; In this way, we can make the greatest determination here and not let these dead die in vain; In this way, the country can be reborn freely under the blessing of God. Let this government of the people, by the people and for the people live forever.

Fan wenji

An impromptu speech on Christmas in America

Churchill

(19441February 24th)

Dear workers and soldiers fighting for freedom:

My friend, the great and outstanding President Roosevelt, has just delivered a speech on Christmas Eve and made friendly contributions to all American families. Now I can say a few words with Vicky, and I feel extremely honored.

Although I am far away from my family and my motherland, I am here for the holidays today, but I don't feel like a foreign land at all. I don't know if this is because my mother's blood is the same as yours, or because I have gained many years of friendship here, or because of the basic feelings arising from the struggle between these two countries with the same words, beliefs and ideals, or because of the combination of the above three relationships. In short, I spent my holiday in Washington, the political center of the United States, and I didn't feel like a stranger at all. There is already brotherhood between you and me. With your welcome, I think it is very important to sit by the fire with you and share the joy of Christmas.

But Christmas Eve this year is a strange Christmas Eve. Because the whole world is involved in a life-and-death struggle, using terrorist weapons that science can design to kill each other. If we are not sure that we have no malice to covet the territory and wealth of other countries, no ambition to grab goods, and no despicable ideas, then we will be very sad this Christmas.

Although the frenzy of war is rushing around, which makes us jumpy, today, every family is celebrating the holidays in a quiet and solemn atmosphere. Tonight, we can put our fears and worries aside, forget for a while and arrange a happy party for those poor children. English-speaking families all over the world should become a bright and peaceful little world tonight. Let the children enjoy this wonderful night as much as possible, make them happy because of their parents' kindness, and at the same time, we can enjoy this carefree fun ourselves. Then next year we will undertake arduous tasks at all costs so that our children will not be deprived of their inheritance rights; So that their free life in the civilized world will not be destroyed. So, under the protection of God, I wish you all a Merry Christmas.

| 2006-11-117: 41:25 sat | read (800 times)

(A) determine the topic, select materials

1. Establish a topic according to the nature and purpose of speech activities.

The so-called topic is the central topic of the speech. The writing of a speech must focus on a specific problem with social or scientific value, practical significance or academic significance, otherwise it will be aimless.

The speaker always determines the theme according to the nature and purpose of the speech. If you are invited to give an academic speech, you should introduce your latest research results or the latest academic information to make the topic the most academic. If you speak in a lecture on ideological education, you should express your views on the freshest phenomena in reality and the problems that the audience is most concerned about. Even in campaign speeches and inaugural speeches, we should be able to grasp the ideals and wishes of the audience and choose topics.

2. Choose materials according to the theme of the speech and the audience.

Materials are the flesh and blood of the speech, so the selection and use of materials is an important link in the writing process of the speech.

First of all, we should screen the material around the theme. The theme is the idea and purpose of the speech. Material is the foundation and pillar of the theme. The ideas and viewpoints of the speech must be supported by materials, which must fully express and strongly support the theme. Therefore, all materials that can fully explain, highlight and contrast the theme should be selected, otherwise they will be abandoned to achieve the unity of materials and viewpoints. In addition, we should also choose those novel, typical and real materials to make the theme more profound and powerful.

Secondly, the selection of materials should also take into account the situation of the audience. The audience's political quality, social status, cultural education and psychological needs all restrict the speech. Therefore, the selected material should be as close to the audience's life as possible, which can make them understand and sound interesting. Generally speaking, speeches to teenagers should be interesting and meaningful, such as choosing people they admire and sensational things as much as possible; The speeches to workers and peasants should be lively and interesting, easy to understand, and give examples of people around them and what happened among them as much as possible. However, we must pay attention to the cultural level in the use of materials in intellectual speeches.

(2) Carefully arrange the beginning, the main body and the end.

Different types and contents of speeches have different structural ways, but the basic form of the structure is composed of three parts: the beginning, the subject and the end. The specific requirements of each part are as follows:

1. Start with an attractive voice.

The beginning of a speech, also called prologue, is like the "town hall" at the beginning of a drama, which occupies an important position in the whole article.

There are several ways to get started:

Don't come straight to the point and say the main point.

This kind of beginning does not beat around the bush, cut to the chase, and put forward your own views from the beginning. For example, in 194 1, Liebknecht's statement in the German parliament opposing military appropriations began by saying, "I voted against this proposal for the following reasons."

Don't state facts and explain the background.

It is easier to attract people's attention and attract the audience to listen by reporting some new facts to the audience at the beginning. For example, at the beginning of Stalin's "Radio Speech" on July 3, 194 1: "Hitler's perfidious military attack on our motherland has continued since June 22. Although the Red Army fought bravely, although the enemy's elite divisions and its elite air force were defeated and buried in the battlefield, the enemy still transferred fresh troops from the front line and continued to break through. ..... Our motherland is facing serious danger. "

Don't ask questions, let people think.

Ask questions to guide the audience to think about a question, create suspense and arouse the audience's expectation of knowing the answer. For example, Xiao Qu's life, ideal and pursuit began like this: "How should a person treat his youth? I want to talk to you about my situation here. "

Don't quote epigrams, lead to the following words.

Quote a profound and thought-provoking epigram, which leads to the following contents. For example, a college student's speech entitled "My Thinking and Rise" was wonderful at the beginning: "If a person has never been confused in his life, then he has never thought."

There are still some methods at the beginning, so I won't list them one by one. In a word, no matter what form you take at the beginning, you must have a voice and charm.

2. The main part should be unfolded layer by layer and pushed to the climax step by step.

The main body of the speech should be unfolded layer by layer and pushed to the climax step by step. The so-called climax is the most exciting and exciting part of the speech. The writing of the main part should convince the audience step by step in theory, attract the audience step by step in content and infect the audience step by step in emotion. It is necessary to carefully arrange the structural levels, deepen them layer by layer, and interlock them, which will naturally push them to a climax.

The main part can be expanded in the following three ways:

T coordinate.

The juxtaposition is expressed from different angles and sides around the central argument of the speech, and its structural form is radial in all directions, just like the axle of a wheel and its spokes. And each side directly faces the central argument and proves the central argument.

T progressive.

That is, starting from the surface and shallow layers, the method of gradual deepening and layer-by-layer promotion is adopted, and the profound theme is finally revealed, just like peeling bamboo shoots layer by layer. Using this method to arrange the structural level of the speech can make things thoroughly expounded and proved from the outside to the inside.

T parallel progressive combination.

This structure contains either progression in juxtaposition or juxtaposition in progression. This method is often used in some grand speeches.

3. The ending should be crisp, concise and powerful.

The end of the speech is the inevitable result of the development of the main content. There are many ways to end it, either induction, sublimation, hope or calling. A good ending should be the length of the whole article, concise, concise and powerful, and avoid gilding the lily and adding details.

Fan Wenyi

Gettysburg address

Lincoln

Eighty-seven years ago, our forefathers established a new country on this continent, which was conceived in freedom and pursued the principle that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war to test this country, or to test whether any country conceived in freedom and carrying out the above principles can exist for a long time.

We are gathered on the great battlefield of this war. The martyrs gave their lives for the survival of this country, and we are gathered here to dedicate a part of this battlefield to them as the final resting place. It is entirely appropriate for us to do so.

However, in a broader sense, we cannot dedicate this land, we cannot deify it, we cannot deify it. The brave men who fought here, living and dead, have consecrated this land, which is far from our meager strength to increase or decrease.

For a long time, the world will not pay attention to or remember what we said here today, but it will never forget what brave people did here.

On the contrary, those of us who are still alive should devote ourselves here to the unfinished business that the warriors have so nobly advanced. On the contrary, we should devote ourselves to the great task still before us, so that we can draw more dedication from these glorious dead to complete their career that they have completely and thoroughly sacrificed; In this way, we can make the greatest determination here and not let these dead die in vain; In this way, the country can be reborn freely under the blessing of God. Let this government of the people, by the people and for the people live forever.

Fan wenji

An impromptu speech on Christmas in America

Churchill

(19441February 24th)

Dear workers and soldiers fighting for freedom:

My friend, the great and outstanding President Roosevelt, has just delivered a speech on Christmas Eve and made friendly contributions to all American families. Now I can say a few words with Vicky, and I feel extremely honored.

Although I am far away from my family and my motherland, I am here for the holidays today, but I don't feel like a foreign land at all. I don't know if this is because my mother's blood is the same as yours, or because I have gained many years of friendship here, or because of the basic feelings arising from the struggle between these two countries with the same words, beliefs and ideals, or because of the combination of the above three relationships. In a word, I spent my holiday in Washington, the political center of the United States, and I didn't feel like a stranger at all. There is already brotherhood between you and me. With your welcome, I think it is very important to sit by the fire with you and share the joy of Christmas.

But Christmas Eve this year is a strange Christmas Eve. Because the whole world is involved in a life-and-death struggle, using terrorist weapons that science can design to kill each other. If we are not sure that we have no malice to covet the territory and wealth of other countries, no ambition to grab goods, and no despicable ideas, then we will be very sad this Christmas.

Although the frenzy of war is rushing around, which makes us jumpy, today, every family is celebrating the holidays in a quiet and solemn atmosphere. Tonight, we can put our fears and worries aside, forget for a while and arrange a happy party for those poor children. English-speaking families all over the world should become a bright and peaceful little world tonight. Let the children enjoy this wonderful night as much as possible, make them happy because of their parents' kindness, and at the same time, we can enjoy this carefree fun ourselves. Then next year we will undertake arduous tasks at all costs so that our children will not be deprived of their inheritance rights; So that their free life in the civilized world will not be destroyed. So, under the protection of God, I wish you all a Merry Christmas.

First, we should seize the audience at the beginning and be fascinating.

The beginning of a speech is also called prologue. It plays a prominent role in the structure of the speech. Swiss writer Winkler said: "The prologue has two tasks: one is to establish the same feeling between the speaker and the listener; The second is to open the scene and introduce the topic, as the name implies. " A good speech should attract the attention and excitement of the audience with the simplest language and the shortest time at the beginning, so as to achieve the effect of surprise.

The techniques of opening remarks mainly include:

1, wedge. Establish a personal relationship with the audience with a few sincere words to gain the audience's goodwill and trust;

2. Cohesion. Directly reflect a situation or a problem to be discussed, and often connect the main speeches with a small matter, a metaphor, personal experience, anecdotes and unexpected problems;

3. Stimulation. You can ask some questions to stimulate the audience's thinking and focus the audience's attention on the speech;

4. touch the topic. Tell the audience what you are going to say at the beginning. Many famous politicians, writers and national leaders in the world have made such speeches.

At the beginning of a speech, there are many methods, which are usually used as follows:

1. Get straight to the point and prompt the topic. This kind of opening is to go straight to the topic at the beginning of the lecture and directly prompt the center of the speech. For example, Soong Ching Ling's speech at the ceremony of accepting the honorary doctor of law from Victoria University in Canada began with: "It is an honor to receive the honorary doctor of law from Victoria University in Canada." Using this method, we should first clearly grasp the center of the speech, put out the arguments to be prompted to the audience, let the audience know what the center of the speech is, and concentrate immediately.

2. Introduce the situation and explain the root cause. This kind of opening can quickly shorten the distance with the audience and make the audience eager to know the following. For example, Engels' Speech at the Tomb of Yanni Marx published in 188 1 12.5 begins: "The noble woman we are burying now was born in Salz Vedeler in 18 14. When Marx was in Trier, her father, Baron von WestWarren, was very close to his family. Children from two families grew up together. When Marx entered the university, he and his future wife knew that their lives would be linked forever. " This opening gives a necessary introduction and explanation of what happened, people and objects, paving the way for further reminding the audience of the topic.

3. Ask questions to attract attention. This method is based on the characteristics of the audience and the content of the speech, and puts forward some questions to stimulate the audience's thinking, thus attracting the audience's attention. For example, on July 4th, 1854, Frederick Douglass's Speech on Denying Slavery at the National Day Conference held in Rochester, New York, USA, can arouse the audience's positive thinking and bring people into an angry and profound situation: "Citizens, please forgive me for asking, why did you invite me to speak here today? What is the relationship between me or the slave I represent and your National Day? Did the principles of political freedom and equality set forth in the Declaration of Independence also fall on us? So do you want me to pay our humble respects to the altar of our country, acknowledge what we have gained, and express our sincere gratitude for the kindness your independence has brought us? " In addition to the above three methods, there are explanation, suspense, warning, humor, pun, lyric and so on.

Second, the main body should be interlocking and deep.

This is the main part of the speech. In the process of writing, we should deal with several problems such as level, rhythm and cohesion.

(1) Hierarchy is the presentation order of speech ideological content, which reflects the steps of the speaker's thinking and the process of the speaker's understanding of objective things. By selecting and combining speech materials according to the spatial and temporal characteristics of speech, the hierarchy of speech structure is formed. Because the speech is an activity directly facing the audience, the audience can't grasp the structural level of the speech through vision, and the auditory grasp of the level is also limited by the speech time.

So, how can we make the structure of the speech clear? According to the characteristics of the audience grasping the hierarchy through hearing, the basic method to express the structural hierarchy of a speech is to set up obvious audio language symbols in the speech to attract the audience at the right time. Hearing, so as to obtain a clear hierarchical effect. In his speech, the speaker repeatedly asked questions and expounded his own views according to the questions, so that the structure was connected and deepened. In addition, it is also an effective way to distinguish levels by using turning sentences or words such as "first", "second" and "after" in speech.

(2) Rhythm refers to the relaxation and ups and downs in the structural arrangement of speech content. The rhythm of speech structure is mainly realized by the transformation of speech content. The transformation of speech content is to properly insert humor, poetry, anecdotes and other contents into a theme-oriented content, so as to keep the audience's attention highly concentrated, without being excited by high concentration. Few excellent speakers are longer than using this method. The rhythm of the speech structure should be clear and moderate. Plain and direct narration, dull and stagnant, will of course make the audience nervous and tired, and too frequent content changes will also cause the audience to be distracted. Therefore, the inserted content should serve the purpose of the speech, and the frequency of rhythm should be determined according to the psychological characteristics of the audience.

(3) Cohesion refers to connecting all the content levels in the speech to make it have a seamless sense of integrity. Because the rhythm of the speech needs to change the content of the speech in time, it is easy to make the structure of the speech appear messy. Cohesion is a kind of compensation for structural compactness and density, which makes the transformation of various content levels more ingenious and natural, makes the speech full of a sense of integrity, and helps the theme of the speech to be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The method of structural cohesion of speech model is mainly to use transitional paragraphs or two transitional sentences with the same level.

Third, the ending should be concise and powerful, and the lingering sound is around the beam. The ending is the natural ending of the speech. A simple and touching ending can cheer up the audience and encourage them to keep thinking and thinking; The loose and boring ending can only make the audience feel bored and forgotten as things change. How can we impress the audience? John Woolf, an American writer, said: "When the audience's interest reaches its climax, it's best to end the speech decisively, and then stop abruptly." This is the most effective way to end the speech. At the climax of the speech, the audience's cerebral cortex is highly excited, and their attention and emotions are at their best. If the speech is suddenly closed in this state, the last impression left in the audience's mind is particularly deep. There is no fixed format at the end of the speech, or it is a concise summary of the main points of the full text of the speech, or a call and encouragement, or a famous poem and humorous words. But the general principle is to impress the audience.