"Crossing the Lingding Ocean"

Wen Tianxiang

After a hard encounter, there are only a few stars around.

The mountains and rivers are broken, the wind flutters and the catkins float, and the life experience is ups and downs.

Afraid to say panic on the beach, sigh alone in the ocean.

Since ancient times, no one has ever died, leaving a loyal heart to illuminate history.

Background of the poem

In the first month of 1279, the Yuan army left the Pearl River Estuary and attacked Yashan, the last stronghold of the Southern Song Dynasty (in today's Nanhai, Xinhui, Guangdong). Wen Tianxiang was escorted along with him. The ship passed Lingding Yang (Lingding Yang is at the mouth of the Pearl River in the south of Zhongshan, Guangdong, south of Zhongshan City. There is Lingding Mountain by the sea, and the sea below the mountain is called Lingding Yang). Marshal Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Army forced Wen Tianxiang to surrender the Song Army Commander Zhang Shijie who was holding on to Yashan. , Wen Tianxiang wrote this poem to express his ambition and sternly refuse. Wen Tianxiang's own note recorded in the "Guidebook" says:

"On the last day of last month, Marshal Zhang ordered Marshal Li to cross the ship and asked him to write a letter to Zhang Shaobao to surrender. Then he said to him: 'I can't save my parents by myself. Is it okay to teach people to carry their parents on their backs? "Li Buqiang wrote this poem to reach Zhang, but he said that "good people are good at poetry", but they can't force it."

Annotation of the poem

"Hard work" sentence: recalls the early life and various hardships since becoming an official. Encounter means to be selected by the imperial court; Qiyijing means to pass the imperial examination and get an official position because of proficiency in a certain scripture. The imperial examination system of the Song Dynasty tested the meaning of classics and selected one of the Five Classics (Yi, Shi, Shu, Rites, and Spring and Autumn). In the fourth year of Baoyou's reign (1256), Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang became the first Jinshi and later became the prime minister. Gang Ge Liao Luo: Liao Luo means deserted and sparse. This means that the war between the Song and Yuan Dynasties is coming to an end. The Southern Song Dynasty died this year (1279) and was unable to resist at this time. Zhou Xing: The Zhou star is the Sui star. The Sui star circulates in the sky for twelve years, so the Zhou star refers to the twelve years. The four stars are forty-eight years. Wen Tianxiang was forty-four when he wrote this poem. The four stars here are in whole numbers. Most of the old annotations refer to the four years since Wen Tianxiang responded to the imperial edict of King Qin in 1275. In fact, the first two sentences of this poem should be understood together, as they are the poet's review of his life experiences.

"Mountains and rivers" sentence: refers to the fact that the national situation and personal destiny are irreversible. Panic Beach: In today's Wan'an County, Jiangxi Province, the water flow is very fast, and it is one of the eighteen beaches in Ganjiang River, the most dangerous one. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), Emperor Ruizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Kongqian, Jiangxi Province, and retreated to Fujian via the panic beach.

"Ling Ding" sentence: Lamenting the current situation and being alone and helpless. After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingding Ocean. History: Annals of History. Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips were used to record events. When making bamboo slips, they must be roasted with fire to remove the sweat (moisture) from the bamboo, so it is called history.

The poet reviews his life in one or two sentences, but due to space limitations, the writing method is to cite two events, one for becoming an official and one for defeat in the army, to summarize the rest. The four sentences in the middle closely follow "There are few battles" and clearly express the author's understanding of the current situation: the country is in a precarious situation, the tragedy of national subjugation is inevitable, and it is even more difficult to talk about personal destiny. But in the face of this great change, what the poet thought of was not his personal way out and future, but his deep regret for not being able to win a military victory and reverse the situation two years ago. At the same time, I also felt particularly sad about my isolation and helplessness. Judging from the conception of the whole poem, the first six sentences exaggerate the atmosphere of sadness, anger and hardship to the extreme. The next two sentences change the mood from sadness and anger to excitement, from depression to high pitch. "Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be reflected in history." Throughout the ages, people will inevitably die. If they die to save the motherland, they will sacrifice their lives for righteousness. Their loyalty will hang down in the annals of history and reflect through the ages. These two passionate and generous poems show the poet's determination to sacrifice his life for righteousness and fully reflect his national integrity. Because of these two ending lines, the whole poem has become a masterpiece and a great song for the ages.

About the author

"Crossing the Lingding Ocean" is a famous patriotic seven-character poem by Wen Tianxiang, a minister of the Southern Song Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang (1236-1283), minister and writer of the Southern Song Dynasty, was a famous national hero. His courtesy name was Lushan, also named Songrui, and his nickname was Wenshan. He was a native of Luling, Jizhou (now Ji'an, Jiangxi). At the age of 20, he got the first place in Jinshi examination and became the Prime Minister and Privy Envoy. In 1276, the Yuan army approached Lin'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. He was sent to negotiate in the Yuan army camp and was detained. Later, he escaped in Zhenjiang and was rescued by the people. He traveled by sea to Fujian and fought against the Yuan army with Zhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu and others. It once regained some lost territory, but was later defeated by the Yuan army. It retreated into Guangdong and fought in the Haifeng and Chaoyang areas. In December of the first year of Xiangxing's reign (1278), Emperor Zhao Bing of the late Song Dynasty was captured by the Yuan army. Later, he was escorted to Dadu (now Beijing) and imprisoned for three years. He was repeatedly coerced and induced, and suffered all kinds of torture, but he remained unyielding. On the ninth day of December in the nineteenth year of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty (January 9, 1283), he calmly died in Chaishi, showing his steadfast national integrity. Wen Tianxiang's later works closely reflected reality, artistically reflected the author's struggling life and patriotic thoughts, and showed the scenes of the Southern Song Dynasty soldiers and civilians fighting against the Yuan army. They were written in a melancholy, tragic and touching way. Now there is "The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan". Famous works such as "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" and "Song of Righteousness" are praised by the world.

Reference materials: /view/203555.htm

There are also three poems by Marshal Chen Yi:

Chen Yi's "Three Chapters of Meiling"

(Preface to the poem:) In the winter of 1936, Meishan was besieged.

I lay in the jungle for more than twenty days with my remaining injuries, and couldn't get rid of my worries. I got three poems and left them on the bottom of my clothes.

Chapter 1 (Part 1):

How do you feel about beheading today? Starting a business is hard and full of battles.

Go to Quantai to recruit old troops, and kill Yama with a hundred thousand banners.

Chapter 2:

The war in the South has been going on for ten years, and this head must be hung at the gate of the country.

If you all work harder in the future, good news will come to you as paper money.

Chapter 3:

Joining yourself in the revolution is your home, and the bloody storm will have an end.

Today’s event is to take righteousness into benevolence, and the flowers of freedom are planted all over the world.

[Note]

Meiling: Dayuling. One of the Five Ridges is located at the junction of Dayu County in Jiangxi Province and Nanxiong County in Guangdong Province. The so-called Meishan Mountains in the poem before the poem is one of the main mountain systems.

Quantai: Tongquanxia, ??Quanmang, Quanlu. The underworld and hell in superstitious legends. Huang Zongxi of the Ming Dynasty wrote "Wan Chongzong's Lamentations": Who knows the difference, so they are separated by the spring platform!

Yam Luo: Sanskrit transliteration. In Buddhism, the god who governs hell is also called King of Hell, King of Hell, and Lord of Hell. This is a metaphor for the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek.

The Ten Years of War in the South: It means that the armed struggle in the South has persisted for exactly ten years (from the time of the Northern Expedition in 1926 to Sichuan to mobilize the military movement to the guerrilla war in 1936). Nanguo: the south of the motherland.

Beacon smoke: the smoke of beacon fire. In ancient times, beacon towers were set up for border defenses. When foreign enemies invaded, beacon towers were set up to raise the alarm. This refers to war. Yao He's poem "Sending Li Kuo Shiyu to Xichuan Camp": From now on, there will be no more beacon smoke on Songzhou Road.

My head must be hung at the gate of the country: Chen Yi said that even if he sacrifices his life, he must hang his head at the gate of the country to see the final demise of the Kuomintang reactionaries. According to the "Historical Records: Biography of Wu Zixu", in the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu King Fu Chai defeated the Yue State. The Yue King Gou Jian bribed the Wu State Grand Priest and slandered Zixu. Fu Chai gave Zixu a sword to commit suicide. Before Wu Zixu died, he said: "I will judge Wu Dongmen in my eyes." Go up to watch the Yue invaders enter and destroy Wu. In the next nine years, Yue defeated Wu. It is also recorded in "Historical Records: Wu Taibo's Family".

Guomen: that is, city gate.

Taking meaning and becoming benevolent: In the late Southern Song Dynasty, Prime Minister Wen Tianxiang fought against the Yuan army in the south, but was defeated and captured. He was unyielding. Before his death, he wrote a poem called "Self-Praise" and hid it in his belt. He said: Confucius said about becoming benevolent, and Mencius said about taking righteousness. From now on, the common people have no regrets. In Chen Yi's poems, he expresses his daring loyalty to the party and the people and his great spirit of dedication to the revolution.

[Historical Events]

Under the correct leadership of Chen Yi, the guerrillas in the Jiangxi-Guangdong Border Region continued to grow and develop, like a sharp sword inserted into the heart of the enemy. In order to eliminate the guerrillas, the Kuomintang reactionaries carried out brutal military crackdowns and economic blockades. They also hunted Chen Yi and Xiang Ying everywhere, and posted notices claiming that Chen Yi would be rewarded 30,000 yuan in foreign exchange for their capture. In 1936, after the Guangdong-Guangdong Incident, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched his direct troops, the 46th Division, to launch a new campaign against the guerrilla zones on the Jiangxi-Guangdong border in August and September. The division commander Dai Sixia was called a bunker expert by Chiang Kai-shek. When attacking the guerrilla base areas, he used his best trick, moving the bunkers up mountain passes and into mountain pits to attack the guerrilla base areas. The soldiers and civilians of the Jiangxi-Guangdong Border Region achieved victory in the suppression campaign by the Kuomintang troops and preserved the revolutionary base area, but they also paid a heavy price in blood. Many soldiers and civilians, including the guerrillas and some major leaders of the border region, died heroically in the battle because of traitors' informants. Chen Yi himself also encountered accidents many times. In the winter of 1936, the enemy troops conducted a large-scale clearing of Meishan, where Chen Yi was stationed, for more than a month. Use police dogs to track during the day and use search lights to search at night. Due to his leg injury and illness, Chen Yi had difficulty moving. He was besieged by the enemy in the jungle for 20 days in Meiling. At the critical moment when he could not escape, he spoke generously and wrote "Three Chapters of Meiling". On the bottom of the clothes, it is my own death poem. The small preface before the poem was added later by Chen Yi. This small preface briefly explains the situation when the poem was written. The "Xuan Enjie" in the small preface means: on the day he left his last poem, the enemy did not enter the mountain to search and suppress him, and the mountain was very calm the next day. Someone was sent down the mountain to inquire about the news, and it turned out that the Xi'an Incident had occurred. The 46th Division of the Kuomintang hurriedly withdrew from the vicinity of the guerrilla zone, and some local armed forces huddled in bunkers and did not dare to come out. Meishan was able to relieve the siege.

[Appreciation]

The two major ends of life are life and death. The decision at a critical moment of life and death can best show a person's spirit and integrity. Some people are afraid that death is far away, and seek life to harm their benevolence, and live in an ignoble existence, leaving a legacy of infamy for thousands of years; some people regard death as home, sacrifice themselves to be benevolent, do justice, and be famous for generations to come. The latter choice is a principle that has been followed by people with lofty ideals and benevolence since ancient times in our country. Confucius said: A man with lofty ideals and benevolence does not seek life to harm his benevolence, but he kills himself to achieve benevolence. ("The Analects of Confucius, Lord Wei Linggong" also said: He who hears the Tao in the morning can die in the evening. ("The Analects of Confucius, Li Ren") Mencius said: Life is what I want, and righteousness is also what I want. You cannot have both. Those who are born to be righteous. ("Mencius: Gaozi 1") He also said: "The person who dies after doing his best is the right life." Moral ideals have inspired countless national heroes to sacrifice their lives and die for the country and the people, going through fire and water, leaving countless heroic deeds that shook the world and made people cry.

Su Wu drank the snow when he was thirsty and ate the blanket when he was hungry. Zhuge Liang devoted himself to death and died. Wen Tianxiang has never died since ancient times, leaving his loyal heart to reflect the history. It doesn't matter if Xia Minghan beheads, as long as the doctrine is truly unyielding , all of which constitute the most sublime and magnificent landscape in the vast history of the Chinese nation. The soul of the nation shines eternally brilliantly in this vast spectacle.

"Meiling Three Chapters" is also a majestic proletarian righteousness song written by Chen Yi at the critical moment of life and death. This is a set of poems composed of three seven-character quatrains. Although the three poems have different emphases in content and can be presented as separate chapters, they are internally unified in terms of basic themes. They express the author's firm revolutionary belief and the revolutionary outlook on life and death that he is willing to sacrifice for the beautiful cause of mankind from different aspects. . Both poems are naturally derived from the four characters "care must not be taken off" in the short preface, with beheading as the basic image, but they do not show the slightest trace of sadness and sadness, but the generosity of a person who is a hero in life and a ghost in death. A heroic spirit. While chanting, people's blood boils and their fighting spirit is doubled. The first chapter focuses on the author's unswerving loyalty to the revolutionary cause. How do you feel about being beheaded today? The poem directly raises the issue of death at the beginning, asking himself how to face the danger of beheading. This fully demonstrates Chen Yi's heroic and fearless spirit in facing death. There is only one life, and when facing beheading, anyone will have some random thoughts pouring into their mind. At this moment, what did Chen Yi think of? The first thing that came to his mind was that starting a business was difficult and full of battles. Struggle requires sacrifice. In order to create the great cause of revolution, I have experienced countless hardships and hardships in fighting life. I have long put life and death aside. Today's beheading is a worthy death. There is really nothing to worry about. The question and answer were frank and bright, and the answer was generous and heroic. Chen Yi was immediately treated as if he were dead. The heroic image of Chen Yi who was willing to go through fire and water for the revolution stood in front of us, which was heart-pounding. Facing the danger of death, the poet thought that the great cause of the revolution had not yet been completed and his ideals had not yet been fulfilled. He would not be able to rest in peace if he beheaded today. So he galloped his imagination and used a technique rich in revolutionary romanticism to continue to write a heroic and powerful statement: I will go to Quantai to recruit old troops, and I will kill Yama with a hundred thousand banners. Spring platform also means under the spring, underground, spring road, spring soil, etc. In ancient poetry and prose, the word "Quantai" is generally associated with mourning and mourning. For example, there is a sentence in Pan Yue's "Widow's Ode" that says: Looking up at the portrait of the deceased, looking down at the spring soil. The fifth poem in King Luo Bin's "Elegy to Dr. Yue" is: Suddenly seeing the Quantai Road, I hesitated to see the water mirror hanging. Cen Shen's "The Elegy of Su Gong, Presented to the Minister of Industry by the Duke of Yinqi in Henan" has a poem about when the night will dawn and the spring is not spring. Meng Jiao's "Mourning" poem also has a poem about the twin dragons under the spring that will never come again, and the golden silkworms and jade swallows will be sold out. . Chen Yi used Quantai as a metaphor for the hell on earth under the Chiang Kai-shek government, and Yama as a metaphor for Chiang Kai-shek, the chief culprit who brought disaster to the country and the people. He said that once he died, he would go to the underworld to recruit his comrades who had died before, organize a mighty army of 100,000, and attack directly. Go to the underworld and cut off the head of Yama. These two lines of poems are full of passion, smooth writing, shocking the world, and weeping ghosts and gods. They vividly express the poet's firm revolutionary fighting spirit and heroic spirit. As the famous poet Zang Kejia said, it can be said to be so high-spirited and amazing! There is great righteousness in the heart, and great power in the writing!

The second chapter focuses on the expectations for the deceased, and encourages the living to continue fighting for the unfinished cause of people's liberation. The ten years of war in the South are a summary of the poet's participation in the revolutionary armed struggle. From the time he left Beijing in August 1926 and returned to Sichuan to work on the Northern Expedition to the winter of 1936, Chen Yi had been fighting in the war-torn southern country for ten years. He made immortal contributions to the founding of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, the establishment of the Soviet base areas, and the creation and development of the guerrilla zones on the Jiangxi-Guangdong border. This sentence can be read in conjunction with the difficult and many battles to start a business in Chapter 1. The entrepreneurial sentence focuses on the difficulty of the struggle, while the southern sentence focuses on the time and place of the struggle. Now, when the Central Soviet Area has been lost and the southern land is under the more brutal rule and ravage of the reactionaries, it is possible for him to say goodbye to this southern land for which he has fought bloody battles for more than ten years. This cannot help but make the poet sigh with emotion. regret. As a result, the poet poured out his passion into his pen and wrote the words of death that must be hung to the door of the country. "Historical Records: Biography of Wu Zixu" records that during the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu Zixu, a hero of Wu State, was brutally murdered and was given a sword by King Wu Fu Cha to commit suicide. When he was dying, he asked that his head be hung on the Chang Gate of the capital of Wu State (today's Suzhou) so that he could be seen. The story of the Yue army coming to destroy the Wu state. When the reactionary ruling classes in China's past dynasties suppressed people's resistance movements, they often hung the heads of the rebels they killed on city gate towers to show the public as a warning to others. The Kuomintang reactionaries often used similar violent methods when encircling and suppressing red base areas and guerrilla areas. But this kind of panic method cannot scare the real revolutionaries. For them, beheading is just a blow. The author borrowed the allusion of Wu Zixu's head hanging at the gate of the country to express the spirit of not remaining contented until he saw the enemy's complete destruction. The word "Xu" makes the poet's heroic integrity and glorious sense of martyrdom for the revolution come to life on the page and touch the heart. If you all work harder later, the good news will come to you as paper money, which is a natural extension of the previous line of the poem. The poet secretly used the famous line in Lu Fangweng's poem "Shi'er" that the king's army decided to go north to the Central Plains, and family sacrifices should not be reported to Naiweng. He encouraged the living comrades to work hard, win more battles, and use the frequent victory reports as their own tribute. Paper money is used to comfort oneself who has his head hanging at the gate of the country and his soul returning to the spring platform.

This expectation also expresses the poet's firm belief in the victory of the revolutionary cause. War is the politics of bloodshed. The poet refers to his living comrades as the kings of the future, with the intention of reminding his comrades to be prepared for sacrifice. He hopes that they can continue to fight without fear of sacrifice like the hundred thousand old troops who went to the disaster first and himself who is about to be decapitated.

The third chapter further expresses his belief in the victory of the revolutionary cause and his life ideals that he is willing to sacrifice for. Joining the revolution is home, and the bloody storms will end. This means that from the day he joined the revolution, he has regarded the revolutionary cause as his home and is determined to fight for it throughout his life. Although he has been struggling to start a business and the motherland is still in the bloody brutality of the reactionaries, the dark night is about to In the past, the dawn will come. The positive outlook on life in ancient China is known as the saying of cultivating one's family, governing the country, and bringing peace to the world. Words such as country and hatred of family and country also show that family and country cannot be completely separated. Are there any eggs under the overturned nest? It is impossible to have a country without a home, and it is difficult to have a happy and perfect home if the country is broken. Treating the revolutionary cause as his home is a vivid portrayal of the revolutionary outlook on life of a communist warrior who cared about the country and the people in his young age, showing the poet's noble and broad mind. The bloody storm will always have an end conveys the poet's dialectical understanding of the fate of the country and the predecessors of the revolution, which is consistent with the "Thirty-fifth Birthday" he wrote earlier in the same year. Things will eventually change and the world will be turned upside down. Wuzhou Hong, and "Untitled" written at the same time as "Three Chapters of Meiling", the vast Chinese land sighs and sinks into the land. The soul returns and the earth is red, expressing the same belief. Precisely because he has such faith in the future, the poet is not only calm about changes and fearless in the face of danger, but also calmly and calmly sings without hesitation: Today's affairs are made from righteousness, and the flowers of freedom are planted all over the world. In order for the bright future of human liberation to come one day earlier, the poet is willing to pour his own blood and the blood of countless martyrs together to water the flowers of freedom on the land of the motherland. Here, the poet injects the lofty communist ideal of a communist into the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation of pursuing justice and becoming benevolent. What does the beheading mentioned in the first sentence of the poem mean today? question and gave the most specific and perfect answer. This majestic and splendid answer highlights the lofty and broad mind and spiritual realm of a revolutionary. Such a realm can never be imagined by those who are just trying to survive. Revolution is for life rather than death, but having the courage to face death is another way of shining the brilliance of life. The world is full of flowers of freedom. This is the author's beautiful vision of the victorious future of the revolution. It is also the true meaning of the author's life pursuit of being willing to sacrifice justice for justice and hang his head above the country's doorstep. "Three Chapters of Meiling" is a set of Huang Zhongda Lu's works that Chen Yi did not pretend to embellish when he was in danger and was completed in one go. The poems are powerful and bold, with high style, dazzling sentences, exquisite words, rich sentiments and rich prose, and the clank and sound are the expression of the poet's lofty feelings and the portrayal of the poet's great personality. Injecting raging passion and lofty ideals into unexpected imagination is a prominent feature of the artistic thinking of this poem. The imagination of recruiting old troops from the spring platform and slaying Yama with a hundred thousand banners is so majestic; hanging from the other end toward the country's gate, good news is flying. How strange is the image of paper money; how charming is the desire to shed blood to death for justice and water the flowers of freedom in the world! And these majestic and charming imaginary images are always blended with deep hatred of the enemy and great love for the people, as well as personal ambitions and revolutionary ideals. Liu Xie's "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons" talks about art and spiritual thinking. It is said that when you climb a mountain, you will be full of emotions in the mountain, and when you look at the sea, your meaning will overflow in the sea. This is what it means! Not only that, in just 84 words, the poet's thoughts flowed freely and unhindered, from the danger of decapitation in the world to the feat of tricking and beheading on the spring platform, from the difficult battles in the past to the success after death, from In ancient times, the head of a loyal man hung over the country's door to today's own righteousness and benevolence, from personal ten-year journey to the blossoming of freedom in the future, it can be said that we have been galloping through the ages, and the underworld is free on earth. , there is some emptiness in reality, it can be said to be the eight extremes of essence. The mind travels thousands of miles and spans thousands of miles without any barriers, and it can be filled with memories (Lu Ji's "Wen Fu"). This reflects the author's extraordinary artistic imagination and superb structural skills. As Mr. Lu Xun said, everything that comes out of the fountain is water, and everything that comes out of the blood vessels is blood. Great works are always inseparable from the writer's great ideas, great personality and great life experiences. The rich, bold, and unexpected imagination of Chen Yi's poems comes from his years of military service, thousands of deaths and injuries, revolutionary passion, and revolutionary determination to seek justice and benevolence. These 84 words are the epitome of his life pursuit.

The creative transformation of classical poetry is another striking feature of this group of poems. Quantai, Yama, burning paper money, etc. mentioned in the poem are all legends and behaviors in feudal superstition. The poet compared Yama and the underworld to Chiang Kai-shek and the hell on earth under the rule of Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary government, which brought disaster to the country and the people. He used paper money to refer to the victory of the revolutionary army, giving and conveying a brand new meaning. Wu Zixu's last words when he was slandered and killed showed his condemnation of King Wu's husband for not listening to loyal advice and causing his own destruction, and his resentment that he was loyal but his loyalty was not accepted. Chen Yi's use of this allusion of hanging his head at the door of the country not only expresses his spirit of refusing to die in silence without witnessing the complete destruction of the Kuomintang reactionaries, but also expresses his firm belief that the revolution will win and his desire to see the victory with his own eyes and share the joy of victory on the day of victory. . In addition, practicing justice and becoming benevolent is one of the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation.

Wen Tianxiang, a statesman in the Southern Song Dynasty, was fighting against the invasion of Yuan soldiers and was arrested. In the poem "Self-Praise" hidden in his belt before he was arrested and executed, it was written that Confucius said to become benevolent and Mencius said to take justice. Now and from now on, I have nothing to be ashamed of. In his poem, Chen Yi incorporated the discussions about benevolence and righteousness in The Analects and Mencius, and directly borrowed the saying that "righteousness becomes benevolence" from Wen Tianxiang's death poem, which shows that he approves of this traditional virtue of the Chinese nation. of. However, Chen Yi's "righteousness and benevolence" are infused with Chen Yi's revolutionary ideals. To die for the revolution is to die well. This is of course fundamentally different from the feudal era, when people with lofty ideals and benevolent people adopted righteousness and became benevolent. All the above show that Chen Yi is good at using the classics, but he is not limited to the classics. He is better at transforming the classics, injecting new connotations into the classics, and giving them new artistic expression. This is worthy of our serious study.

Reference materials: /question/23806953.html?fr=qrl3