A glimpse of China's ancient literature was selected by Wu Chucai and Wu Tiaohou in the thirty-third year of Qing Emperor Kangxi 1694. Wu Jun, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, founded the library for a long time. This book is a textbook for students. In addition to this book, Erwu also wrote the Outline of Lu.
Prose is one of the main styles in ancient China. The development of prose has roughly experienced the following stages: First, the pre-Qin period. Shangshu is the first collection of essays. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, resulting in hundred schools of thought's essays. Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy are the representatives of historical prose in the pre-Qin period. Stylistic Preparation from Warring States to Later Generations; Zhang Xuecheng; Literature and History: On Poetry Teaching. Second, in the Han Dynasty, prose in this period further developed. "Historical Records" is "the last song of historians, with no rhyme in Li Sao", which represents the highest achievement of prose in Han Dynasty. Third, during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, this period was dominated by temperament, forming a Ma Su style, with Luoyang Shuijing Annotation and Galand Annotation as prominent. Fourth, the Tang and Song Dynasties. The ancient prose movement led by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the middle Tang Dynasty "declined after eight generations". Ouyang Xiu advocated ancient prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Su and his son echoed it, and ancient prose gradually occupied the literary world. Fifth, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. This paper basically inherits and develops the spirit of the ancient prose movement in Tang and Song Dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, there appeared the school of restoring ancient ways of the former and the latter seven scholars, the school of Tang and Song Dynasties who opposed restoring ancient ways, the school of public security who advocated the spirit of nature, and Gui Youguang and other prose masters appeared. Tongcheng School is the most influential school in Qing Dynasty.
The selected articles in "Ancient prose Guanzhi" started in the pre-Qin period and ended in the late Ming dynasty, which generally reflected the general outline and main characteristics of the development of prose from the pre-Qin period to the late Ming dynasty. Among them, there are 34 Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu 1 1, 3 Yang Gongzhuan, 6 Book of Rites, Warring States Policy 14 and Han Yuwen 17. Liu Zongyuan has 8 articles, Ouyang Xiu 1 1, Su Shi 1 1, Su Zhe 3, Wang Anshi 3 ... a total of 222 articles. The articles selected in this book are excellent works, with concise language, short and pithy, and easy to recite. The standard of Hengwen basically takes both ideological and artistic into account. Of course, the so-called ideology is based on not violating feudal orthodoxy. Candidates take ancient prose as authentic works, and it is not excluded that Ma Bingwen earned 4 articles, which was valuable at that time; At the middle or end of the article, candidates have some clips or tails to help beginners understand the article; In terms of style, it is worthy of recognition to change the habit of predecessors to classify by style, but to take the times as the classics and writers as the latitude.
There are also people who have not chosen properly in this book. Because the choice is mainly the formulation strategy during the imperial examination, some articles with strong stereotyped writing atmosphere are selected. However, as an introduction to ancient Chinese prose, it still has its existence value.
Wonderful chapter recommendation
1. "Feng Xuan Hakka Meng Changjun" This is the most fascinating article in "The View of Ancient Literature". Meng Changjun, one of the "Four Childes of the Warring States", has 3,000 diners, while Feng Xuan, who is poor, claims to be "incompetent" and "poor", but often complains that there is no fish, no car and no one to take care of him at home, while Meng Changjun meets all his demands in the grievances of everyone, waiting for a miracle to happen. Sure enough, Feng Xuan volunteered to collect debts for Meng Changjun in the snow. As a result, he burned the debt and returned empty-handed. Confused Meng Changjun was helpless and embarrassed. When Meng Changjun, whose official career was ups and downs, returned to Xuedi, a feudal city, the touching scene of people welcoming the new and the old made Meng Changjun suddenly understand what Feng Xuan got with the debt deed. The story is not over. In Meng Changjun's gasp in admiration, Feng Xuan told him that there was a sly rabbit in three caves. Feng Xuan's shuttle diplomacy in various countries has not only been restored, but also "Xue Ancestral Temple", leaving an eternal retreat. The tortuous plot and clever rhetoric are amazing.
2. Mr. Lu Xun said that "the article of Qin Dynasty, Li Si is only one person", which is the best article of Li Si. The king of Qin ordered Keqing to be expelled, and Lise was also expelled. On the way out of Xianyang, Alice read the book and gave it to the king of Qin. After reading the book, the King of Qin quickly sent someone to stay, which shows that the book is powerful in persuasiveness and appeal. Starting from the interests of Qin State, Li Si grasped the psychology of the king of Qin, and at the same time inspired, induced, criticized and warned him. His writing is affectionate and persistent, just like the Yangtze River and Qian Fan, full of vitality and unstoppable. Such an article made a lagging but perfect and vivid footnote for strategists in the pre-Qin period.
3. On Qin (I) Jia Yi, a gifted scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, died young. At the age of 20, he wrote a book on Qin, which made a sensation throughout the ages. This paper demonstrates and analyzes the mistakes of the Qin Dynasty, which provides a reference for the emperors of the Han Dynasty to "cross the Qin Dynasty" and "govern the Han Dynasty". Jia Yi carefully manages, gathers energy, strategically located, and lays out all the way, sometimes like a trickle, sometimes like a tide, full of twists and turns, depicting the strength of Qin, the strength of six countries and the poverty of Chen She step by step. At the end of the article, the argument that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different" is forced out, and then it comes to an abrupt end.
This letter written by Sima Qian to his good friend Ren An expresses Sima Qian's grievance, shame, grief and lament. It expresses Sima Qian's view of life and death: "People are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, but they are different!" It shows Sima Qian's bitter and tragic mentality of accepting humiliating castration and writing books angrily. It's a little "Li Sao", and the waves turn over the clouds. The full text is dripping, vigorous and tall, and the brushwork is really like a dragon, carrying wind and rain, and the momentum is extraordinary. The predecessors commented: "History has moved into a depression, and it was published as Historical Records; I was depressed when I wrote Historical Records, so I published this book. When you know this book, you will know the historical records, and you will vent all your troubles here. Vertical and horizontal rows are really great articles. "
5. "Model" Liu Xie, a famous literary theorist in the Southern Dynasties, said in "Wen Xin Diao Long": "Kong Ming's words remain, ambition is smooth, ... means English." Lu You, a great poet, once lamented that "a teacher is well known, and no one can compare with Zhong Bo in a thousand years". Such praise is not flattery. This recitation is the crystallization of Zhuge Liang's struggle experience in the second half of his life. After reading it, Zhuge's prime minister was bitter and full of tears. As at present, there is always a deep and dignified truth behind the momentum of the whole article. Some people say that "the former model" "every word comes from the heart, without false decoration, which is the victory of the article."
6. The Preface to Wang Tengting is a beautiful prose, which can almost redeem all the sins of his beautiful parallel prose in the past. Wang Bo, a talented teenager, passed through Hongzhou and inadvertently attended the grand meeting at Wang Tengting, leaving the most beautiful chapter in the history of China literature. Hua Mao's ci is gorgeous, so far, it seems that the afterglow is everywhere, and its rhyme is harmonious and sonorous, so far, it is full of fragrance. Countless beautiful scenery, things, people and feelings condense into eternal allusions here, and countless artistic conceptions and images flow out from here. This is the most beautiful movement caused by talent. Only by approaching Preface to Wang Teng-ting can we appreciate the interest and charm of taste of china's classical literature.
7. When it comes to Han Yu, people always say that his prose is like the Yangtze River, like a mighty river, surging and flowing without stagnation. In fact, Korean is by no means a simple side, and its lyric prose is tortuous, implicit and affectionate. Where will you go after two worlds apart? I am writing this eulogy. The editor of China's View on Ancient Literature commented: "People who love each other the most will naturally flow into words. When reading these articles, you will definitely think of crying and writing at the same time; Every word is blood, every word is tears; I have never intended to write for the text, but the text is all written, and the eulogy is out of tune for thousands of years. " Let's taste the last few words of the eulogy together: "Alas! Words are inexhaustible, knowing them as evil, and not knowing them as evil? Hey, hey! "
8. "Ode to Autumn Sound" Since Qu Yuan wrote "Autumn winds curl, Dongting Lake waves are under the leaves" and Song Yu wrote "Sad autumn is also qi, and the vegetation is bleak", autumn in the eyes of China literati has taken on a sad color. Ouyang Xiu wrote a sad autumn, starting with the sound of autumn, which is different from others. Autumn in this paper is not only a natural autumn, but also an autumn of life and mood, so there is an indelible sadness and desolation. It is reported that after this article was written, Ouyang Xiu copied several copies himself, and his love can be seen.
9. "Former Red Cliff Fu" suffered a heavy blow from "Wutai Poetry Case", and Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou, where there is the famous Huangzhou Chibi. In the cool breeze and bright moon, Su Shi came and the flute sounded like a complaint. Su Shi is drunk, life is limited and the universe is eternal. Su Shi realized that the sword shadow of Chibi was ringing and the endless water flowed eastward! Life is a most beautiful mystery! Joy and melancholy, clarity and obscurity, dawn. There is a poetic philosophy in the article: "I regret my life for a while, envy the infinity of the Yangtze River, invite you to fly to the fairy, and hold the moon for a long time ... Do you know what a husband is like?" The deceased is like this, but he has never been there; If you are full of emptiness, the dead will not grow and fail! "There is a poetic Jiangyue in the text:" The bright moon starts from Dongshan and lingers between bullfights. Milky white fog across the river, clear water. What a reed does is at a loss. There is a poem "Xiao" in the article: "Its voice screams, like resentment, like crying, like resentment, and the sound is endless. Dancing in the valley, crying in the lonely boat. "Such an article is what Su Shi called" flowing ".
10. Liu Yi Zhang Shu, one of the "last seven sons" in Ming Dynasty, vividly portrayed the flatterer's face with a reply, which was really unscathed and lifelike. Zong Chen, with the most unpretentious brushwork, highlights that the flatterer humbly asks to meet and boasts such an ugly drama after going out, which is the best work to describe the traces of officialdom.
1 1. "Zheng Boke Duan Yan Yu" This is the first article selected by China's View of Ancient Literature. From Zuo Zhuan, it describes the intrigue in the court, which can be called the originator and classic of this kind of theme.
12. "Going Home" Tao Yuanming made Pengze County Order and superior officials came to inspect it. The beadle suggested that Tao county order the whole crown to meet the superior officials. Tao Yuanming said, "How can I bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice!" " In a rage, he abandoned his official position and retired. This article was a declaration made at that time and had a great influence on later scholars.
13. "Learning" means making knowledge and virtue progress, and "solution" means discrimination. This article is very enlightening and influential on academic views, and its literary talent is brilliant. "Industry is good at diligence, and play is barren; It is for this reason that what is done is thought and destruction is followed.
14. Yueyang Tower. Almost every exiled literati will think of Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower" when he can't get over it, and will be inspired by the mind and tolerance of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later".
15. Liu Zongyuan is good at writing fables. The theory of planting trees by a hunchbacked old gardener named Guo aroused the author's view on the way to be an official, and the author's intention was reflected in his straightforward and calm description.
16. Reading Wang Anshi likes to play the devil's advocate and write articles to reverse his conviction. This essay, which is less than 100 words, is famous in the literary world for its turning sentence pattern, strong language and amazing warning strategy.
Wonderful language collection
△ Taishan does not let the soil, so it can become big; Rivers and seas do not choose small streams, so they can be deep. (Li Si's book of remonstrance and expulsion)
△ People are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, so they are used differently. (Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu)
△ People know each other, so do you. (Li Ling's answer to Su Wushu)
△ Sunset and lonely Qi Fei grow together. (Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting)
△ Being old and strong, I would rather know the heart of a white head; If you are poor, you will be strong. (same as above)
△ The mountain is not high, the fairy is famous, the water is not deep, and the dragon has a spirit. (Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Ming")
△ There are Bole and Maxima in the world, which is very common, but Bole is not common. (Han Yu's Miscellaneous Notes)
△ Yunshan is gray, the rivers and seas are vast, the gentleman's wind, and the mountains are high. (Fan Zhongyan's "Mr. Yan Ancestral Hall")
△ Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")
△ The truth of ups and downs, although it is a destiny, isn't it a person! ..... Worry and fatigue can rejuvenate the country, and it is natural to escape and prepare for death. ..... Disasters often add up, but wisdom and courage are trapped in drowning. (Ouyang Xiu's Biography of Lingguan)
△ The meaning of drunkenness is not in wine, but also between mountains and rivers. (Ouyang Xiu's Drunk Pavilion)