tsiolkovsky, founder of space

tsiolkovsky

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935), a Soviet rocket expert and pioneer of space flight, was the founder of modern astronautics and was called the father of space flight. He grew up in a poor family, but he loved reading. At the age of ten, he almost lost his hearing because of severe scarlet fever. Physical obstacles alienated him from people, but they urged him to study hard and work hard. By virtue of self-study, he taught himself middle school and university courses and mastered a lot of knowledge of mathematics, physics and astronomy.

in his life, the biggest achievement was aerospace. He first demonstrated the possibility of using rockets for interstellar communication, making artificial earth satellites and near-earth orbit stations, pointed out the reasonable ways to develop aerospace and make rockets, and found a series of important engineering and technical solutions for rocket and liquid engine structures. He has a famous saying: "The earth is the cradle of human beings, but human beings cannot be bound in the cradle forever.

Theory of Space Navigation

To fly from the Earth into outer space, it is necessary to reach the first cosmic speed around the Earth, about 7.8 kilometers per second. In addition, the earth has a dense atmosphere, so the speed must be above 1-2 kilometers to fly around the earth. Therefore, the rocket's speed must reach 9.5 kilometers per second, which is called speed increment, in order to enter space and orbit the earth.

Such a high speed is difficult to achieve even with the current human science and technology. Therefore, tsiolkovsky put forward the idea of using multi-stage rockets: after the propellant of the first-stage launch vehicle is exhausted, the second-stage rocket will be thrown away, and the second-stage rocket will continue to work. After each stage rocket is used up, it will be thrown away in turn. Therefore, if the mass of the rocket changes, the rocket can continuously accelerate and finally achieve high speed. Therefore, multi-stage rockets are used to enter outer space to realize orbit around the earth.

Space navigation theory

On this basis, tsiolkovsky clearly put forward for the first time that liquid rocket is an ideal tool to realize interstellar navigation. After comprehensively studying various liquid propellants for the first time, he put forward that liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are the best rocket propellants. The equation of rocket motion in vacuum is deduced for the first time, and the escape velocity of rocket is calculated.

The concept of rocket mass ratio is put forward for the first time, that is, the ratio of the mass before the rocket takes off to the mass after the rocket fuel is exhausted, and the importance of mass ratio is expounded. A complete design sketch of the spacecraft was drawn for the first time; The pumping method of liquid rocket propellant is put forward for the first time. The regenerative cooling method of rocket engine combustion chamber is put forward for the first time. It is the first time to use gyroscope to realize the direction control of spacecraft.

After tsiolkovsky, German oberth, American Goddard and others invented the first liquid rocket engine according to his theory, and mankind took the first step into space.