In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up. Han Xin joined the army with a sword and joined the army of Chu in Xiang Liang. Xiang Liang followed Xiang Yu after his death, but he was not reused by Xiang Yu. He just took the halberd as a guard. He made many suggestions to Xiang Yu, but none of them were adopted. So he fled from Chu camp angrily and went to Hanwang Liu Bang. Liu bang didn't use him as a general at first, but appointed him as a captain to treat Xiaomi. Seeing that Liu Bang refused to reuse, Han Xin decided to leave Hanying. Prime Minister Xiao He knew Han Xin's talent. When he heard the news, he immediately rode after him on a moonlit night to persuade him to return, thus leaving a beautiful talk of "Xiao He chasing Han Xin under the moonlight". Later, under Xiao He's repeated persuasion, Liu Bang personally discussed military affairs with Han Xin. Convinced that Han Xin was a rare talent, he held a ceremony to worship him as a general.
In May of the first year of Emperor Gaozu (206 BC), Han Xin sent someone to repair the plank road burned by Liu Bang when he entered Hanzhong, which puzzled Zhang Han, the king of Yong, but he quietly left his position along the old road of Nanzheng with a great army, defeated Zhang Hanjun and won the Guanzhong area in one fell swoop, enabling Liu Bang to return to Sanqin.
In February of the second year of Emperor Gaozu (205 BC), Han Xin led the troops out of Hangu Pass and forced them to Luoyang. Xiang Yu's governors, such as Han Wang Zheng Chang and Yin Wang Sima Qiong, defected one after another. Then he joined forces with Qi and Zhao to attack Chu. In April, the army has entered Cheng Peng, the capital of Chu. The ferocity of the offensive is amazing. Unexpectedly, after Liu Bang entered Pengcheng, he put aside his defense and looked for treasures and beautiful women everywhere. Xiang Yu, who was fighting the Qi army, heard that Cheng Peng had fallen, and led an army of 30,000 troops back at night, defeating Liu Bang in World War I. After Han Xin heard the news, he immediately rushed to collect the defeated troops and joined forces with Liu Bang in Luoyang, successfully carrying out the Anti-Japanese War, and defeated the Chu army between Jingxian County and Suoting, which frustrated the soldiers of Xiang Yu's Western Expedition. The front finally stabilized in Xingyang.
Liu Bangbing was defeated, and Qi, Zhao and Wei turned to Chu. In August, Liu Bang named Han Xin as the left prime minister and led the troops to attack Wei. Wei deployed Chen's heavy troops in Puban on the east bank of the Yellow River. Han Xin deployed a large number of ships in Linjin opposite Puban, pretending to cross the river head-on. He secretly tied a crock with a wooden frame and made a temporary crossing device. He crossed the river from upstream xia yang and made a surprise attack on Anyi. Suddenly, he appeared behind Wei Jun, smashed Wei Jun and captured Wei Wangbao alive.
In September of the third year of Emperor Gaozu (204 BC), Han Xin led an army eastward to capture Xia Xiang and recapture the county seat. Then Liu ordered Han Xin to urge him to strengthen the garrison in Xingyang, so Han Xin only took more than 10,000 troops to attack Zhao in Jingxing. Zhao Wangxie and Zhao Jun Commander Cheng concentrated 200,000 troops in Jingxingkou, Taihang Mountain, occupying favorable terrain and preparing for a decisive battle with Han Xin. Han Xinxian led two thousand Qingqi, and went around Zhao Zhai at night. After dawn, the main force went out to the river and lured Zhao to attack. Han army last stand, no way back, we fight to the death. Two thousand Qingqi, which had been laid in advance, took the opportunity to break into Zhao's empty camp and planted the red flag of the Han army. When Zhao Jun saw this, his morale was in chaos. Han Xin took advantage of the situation to fight back, smashing 200,000 Zhao troops, slaying Chen Yu, commander-in-chief of Zhao, and taking Zhao Wangxie alive. Then, Han Xin surrendered to Yan by "going to the army to make a plan".
In November of the fourth year of Emperor Gaozu (203 BC), Han Xin heavily attacked Linzi, the capital of Qi. Chu General Long Meng led 200,000 people to Malay aid, met the defeated Qi army in Gaomi, and then confronted the Han army across the Huaihe River. Han Xin secretly sent people to block the upper reaches of Huaihe River with more than 10,000 sandbags in the dark night. After dawn, some troops crossed the Huaihe River, attacked the Chu army in the rear and then pretended to be defeated. Long Qie mistakenly thought that the Han army was timid, and led the main force to pursue the Huai River. Han Xin ordered his men to dig up the upstream dam and cut the Chujun into two sections. The Han army used the method of crossing the river directly to destroy the Chu army that had already crossed the water, and Long Qie was killed. The Qi-Chu allied forces that had never crossed the water were defeated without fighting. Han Xin took advantage of the situation to pursue the fleeing enemy, captured Tian Guang, the king of Qi, and completely pacified the land.
After Han Xin captured Qi, Xiang Yu was in a panic, and quickly sent someone to lobby Han Xin, hoping that Han Xin would oppose Han Lianchu on the condition of three points of the world, which was rejected by Han Xin. Kuai Tong, Han Xin's counselor, advised him: "Haven't you heard the truth that the brave shock the master and the danger, and those who contribute to the world don't reward?" ..... General now has the reputation of a master of earthquakes, but also has great contributions that are hard to repay. He belongs to the State of Chu, which does not believe him. Fear of Korea and Zhen. Where is home if you don't stand on your own two feet? "Han Xin repeatedly motioning with his hand said," please don't say it again. Hanwang is very kind to me. He gave me his car, clothes and food. The ancients said: if you take someone else's car, you must share your worries for others; Wear other people's clothes and share their worries for others; If you eat other people's food, you should work for them. How can I forget the righteousness? " So he declined Kuai Tong's suggestion. But when Qi came to power, in order to reassure the people, it was necessary to establish a king to govern. So Han Xin has sent messengers to ask Liu Bangli to make him a fake king of Qi. At that time, Liu Bangzheng was trapped in Xingyang by Xiang Yu and had no time to take care of himself. After reading the book, he flew into a rage and didn't want to answer Later, after listening to the opinions of Sean and Chen Ping, he said, "The real king is the gentleman who pacifies the vassals. What are you doing as a fake king? " So Han Xin was appointed King of Qi and mobilized troops to attack Chu.
In December of the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu (202 BC), the two armies of Chu and Han fought a decisive battle in Gaixia (now Lingbi South, Anhui). Liu Bang took Han Xin as the main commander in chief, commanding all armies in a unified way. Xiang Yu commanded ten Wan Chu armies and stormed the positions of the Han army from the front. Han Xin adopted the typical flank attack tactics, which made China's army retreat slightly, avoided the sharp spirit of Chu army, spread its wings, carried out a side attack, and then advanced China's army to complete the camp in one fell swoop. In the evening, Han Xin let the Han army be besieged on all sides, and finally let the Chu army lose its fighting spirit and be annihilated by the Han army. Seeing that the tide had gone, Xiang Yu generously committed suicide on the Wujiang River. The five-year Chu-Han War ended with Hanwang and Liu Bang winning the world.
Han Xin, with the humble status of guarding the halberd under Xiang Yu's account, visited the altar in a few years and built many rare treasures, eventually becoming a party to the Chu-Han War. Kuai Tong praised the all-powerful military figure as "a little inexperienced". His combat tactics were highly praised by later strategists. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, he once wrote three chapters of Han Xin's Art of War, but unfortunately it has been lost. Han Xin's military talents made Liu Bang extremely uneasy. Therefore, after the defeat of Xiang Yu, he seized his military power, moved to the king of Chu, and then became a Huaiyin Hou and placed him under house arrest. One day, Liu Bang asked Han Xin, "How many soldiers do you think I can take?" Han Xin replied, "Your Majesty can only lead a hundred thousand troops." Liu Bang asked again, "What about you?" Han Xin hesitated for a moment and suddenly smiled proudly: "I am the more the better!" Han Xin's unparalleled military exploits and talents eventually led to his death. In the 11th year of Emperor Gaozu (196 BC), Lv Hou and Xiao He lured Han Xin to the bell room of Changle Palace and killed him on charges of rebellion. It's sad that a generation of famous soldiers died in the wrong place.
Inspirational story paradise rewards diligence and self-study-inspirational story paradise rewards diligence and self-study.
Wang Chonghui
When Wang Chonghui, a jurist, was in London, he once attended a diplomatic banquet. During the dinner, an English lady asked Wang Chonghui, "I heard that both men and women in your country got married according to the words of a matchmaker, and they didn't fall in love. What a mistake! Like us, we all got married after a long period of love and a deep understanding of each other. How happy! " Wang Chonghui smiled and replied, "It's like two pots of water. Our pot is cold water, which is gradually heated on the stove and then boiled. Therefore, the relationship between husband and wife in China was very cold at first, and then gradually improved, so there were few incidents after divorce. And you are like a pot of boiling water. After you get married, it will get cold slowly. I heard that there are many divorce cases in England. Is this the reason?
Yang Xiaolou
Yang Xiaolou (1877- 1937) played Guan Ping when he performed the Peking Opera Qingshishan for the first time in Beijing. Zhou Cang's old partner asked for leave, and temporarily changed his face. The flower-faced man drank a little wine and got on the stage in a daze, forgetting to bring the indispensable prop-beard. When Yang Xiaolou saw something bad, he thought the actor had made a mistake and the audience was booed. I had a brainwave and temporarily added a line: "Cough! Who is standing in front of you? " Playing Zhou Cang is puzzled. I don't know what's going on. "I'm Zhou Cang-"At this time, the students have to do an action: trim their beards. This reason woke the actor up, but he changed his mind and said, "My son!" " Yang Xiaolou took it and said, "Well, it's no use to you. Go down and call your dad! " "Get the jade seal!" The actor hurried down, put on his beard and went on stage again.
Hushi
Hu Shi (189 1- 1962), a famous modern scholar in China, is a rabbit, and his wife Jiang Dongxiu is a tiger. Hu Shi often joked that "rabbits are afraid of tigers." There was a joke that Hu Shi was afraid of his wife. On one occasion, a friend in Paris gave Hu Shi more than a dozen ancient French copper coins. Because there is the letter "PTT" on the money, it sounds like "fear of the wife". Hu Shi joked with several friends who were afraid of their wives: "If a wife-fearing association is established, these copper coins will be used as badges for members." Hu Shi often goes to universities to give lectures. Once, in a university, he often quoted Confucius, Mencius and Dr. Sun Yat-sen in his speeches. When quoting, he wrote on the blackboard: "Confucius said", "Meng said" and "Sun said". Finally, when he expressed his opinion, it caused a burst of laughter. It turned out that all he wrote was "nonsense".
Guo Moruo
1945, Liao, a famous cartoonist in China, exhibited the cartoon "Spring and Autumn of Cat Country" in Chongqing. At that time, many cultural celebrities in Chongqing, such as Guo Moruo (1892- 1978), Song Yunbin and Wang Qi, were invited to attend the ribbon-cutting ceremony of the first exhibition. During the dinner, Guo Moruo asked Liao Xiongbing, "Why is your name so strange and you call yourself your brother?" Wang Qi, the printmaker, grabbed the conversation and explained, "His sister's name is Bing, so he is called Brother Bing." Guo Moruo said with a smile: "Oh, I see, Yu Dafu's wife must be called Yu Da, and Shao Lizi's father must be called Shao Li." A word caused laughter from all the guests in the room.
Inspirational story paradise rewards diligence and self-study-inspirational story paradise rewards diligence and self-study.
Opportunity and Vision Einstein's Story-Opportunity and Vision Einstein's Story-Inspirational Story-Opportunity and Vision Einstein's Story
Einstein was extremely lucky: he was born at the right time, and his creativity was at its peak when the physics community was facing many crises. In other words, he has the opportunity to rewrite the physics course, which may be a unique opportunity since Newton's time. Such opportunities are rare. This opportunity is of course open to contemporary scientists. But they all missed the point, because they stuck to the old ideas. Einstein didn't miss this because he had a freer view of time and space. Loneliness, distance and free vision are interrelated features, and they are necessary factors for all scientific, artistic and literary creation activities.
First of all, his freer vision enabled him to seize the opportunity of the times.
Einstein, 26, dared to question the original concept of time, thus opening the door to a new physical world.
1905 is often called Albert Einstein's "miracle year". That year, Einstein initiated three revolutions about the basic concepts of the physical world (time, space, energy, light and matter). How can a 26-year-old little-known patent office employee cause such a far-reaching change in concept, thus opening the door to the modern science and technology era? Of course, no one can answer this question. However, we may be able to analyze some necessary factors for him to become this historical figure.
First of all, Einstein was extremely lucky: he was born at the right time, and his creativity was at its peak when the physics community was facing many crises. In other words, he has the opportunity to rewrite the physics course, which may be a unique opportunity since Newton's time. Such opportunities are rare. E.T. Bell's mathematical elite quoted Lagrange (J.L. Lagrange, 1736- 18 13):
Although Newton is indeed an outstanding genius, we must admit that he is also the luckiest man: mankind has only one chance to build the world system.
Here, Lagrange quoted the words in the preface of the third and final volume of Newton's masterpiece Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy:
Now I want to show the framework of the world system.
Lagrange was obviously very jealous of Newton's opportunity. But Einstein's public evaluation of Newton gave us a different feeling:
Lucky Newton, happy childhood in science ... He was not only an experimenter, theorist and mechanic, but also an artist of interpretation. He stood in front of us, strong, confident and unique.
Einstein had the opportunity to modify the system founded by Newton more than 200 years ago. But of course, this opportunity is also open to contemporary scientists. Indeed, since Michelson-Morley's first experiment in 188 1 and the second experiment in 1887, electrodynamics in motion system has been a hot topic that many people have been studying. Surprisingly, Einstein became interested in this subject when he was still studying in Zurich. 1899 he wrote to his later wife mileva:
I also read Helmholtz's book, and now I am rereading Hertz's Power Transmission very carefully, because I didn't understand Helmholtz's exposition on principle of least action in electrodynamics before. I believe more and more that the electrodynamics of moving objects we know today is not realistic, and there may be a simpler way to understand it.
He pursued this simpler way of understanding and led to the special theory of relativity six years later.
At that time, many scientists were also interested in this subject. L.H. Poincaré (1854- 19 12) was one of the two greatest mathematicians at that time, and he was also studying the same problem. In fact, the inventor of the term relativity is not Einstein, but Poincare. Poincare's speech the year before 1905, Physics in the New Century, has such a passage:
According to the principle of relativity, the laws of physical phenomena should be the same for both fixed observers and observers in uniform motion. In this way, we can't and can't tell whether we are in such a state of motion.
This passage not only introduces the concept of relativity, but also shows unusual philosophical insight. However, Poincare did not fully understand the physical meaning of this passage: the last few paragraphs of the same speech proved that he did not grasp the key and revolutionary thought of simultaneity and relativity.
Einstein was not the first person to write down the formula of the Great Transformation:
Lorenz (H.A. Lorenz, 1853- 1928) wrote this formula before, so this formula was named after Lorenz at that time, and it is still like this now. But Lorenz also failed to grasp the revolutionary thought of simultaneity and relativity. He wrote:
The main reason for my failure is that I am obsessed with the idea that only the variable T can be used as real time and my local time T' can only be used as an auxiliary mathematical quantity.
In other words, Lorenz has mathematics, but no physics; Poincare has philosophy, but not physics. It was 26-year-old Einstein who dared to question the original concept of time and insisted that simultaneity is relative, thus opening the door to a new physical world.
Today almost all physicists agree that Einstein founded the special theory of relativity. Is this fair to Poincare and Lorenz? To discuss this problem, let's first quote a sentence by a.n. Whitehead:
The history of science tells us that being very close to the truth and really understanding its meaning are two different things. Every important theory has been said before its discoverer.
Lorenz and Poincare failed to seize the opportunity of that era. They devoted themselves to one of the most important problems at that time, that is, electrodynamics in motion systems. But they all missed the point, because they stuck to the old ideas, as Lorenz himself said later. Einstein didn't miss this because he had a freer view of time and space.
To have a free perception, you must be able to look at the same topic from a distance at the same time. The common word "sense of distance" illustrates the necessity of keeping a certain distance in any research work. But it is not enough to have farsightedness, and we must also explore it in close range. It is this ability to freely adjust, evaluate and compare the results of near and far observation that forms free vision. According to this metaphor, we can say that Lorenz failed because he only had short-sighted vision, while Poincare failed because he only had long-sighted vision.
China's great aesthetician Zhu Guangqian (1897- 1986) emphasized the importance of "psychological distance" in artistic and literary creation. I think his idea is consistent with the above vision, but the academic field is different. In Einstein's most authoritative scientific biography "Subtle is the Lord", the author chose such a word to describe Einstein's character: loneliness, and quoted the words at the beginning of the third chapter:
Keep a distance from others; Lonely, lonely, lonely. (Oxford English Dictionary)
Indeed, loneliness, distance and free vision are interrelated features, which are necessary factors for all scientific, artistic and literary creation activities.
Einstein's other historic achievement in 1905 was his paper "Inspiring Views on the Generation and Transformation of Light" written in March. In this paper, it is first proposed that light is a quantum with discrete energy hv. The constant h was put forward by Planck when he made a bold theoretical study of blackbody radiation in 1900. However, in the next few years, Planck became timid and began to retreat. 1905, Einstein not only did not flinch, but also bravely put forward an "enlightening view" on light quantum. This bold view was not appreciated by people at that time, as can be seen from the following words: Eight years later, when Planck, W.H. Nernst, Heinrich Rubens and O.H. warburg nominated Einstein as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the recommendation said:
In a word, we can say that there is hardly an important problem in modern physics that Einstein did not make great contributions to. Of course, he sometimes misses the goal in innovative thinking, such as his light quantum hypothesis. But we shouldn't criticize him too much, because even in the most accurate science, it is impossible to put forward really new ideas without taking any risks.
This recommendation was written in 19 13, in which the ridiculed optical quantum hypothesis refers to the above idea boldly put forward by Einstein in 1905. However, Einstein ignored the ridicule and went on with his idea. He determined the momentum of light quantum from 19 16 to 19 17, and then developed from 1924 to an epoch-making understanding of Compton effect.
The history of the revolutionary viewpoint of light quantum can be summarized as follows:
1905, Einstein's paper on E=hv.
19 16, Einstein's paper on p = e/c.
1924 Compton effect
In the years before the Compton effect of 1924 was established, Einstein was completely isolated, because his profound idea of light quantum was not accepted by the physics community.
Second, general relativity is his pure creation.
Einstein didn't seize any opportunity about general relativity: he created it. This is pure creation.
From 1905 to 1924, Einstein's research interest is mainly in general relativity. As a scientific revolution, general relativity is unique in human history. Its grand, wonderful and broad vision gave birth to an awesome view of the universe, and it was conceived by one person alone, which reminds me of Genesis in the Old Testament (I wonder if Einstein himself thought about this comparison).
Of course, we will naturally think of other scientific revolutions, such as Newton's masterpiece, special relativity and quantum mechanics. Difference: Newton's work is really magnificent, wonderful and extensive. That's right. But before him there were Galileo, Kepler, and earlier mathematicians and philosophers. He was not the only one looking for the law of gravity at that time. Special relativity and quantum mechanics are also far-reaching revolutions. But they were all hot topics studied by many people at that time, not created by one person.
Einstein didn't seize any opportunity about general relativity: he created it. He established an unimaginable and wonderful system through his deep vision and grand vision, and after seven or eight years of lonely struggle. This is pure creation.
Third, his new vision rewrote the development process of basic physics.
In the 50 years since Einstein's death, his pursuit has penetrated into the soul of the basic research of theoretical physics, which is a permanent proof of his courage, independence, stubbornness and foresight.
General relativity represents the geometrization of gravitational field. Naturally, this led Einstein to put forward the geometrization of electromagnetic field. Thus, the idea of geometrizing all natural forces, that is, the unified field theory, came into being. This development became the research focus of his later years. For example, from 1949 to 1950, he tried to combine the electromagnetic field Fμν into an asymmetric measurement gμν at the last seminar of Princeton Advanced Research Center. His attempt, like his previous efforts in the same direction, failed.
Because of his failure, and because from the early 1920s, Einstein paid almost all his attention to this research, ignoring the emerging fields such as solid-state physics and nuclear physics, so he was often criticized and even ridiculed. His devotion to unified field theory was described as obsession. An example of this criticism is what Rabbi (I.I.Rabi, 1898- 1988) said at Einstein's centenary birthday held in Princeton in 1979:
When you think about Einstein's work from 1903 or 1902 to 19 17, it is extremely colorful, very creative, very close to physics, and has very amazing insight; However, he changed after he had to study mathematics, especially various forms of differential geometry.
He changed his mind. His great views on physics have also changed.
Is the rabbi right? Has Einstein changed?
The answer is: Einstein has indeed changed. Evidence of this change can be found in Spencer's lecture "Methods of Theoretical Physics" 1933:
The axiomatic basis of theoretical physics cannot be extracted from experience, but must be created freely ... Experience may lead to appropriate mathematical concepts, but they can never be deduced from experience. ...
But the source of creativity belongs to mathematics. So in a sense, I think simple thinking can grasp the reality, just like the ancients dreamed.
Although you can agree or disagree with these very short arguments, you must agree that they strongly describe Einstein's idea on how to do basic theoretical physics in 1933, which has changed a lot compared with his early ideas.
Einstein himself was very aware of this change. In his "readme" published at the age of 70, we saw:
..... As a student, I don't know how to acquire profound knowledge of the basic principles of physics closely related to the most complicated mathematical methods. After years of independent scientific research, I gradually understand this point.
Obviously, in this paragraph, "independent scientific work" refers to his long-term struggle to establish general relativity from 1908 to 19 15. The long struggle changed him. Is it getting better? The rabbi said, no, his new eyes turned into futile obsession. We say that his new vision has rewritten the future development process of basic physics.
In the 50 years since Einstein's death, his pursuit has penetrated into the soul of the basic research of theoretical physics, which is a permanent proof of his courage, independence, stubbornness and foresight.
This article is the report of Mr. Yang Zhenning at the 22nd International Conference on the History of Science on July 24th, 2005. The speech was given in English, and Chinese was translated by Ms. Weng Fan. The subtitle was added by the editor. The full text was published in the 4th issue of Volume 2 of Science and Culture Review.
Inspirational story paradise rewards diligence and self-study-inspirational story paradise rewards diligence and self-study.
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Celebrity stories-celebrity stories-inspirational stories-celebrity stories.
1. Reagan was famous as the 40th president of the United States, but at first he was only a radio announcer and a Hollywood film actor. Soon after she first entered the White House, Judy suffered from madness. Assassinate foster's fans, and the only reason why the assassin assassinated the president was to wake Judy up. Foster's attention. After avoiding a disaster, Reagan began to deal with the Soviet Union with all his might. Some people think that Reagan's "Star Wars Plan" dragged down the Soviet Union through the arms race, which eventually led to the end of the Cold War. After the United States gradually turned to mercantilism, Reagan always tried to show the world that the United States is the center of the world.
Hemingway was an ambulance driver during World War I and a war correspondent during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Several of his works describe his exile as an American in the 1920s, his hunting experience in Africa and his feelings of fishing off the coast of Cuba. His refined and straightforward literary style became his symbol. Hemingway's works have won Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize in Literature. He finally chose to commit suicide. He is one of the greatest literary giants in American history.
3. While studying acting and law in California, james deen happened to perform on a TV program and became popular on the Internet. Then he left California for new york and became famous on Broadway. His gentle and natural performance touched Warner Bros. Entertainment, and they signed a film agreement with Dean. 1955 Before he died in a car accident, he acted in three films, two of which were shown after Dean died. East of the Garden of Eden, Rebellion without Motive and Giant were widely praised, which made Americans see the performance of "another style" for the first time. The artist Warhol Andy said Dean was "the representative of the damaged but beautiful mind of our time".
It is the dream of all Americans to be like Michael Jordan. Michael Jordan came from Brooklyn, new york, and later went to the University of North Carolina to study, where his basketball talent began to show. After joining the Chicago Bulls, Jordan led the team to win the NBA championship six times and the most valuable player (MVP) five times. He announced his retirement twice, made two comeback, and finally retired from the Washington Wizards in 2003. It is estimated that by the end of 2002, Michael Jordan's total assets were $402 million. Jordan is the greatest basketball player in America.