Su Shi (1037 65438+10.8-165438+August 24), with the word Zi Zhan and He Zhong, was an important writer in the Song Dynasty and a representative figure with the highest literary achievements. Han nationality, a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan City, Sichuan Province) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Jia You (year number, 1056 ~ 1063) is a scholar. His poems have a wide range of themes, fresh and vigorous, good at exaggeration and metaphor, and unique style. He and Huang Tingjian are also called "Su Huang". Xin Qiji is the representative of the unconstrained style, also known as "Su Xin". He is also engaged in painting and calligraphy. There are Seven Episodes of Dongpo, Dongpo Yi Zhuan, Dongpo Yuefu and so on.

Early experience

Su Shi was born in Meishan, was born in Jingshou for three years (1037 1.8), and was Su Weidao, a minister in the early Tang Dynasty. Su Shi's grandfather is Su Xu, the word Zhongxian, and his grandmother is Shi. Su Shi's father, Su Xun, is what Saint Amethyst called "Su Laoquan". Su Xun worked hard, although it was late. Su Shi's name "Stone" originally meant the handrail in front of the car, which means it is indispensable to help the needy. Su Shi was open-minded, frank and sincere, and won the Taoist style. Good friends, good food, created a lot of food, good tea, and elegant mountain travel.

Exam in Beijing

In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination. Su Xun took Su Shi, 2 1 year-old, and Su Zhe, 91year-old, down the river from the remote western Sichuan area and came to Beijing to take the exam. At that time, the examiner was Ouyang Xiu, a literary master, and the junior examiner was Mei, an old poet. The two men were determined to innovate in poetry, and Su Shi's fresh and free writing shocked them all at once. The title of the strategy is "the theory of rewarding loyalty with punishment" Su Shi's "Rewarding Loyalty with Punishment" won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu, but Ouyang Xiu mistakenly thought it was written by disciple Ceng Gong, so in order to avoid suspicion, he had to come second. Su Shi wrote in his article: "Hao Tao is a scholar and can kill people. Said to kill the third, Yao said to kill the third. " Both Ou and Mei admire his writing, but they don't know the source of these words. Su Shi thanked him and asked him. Su Shi replied, "How do you know the source!" After hearing this, Ouyang Xiu could not help admiring Su Shi's heroism and daring to innovate, and foresaw Su Shi's future: "This man can be said to be good at reading and using books, and his articles will be unique in the world in the future."

Mingdong Shi Jing

With Ouyang Xiu's repeated praise, Su Shi became famous for a while. Every time he publishes a new book, it will spread all over Beijing immediately. Just as the father and son became famous in Beijing and were about to show their talents, the bad news of Su Shi's mother's death suddenly came. The two brothers went home with their father to attend the funeral. Jiayou returned to Beijing after the mourning period expired in October of the fourth year. In the sixth year of Jiayou (106 1 year), Su Shi took the secondary education examination in China, which is usually called the "three-year Beijing Examination", got the third class of "the first in a hundred years", was awarded the judge of Dali, and signed the book. [1 1] Four years later, the court awarded it as a drum school. In the second year of Zhiping, Su Xun died of illness, and Su Shi and Su Zhe returned to their hometowns with coffins, and they kept their filial piety for three years. Three years later, Su Shi returned to North Korea, and Wang Anshi's political reform, which shook the ruling and opposition parties, began. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they opposed the new law and disagreed with the political views of the new prime minister Wang Anshi. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.

Come uninvited

In the fourth year of Xining (107 1), Su Shi wrote about the disadvantages of the new law. Wang Anshi was very angry and asked Xie Jing to tell Su Shi's fault in front of the emperor. Su Shi then requested to work in Beijing: he was sent to Hangzhou as a judge from the fourth year of Xining to the seventh year of Xining (1074), transferred to Mizhou (Zhucheng, Shandong Province) in the autumn of Xining in the seventh year, and served as Xuzhou Mingmu from April of Xining in the tenth year (1077) to March of Yuanfeng in the second year (1079). Get rid of the old and innovate, and make great achievements because of the convenience of the law.

Wutai poetry case

In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi was 43 years old and transferred to Huzhou. After taking office, he wrote a letter to the emperor Huzhou Xie Biao, which was a routine matter. But Su Shi is a poet, and his works are often emotional. Even if you write red-headed documents, you can't forget to add some personal colors, saying that you are "stupid and ill-timed, and it is difficult to catch up with newcomers" and "old people can make trouble or raise kings". These words were seized by the new party, saying that he "fooled North Korea and was arrogant. They picked out sentences that they thought implied sarcasm from a large number of Su Shi's poems, and for a time there was an anti-Soviet voice in the court. On July 28th this year, Su Shi was arrested by Yushitai officials only three months after he took office and escorted to Beijing. Dozens of people are involved. This is the famous "Wutai Poetry Case" in the Northern Song Dynasty (Wutai, the Jade Terrace, is called Wutai because there are cypresses planted on it and crows inhabit it all the year round).

The great blow of Wutai poetry case became a turning point in his life. The new party wants to kill Su Shi. The ruling and opposition parties also launched rescue activities at the same time. Not only many elders with the same political views as Su Shi wrote articles in succession, but even some reformists also advised Zongshen not to kill Su Shi. Wang Anshi retired to Jinling at that time, and also wrote: "How about killing talents with saints?" With everyone's efforts, this poem case was finalized by Wang Anshi's "one sentence", and Su Shi was given a lighter sentence and demoted to Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei) as an assistant envoy, and placed in this state under the supervision of local officials. Su Shi was imprisoned 103 days and was on the verge of beheading several times. Thanks to the national policy of not killing scholar-officials in Zhao Kuangyin during the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi was spared.

Be demoted to Huangzhou

After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to be Ying Yong's assistant in Huangzhou (now Huanggang City, Hubei Province) (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is rather humble and has no real power. At this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this campaign. After Su Shi came to power, his mood was low. He visited Chibi Mountain outside Huangzhou City for many times, and wrote famous works such as "Red Cliff Fu", "Post-Red Cliff Fu" and "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" to express his thoughts and feelings when he was in exile. Yu led his family to reclaim a sloping land in the east of the city and farm to supplement their livelihood. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man".

make a comeback

1084 (the seventh year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi left Huangzhou and was sent to Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away. Changzhou area is criss-crossed with water networks and beautiful scenery. Living in Changzhou, he has no worries about hunger and cold, and he can enjoy the beautiful scenery. Moreover, he is far away from the political disputes in Beijing and can get along with his family and many friends day and night. So Su Dongpo finally chose Changzhou as his final destination. 1085, Song Zhezong ascended the throne, and Empress Dowager Cixi came to the court to listen to politics in the name of young philosopher. Sima Guang was reactivated and the new party headed by Wang Anshi was suppressed. Su Shi returned to the post of assistant minister of the DPRK and went to Dengzhou (Penglai). Four months later, the doctor was recalled to North Korea. Mr. Scheeren was promoted to Mr. Scheeren in the previous dynasty, and was promoted to Mr. Scheeren in Zhongshu three months later, and was soon promoted to the imperial edict of Hanlin Bachelor, and was awarded a tribute by the Ministry of Rites. Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor. He attacked the corruption exposed after the old Party came to power, which aroused strong opposition from conservative forces and was falsely accused and framed. So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer.

Build Su Causeway.

In the fourth year of Yuan You (1089), Su Shi got a bachelor's degree in Longtuge and got to know Hangzhou. Because the West Lake has not been dredged for a long time, it has been silted up for more than half. "The long-term weeds in Taiping Lake and Pinghu Lake have seriously affected agricultural production." In the second year of Su Shi's arrival in Hangzhou, he dredged the West Lake, mobilized more than 200,000 migrant workers, expelled farmland, restored the old scenery, and erected three towers (now reflecting the moon in three ponds) in the deepest part of the lake as a symbol. He collected the dredged silt and built a long dike running through the West Lake, which was connected by six bridges for pedestrians. Later referred to as "Su Gong Di" or "Su Causeway". In the early morning of spring, Su Causeway is one of the top ten scenic spots in the West Lake, "Dawn in Su Causeway". Willow leaves are covered with gauze, sparkling and birds are singing.

"Dongpo built Su Causeway everywhere", and Su Shi built three long dikes in his life. When Su Shi was demoted to Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui), he also dredged the West Lake and built a levee in Yingzhou. In the year of Shao Shengyuan (1094), Su Shi was demoted as the deputy envoy of the Far Ning Army and placed in Huizhou (now Huiyang, Guangdong). Nearly 60-year-old Su Shi galloped day and night, all the way into the relegation center, and was warmly welcomed by Lingnan people. Su Shi took out the gold given by the emperor and donated it to dredge the West Lake and build a long embankment. To this end, "the father and the old get together and the pot is empty. If you can't drink it for three days, you will kill all the chickens in the village. " People are celebrating. Now, this Su Causeway is at the entrance of Huizhou West Lake, like a green belt, which passes through the middle of the lake and divides the lake into two parts, Pinghu on the right and Hu Feng on the left.

Wandering in Danzhou

Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in the sixth year of Yuan You (109 1), he was recalled to North Korea. However, due to political disagreement, Yuan You was transferred to Yingzhou in August of six years, Yangzhou in February of seven years (1092) and Dingzhou in September of eight years (1093). Yuan You's Empress Dowager died in the eighth year, and Zhezong came to power, and the new party came to power again. In June of the first year of Shaosheng (1094), he was once again demoted to Huiyang (now Huizhou City, Guangdong Province).

Su Dongpo visited Chengtian Temple in the evening.

Born four years less (1097), Su Shi, who was 62 years old at that time, was sent to Danzhou, Hainan Island (now Dan County, Hainan), a desolate place. It is said that in the Song Dynasty, banishing Hainan was only a lighter punishment than copying others. He regards Danzhou as his second hometown. "I'm from Daner, and I live in Xishu." He runs a school here, introduces the style of study, and makes many people travel thousands of miles to Danzhou to learn from Su Shi. In the Song Dynasty 100 years, no one in Hainan ever entered the imperial examination. But soon after Su Shi returned to the north, Jiang Tangzuo here made a tribute to his hometown. For this reason, Su Shi wrote a poem: "The sea has never broken its pulse, and the pearl cliff has never been seen." People have always regarded Su Shi as the pioneer and sower of Danzhou culture, and have deep reverence for him. Dongpo Village, Dongpo Well, Dongpo Field, Dongpo Road, Dongpo Bridge, Dongpo Hat, etc. What has been circulated in Danzhou so far has expressed people's memory, and even the language has a kind of "Dongpo dialect".

Final outcome

After Hui Zong ascended the throne, Su Shi was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Yong Lian for resettlement and Yongzhou for resettlement. In the third year, Fu Yuan was granted amnesty (11kloc-0/), and Lang Feng was reinstated. On the way back to the north, he died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu) on July 28th, the first year of Guo Jing, Zhong Jian (110/). At the age of 65, he was buried in Tancheng County, Ruzhou (now jia county, Henan Province). Su Shi left a will and buried Shangri-La in Juntai Township, Tancheng County, Ruzhou. The following year, his son Su Guo transported his father's coffin back to Tancheng County for burial. After Song Gaozong acceded to the throne, Su Shi was posthumously named as a teacher and posthumous title "Wen Zhong".