If you want to strengthen your reading comprehension, you can read more extracurricular books. When you encounter something you don't understand, the teacher can guide you and guide the students to find the answer by themselves. Oral English means reading more, so you can choose some classical Chinese to practice, so that you can deepen your understanding of the article on the basis of reading. Also, when reading an article, you must read your notes, which is the foundation. The basic knowledge of junior middle school Chinese is generally to test the meaning of some words, the modification of sick sentences and the usage of some words. The most difficult thing is to imitate sentences, which can be imitated according to the meaning and structure of sentences.

Reading, reading in class, reading after class. Reading in class needs to be answered on the basis of understanding the content of the text, and you can usually read more tutorials and basic training. Extracurricular reading depends on the accumulation of usual reading. First of all, understand the content of the article. Most questions are about what role a sentence or paragraph plays in an article. This requires reading the article several times to find out the key words or sentences for analysis.

In addition, improving grades is also essential. Practice more and be familiar with the questions.

Here are some Chinese common sense, I hope it will help you.

First, summarize the main points.

1. Answer the original sentence.

2. Choose the important words and sentences in the text to form the answer.

3. Divide the relevant content levels, generally there are several levels and several points.

Second, the emotional enlightenment class

1. Grasp the center of the paragraph, understand the meaning of the paragraph, and contact the center to answer.

2. Contact yourself or the actual situation of society to arouse feelings.

3. Pay attention to three beauties in choosing words and making sentences: use ancient poems and famous sayings; Appropriate use of rhetorical devices such as contrastive metaphor and parallelism; Use idioms.

4. Stealing the column: reinterpret the author's experience and views in this article in his own words.

Third, the taste of words.

1. Word flavor:

A understand the emotional color of parts of speech and try to figure out the emotions expressed in words.

B. analyze rhetoric and understand the image and meaning of words.

2. Sentence flavor:

A. See if there is philosophy in that sentence: if there is philosophy, you can experience it from the enlightenment it brings you.

B. Look at the sentence structure (different sentence expressions have different effects): the declarative sentence has a stable tone and is tepid; Asking questions can attract readers' curiosity and create suspense; Rhetorical questions can strengthen the tone; Exclamation sentences can express strong feelings; The parallelism is profound and magnificent;

C from the perspective of rhetoric, metaphor makes the meaning easy to understand and concretize; Exaggeration can highlight the characteristics of things; Personification can visualize things; Contrast gives a vivid impression; Satire is humor, satire.

Answer: I think ... lies in ... it shows. ...

Fourth, give some suggestions and examples.

1. Question suggestion classification

A. Natural environmental problems: atmospheric water pollution, ecological balance, harmony between man and nature, etc.

B. Social and environmental problems: urban-rural differences, left-behind children, dropping out of school, civilization and so on.

2. Problems, suggestions, examples and matters needing attention in solving problems

A. Look at the questions clearly, answer whatever you ask, and avoid answering irrelevant questions.

B. The proposed methods and measures must be practical, help to solve practical problems, and avoid talking on paper.

C. Advocating innovation

Five, sentence imitation class

First-instance rhetoric, second-instance sentence pattern, third-instance relationship, fourth-instance stylistic color, fifth, consider the words to be preserved and the words to be replaced. Rhetoric, sentence patterns, relationships between sentences and stylistic colors are all understood, and it is not difficult to imitate them. In the absence of answering ideas, we should consider words that are opposite and the same as the keywords in the example.

For example, the imitation of the sentence "Without the openness of the blue sky, there will be leisure of white clouds". Through the exam, we can know: 1. We should keep the answer "No" 3 "Peng Pai has all rivers; There are no swift rivers, but clear streams; Without the rigor of the mountain, there can be the exquisiteness of the mound; Without the brightness of tall buildings, there can be the warmth of straw houses "and so on.

VI. Language Accuracy Course

1.What's so good about the word "××"?

★ Answer method: Use the word "××" to vividly (accurately) explain the characteristics of ...

2. Can the words added in the article be deleted? This topic is divided into four steps:

1: judging, it cannot be deleted generally.

2. Explain the meaning of this word in this sentence and limit it in degree, state, nature and scope.

3. Comparison: that is, to compare the difference between deleting and not deleting this word, we must analyze it in combination with specific sentences, which means "…", which is not in line with reality and original intention.

There must be a sentence at the end: this reflects the rigor, accuracy and scientificity of the explanation language.

★ Answer method: No, if the word "××" is deleted, the meaning of the sentence will become ……, which is absolute; The use of the word "××" accurately explains …, conforms to the actual situation, leaves room for it, is scientific, and embodies the accuracy and rigor of the language.

Seven, paragraph structure class

(1) It is required to understand the important links of the article and its role in solving problems in the full text.

1. Look at the position of a sentence or paragraph in the text and choose its functional category in the text.

If it is used at the beginning of an article, it mainly causes the following, which always leads to the full text, suspense, straight to the point, point to the point, ambush pen and so on.

If it is used in the middle of the article, it is mainly: connecting the preceding with the following, summarizing the above, leading to the following and so on.

If used at the end of the article, it mainly includes: summarizing the full text, taking care of the beginning (topic), deepening the main idea of the article, and making the finishing point.

Summarize the meaning of the paragraph

★ Answer mode: paragraph meaning+function

(2) Whether the paragraph can be deleted or whether the paragraph can change the problem-solving mode of the class.

1. Judge whether it can be deleted or replaced (generally not)

2. Judge the sequence of these paragraphs: juxtaposition, progression, total score, chronological order, spatial order and logical order.

★ Answer method: cannot be changed (deleted). The original text introduces things in the order from … to ….

Eight, modify the class of sick sentences

(1) Improper use of words

① Improper emotional color. His earnest and hard-working learning spirit is worth learning from each of our classmates. "Youyou" means "not learning well" and is derogatory. It's not appropriate to use it here. It should be changed to "learning". )

② Incorrect use of related words. Only by insisting on verification can the Iraq issue be resolved peacefully. When only and only are used together, the word just should be changed to only. )

(2) Improper collocation

① Improper collocation of subject and predicate. His lofty revolutionary qualities often appear in my mind. ("quality" can't be "budding", but it can be changed to "his great revolutionary image". )

② Improper collocation of verbs and objects. For example, Shanghai Science and Technology Development Center has gathered a group of professional teams who are enthusiastic about serving the development of science and technology and are good at management. ("Gathering" should be "specialized talents". )

8 Improper collocation of subject and object. This last day's work is the most stressful, enjoyable and meaningful day for students. ("labor" and "one day" are not properly matched, so "labor" should be deleted. )

④ Rhetorical words and head words are not collocated properly. He has made great efforts in cultivating improved varieties. ("great" and "painstaking" are not properly matched and should be changed to "many". )

(3) Incomplete ingredients

(1) The subject is missing. By studying Lei Feng's touching deeds, I learned a lot about being a man. The word "yes" makes "I" lose its subject.

Therefore, the role should be deleted. )

(2) lack of objects. Seeing his photo reminds me of the time when we played together and read books at the same table. This sentence lacks an object head word. "Scene" should be added. )

(4) improper word order

① Improper logical word order. The school has adopted and studied new rules and regulations. The order of "passing" and "learning" is reversed. It should be "learning" before "passing". )

② The related words are in the wrong order. I trust not only him, but also his friends. B: Not only I trust him, but also those who opposed him before trust him now. When two clauses are the same subject, the related word comes after the subject. For example, A, the subject of both clauses is "I", and "not only" should be behind the subject "I": when the subjects of the two clauses are different, the related words are in front of the subject. For example, B, the subjects of the two clauses are "I" and "person" respectively, and the related word "not only" should be placed before "I". )

(5) Inconsistent

① Inconsistency. Whether you can study hard is the key to improve your academic performance. "Yes" and "No" express two completely different situations, so "Yes" should be deleted. )

② Negative redundancy. For example, individual doctors don't talk about medical ethics and want red envelopes. Hospital leaders are not without responsibility for this. ("not without responsibility" means responsibility, and adding "not" is the opposite, so "not" or "no" should be removed. )

The scope is not clear. As soon as people enter the teaching building, they will see all the pictures and posters about Macao's history hanging on the walls of the corridor. ("Pictures" include "posters" and should not be juxtaposed, but should be called "posters and other pictures". )

(6) Repetition, for example, the heavy schoolwork burden of primary and secondary school students is a chronic disease that plagues our basic education. ("Chronic disease" and "disease" are duplicated, and one of them should be deleted)

(7) Ambiguity For example, a shepherd boy is eating grass with a cow. Is it a "grazing shepherd boy" or a "grazing cow"? It should be changed to "the shepherd boy leads the cow, and the cow is eating grass." )

2. Knowing these basic types of sick sentences, we must master the basic methods of modifying sick sentences.

(1) Check the sick sentences and find out the reasons. Look at the original sentence first and see what is wrong. Grammar, rhetoric and logic have different requirements for review. Finding out the reason is the premise of modifying the sick sentence.

(2) Take the initiative first, and then prescribe the right medicine. If it is a sentence caused by grammatical errors, when modifying it, we should first find out the trunk (subject, predicate and object) of the sentence to see if it is incomplete, if it is properly collocated, if it is disordered, and correct the mistakes found; Then, we should check the additional components (definite, adverbial and complement) and correct them one by one.

(3) On the basis of not changing the original meaning of the sentence, we should add (add words), delete (delete redundant words and phrases), adjust the tone (adjust the word order) and change (replace other words) to the sick sentence. You can't make new sentences.

Nine, the role of rhetorical devices

1 metaphor: metaphor is "analogy". That is, to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another.

Function: The main functions of metaphor are: turning plain into vivid; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness. Used for narration, explanation and description, it can make things vivid, vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid impression; When it is used in argumentative writing, it can concretize abstract truth and make abstruse truth easy to understand. The most commonly used are vivid images.

2 Metonymy: Metonymy is not to directly say the person or thing to be expressed, but to replace it with something related to it.

Function: It can highlight the image and make it concrete and vivid.

3 exaggeration: exaggeration refers to the reasonable and intentional expansion or contraction of the original things in pursuit of a certain expression effect.

Function: set off the atmosphere, enhance association and give people inspiration. Can arouse rich imagination, better highlight the characteristics of things, and arouse readers' strong * * *

Duality: a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, relative parts of speech, the same structure and related meanings.

Function: Formally, the syllables are neat and symmetrical, with strong sense of rhythm and beautiful melody; The content is concise and concentrated, with strong generality.

Parallelism: Parallelism consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone.

Function: it can enhance the momentum of language, emphasize content and aggravate feelings. Accustomed to reasoning, can explain the truth more closely and thoroughly; Used to express feelings, can express feelings to the fullest.

6 Ask questions: Ask questions without doubt. "Often know perfectly well past ask, ask yourself to answer or ask questions without determining the answer.

Function: Make readers think. Used in the title, it can attract readers, inspire readers to think and better reflect the center of the article; Used at the beginning or end of a paragraph, it can not only arouse thinking, but also play a transitional role in connecting the preceding with the following; When used in argumentative writing, the argument can be deepened and the context is clear.

7 rhetorical question: Another feature of rhetorical question is "asking without doubt", which expresses clear meaning in the form of interrogative questions. Questions are usually put at the end of sentences, and some are put with exclamation marks.

Function: strengthen tone, enhance expression effect and play an emphasis role.

8 personification: function: personify things and make the language full of spirituality.

9 repetition: two identical words or sentences constitute repetition ... Function: it mainly plays an emphasis role.

★ Answer: This sentence uses the rhetorical device of … (function) to discuss … (content).

Ten, explain the method function class

1. Example: Make the article more specific, more convincing, and better explain the characteristics of things.

2. Definition: Reveal the essential characteristics of things completely, scientifically and accurately, and distinguish them from other things.

3.No.: It explains the characteristics of … more scientifically, accurately and concretely. A series of digital sciences about the salt content of the Dead Sea in the Dead Sea Never Dies have accurately explained the reasons and characteristics of the high salt content and buoyancy of the Dead Sea. )

4. For example, it vividly illustrates ... (Stone arch bridge in China) The image of "Stone arch bridge is shaped like a rainbow" vividly illustrates the shape characteristics of stone arch bridge. )

5. Classification: the organization clearly explains ... ("March to the Desert" two ways that deserts harm human beings: guerrilla warfare and positional warfare)

6. Compare: highlight the characteristics of the things explained. (Answer should be combined with the content) Highlights ... (Looking for comparison points)

7. Make a chart: write intuitively ...

8. Interpretation: Explain some characteristics of things.

9. Imitation: (Similar description) is more vivid.

10. Citation: A more convincing explanation ...

Answer method: this sentence (paragraph) adopts the interpretation method of … to explain the characteristics of … and play the role of ….

XI。 Summarize the argument.

Method 1. Form and position of argument: an argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view and a relatively complete sentence in form. Location: ① the title, ② the beginning, ③ the end of the article, ④ during discussion (pay attention to the transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following), and ⑤ the expression is not concentrated and needs to be summarized.

2. When there are no ready-made sentences to express arguments, although there are some difficulties, there are ways to follow: we need to extract the core of the article on the basis of accurate understanding of the full text, accurately judge and refine the author's views according to the topics and arguments and referring to the problems that the author wants to solve, and then summarize them in his own words.

3. It should be noted that in some articles, there are more than one sentence expressing the meaning of the central argument, and comparison is needed to find the most concise sentence.

Twelve, according to the views put forward in the article to supplement the examples.

It depends on what kind of example you are asked to give, whether it is a celebrity or something else.

1, you can give examples of celebrities, which are more convincing and show your knowledge, but you must write accurate people and things and avoid arrogance.

2, you can also give examples of people, you can make them up, but you should pay attention to realism, not too exaggerated, so that people can know at a glance that they are made up.

★ Answer method: people+examples+short comments.

Thirteen. Demonstration technology and its function

1. demonstrate with examples: demonstrate a true, convincing and powerful argument with concrete examples.

2. Reasoning and argumentation: quoting famous sayings, the arguments are authoritative and powerful.

3. Metaphorical argument: the truth is easy to understand, the language is vivid and easy to be accepted. A strong argument

4. Comparative argument: clear right and wrong, clear right and wrong, impressive. A strong argument (the answer should be combined with the content)

Note: When answering the function of argumentation method, consider the content first, and then consider it from the perspective of argumentation. Strong arguments are essential. When looking for an argument method, the order of analogy argument, contrast argument, example argument and reason argument can be foolproof.

★ Answer method: This paragraph (in one sentence) uses the argument method of …, and demonstrates … (argument), which seems to be … (benefit).

Fourteen Function of environment description

1. Main functions of social environment description:

First, explain the background of the work.

B, when you answer, you must combine the local background at that time and point out what kind of social reality is revealed by the relevant statements describing the environment in the paragraph. Taking Kong Yiji as an example, the introduction to the layout and characters of Xianheng Hotel at the beginning is a description of the social environment, revealing the strict social hierarchy at that time, reflecting the cold snobbery between people and paving the way for the protagonist's appearance.

2. The main function of natural environment description:

The atmosphere of contrast ... and get ready for the next.

("Kong Yiji" "After the Mid-Autumn Festival, the autumn wind is getting colder every day"-a sad atmosphere)

B indicates the mood of the character.

(My Uncle Yule) "Far from the horizon, there seems to be a purple shadow coming out of the sea"-expressing the frustration and disappointment of the characters. )

C implies the social environment.

(The chameleon "There is no one around"-suggesting the social environment and reflecting the darkness of the czar's rule)

D. Combined with specific context: Set the description background of "Pear Blossom Forest" in "Pear Blossom on the Post Road".

The role of scenery description in prose-setting off the characteristics of the object of scenery singing and paving the way for the following.

The role of environmental description. We can judge from the following six situations: whether to highlight the mood of the characters, whether to render the atmosphere, whether to set the background, whether to highlight the character, whether to deepen the theme and whether to promote the development of the plot.

Fifteen. Function of expression mode

Narration, description, discussion, explanation, lyric and other common expressions.

Lyricism: arousing readers' * *, deepening the center and making the finishing point.

Explanation: Understand the ins and outs of things.

Description: immersive, lifelike

Discussion in narrative: point out the center and sublimate the theme

Narrator: It should be analyzed in combination with the specific language environment (for example, in the last lesson, young Franz saw "Prussian soldiers practicing on the grass behind the sawmill" on his way to school, which explained the background of the times. )

Answer: this passage adopts the expression of …, expressing the author's feelings for …, which plays a role in making readers …

Sixteen, characterization technology and its role

The methods of characterization are: description of language, action, manner, portrait and psychology (front, side and details).

Answer: This passage uses the description of …, shapes the image of … (if it is set off by profile description), shows the character of …, and embodies the spiritual quality of ….

Seventeen, the pronoun refers to the object of judgment.

1, common pronouns are: this, that, these, those, other, above, so, this ...;

2. Generally look forward;

3. After finding it, read it in the sentence where the pronoun is located to see if it is appropriate and fluent.

1[ parallelism]

Definition: A figure of speech in which three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone are arranged to enhance the language situation and deepen feelings.

(Function): Parallelism often gives people a sense of unity, a strong sense of rhythm, enhances the language momentum and strengthens the expression effect, and is often used for reasoning or lyricism. Using parallelism reasoning can explain the argument more strictly and thoroughly; Using parallelism to express emotions can express emotions incisively and vividly.

For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.

2[ repeatedly]

(Definition): In order to emphasize a certain meaning and highlight a certain feeling, certain words or sentences are intentionally reused.

(Classification): continuous repetition and interval repetition.

(Function): Highlight thoughts, emphasize feelings, distinguish levels, and strengthen the sense of rhythm. The application of repetition in reasoning and narration can strengthen the argument and distinguish the order; The application of repetition in literary works, especially poetry, can express strong and profound thoughts and feelings, and play a role in emphasizing the theme and enhancing the aesthetic feeling of melody.

3[ talking]

Narrating a thing, when the feelings reach the peak, treating the imaginary people and things as if they are in front of you and calling him directly to talk, this is called call rhetoric. It is worth noting that this kind of rhetoric is only suitable for emotional use. Don't spit it out, otherwise it will be counterproductive.

First, Chinese knowledge points

1. Three elements of the novel: character A, plot B and environment C.

2. three elements of argumentative writing: argument a, argument b and argument C.

3. Three elements of metaphor: A noumenon, B vehicle and C metaphor.

4. Six narrative elements (five W+H): when, where, who, why, why and what.

5. Four conditions of metrical poetry: A four-sentence quadruple (head, chin, neck and tail) B even-tailed homonym C couplet dual D flat homophonic.

6. Five ways of expression: A narration B discussion C lyric D description E description.

7. six ways to explain the text: a, for example, compare the numbers c and d in column b, e, and define the category F.

8. Three expositions explain the structure: A total score structure B total score structure C total score structure

9. Explain the sequence of the three expositions: A in chronological order, B in spatial order, and C in logical order.

10. Two basic argumentative structures: A. Asking questions-analyzing problems-solving problems.

B put forward opinions-argumentation opinions-summary opinions.

1 1. Six demonstration methods: A example method, B comparison method and C analogy method.

reductio ad absurdum

12. Eight main rhetorical methods: A metaphor B personification C parallelism D exaggeration.

E repeatedly asks G, F repeatedly asks H duality (abbreviated as: metaphor is quasi-exaggeration, and the two opposites are opposite)

13. Four methods of character description: A appearance description, B language description, C action description and D psychological description (abbreviated as: foreign language temptation)

14. Seven kinds of phrases: A coordinate phrase B modifier phrase C subject-predicate phrase D verb-object phrase.

E verb-complement phrase f verb-object phrase g word phrase (divided into seven categories according to function)

A noun phrase b verb phrase c adjective phrase (divided into three parts of speech)

15. Six sentence components: A subject B predicate C object D complement E attributive F adverbial

16. Twelve parts of speech (sex): a noun, verb, verb, b quantity, generation, c auxiliary conjunction, d auxiliary exclamation.

17. Three narrative modes (sequence): A directly narrates B flashback C insertion.

18. The function of three ellipsis: omit the reference in table A, omit the enumeration in table B, and prolong the interruption in table C.

19. The functions of the four inflections: Table A explains the beginning and end of the order when the sound of Table C is interrupted, and Table D explains the order when it is extended.

20. The function of the four quotation marks: Table A refers to the actual content; Table b refers to irony; Table c refers to the specific title; Table d emphasizes that.

Three elements of novel

Characters; Plot (beginning, development, climax, ending); Environment (nature, society)

The role of landscape (environment)

Nature (rendering ... atmosphere; Contrast ... mood); Society (explain the background of the story). The middle can play a role in promoting the development of the story.

means of expression

Narration, explanation, description, discussion, lyricism

Presentation skills (writing skills)

Contrast, symbol, contrast, express feelings with scenery (objects), express ambition with objects, set suspense with small things, suppress first and then promote (suppress first and then promote), and express ambition with objects. ...