First, sum up experience and lessons, and choose Ren Xian as the official and coachable as the magnanimous one.
After Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne, he adopted new suggestions, mainly focusing on how to deal with people who originally belonged to Prince Dongfang Group. Wei Chijingde said that killing too many people is not conducive to the stability of the country. Therefore, Emperor Taizong treated the people of the former Prince School with a tolerant attitude and entrusted talented people with a heavy responsibility. Wei Zhi is a famous example. Emperor Taizong's tolerance resolved many contradictions, and also gave many people who stood on the opposite side a chance to change and became useful talents in governing the country.
Because Emperor Taizong adopted a tolerant policy, he established a new central decision-making team in the shortest time. In addition to the original subordinates of Emperor Taizong, there are also people from Li Yuan Group. In the new leading group, due to the disappearance of Li, the original contradictions between them have also been eliminated. * * * is a national planning strategy, and retaining talents to the greatest extent is a very important reason for the rule of Zhenguan.
After the smooth formation of the leading group, Emperor Taizong and his ministers summed up the lessons of the demise of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Taizong saw and experienced the rise and fall of the Sui Dynasty with his own eyes. In his eyes, the Sui Dynasty was originally a big empire with strong strength, especially economic strength. Therefore, Emperor Yang Di can show off to the merchants in the western regions, invite them to come, entertain them with excellent material life, and finally reward them with a lot of property. It is estimated that the grain reserves of the Sui Dynasty were enough for fifty years, but it only took Yang Di more than ten years to make this huge and powerful empire fall apart, and he himself came to an end tragically.
In order to maintain the long-term stability of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong earnestly summed up the lessons of the demise of the Sui Dynasty, and he summed up three reasons. First, extravagance and waste cost is high. In order to appreciate the palace, Emperor Yang Di completely renovated it and built a canal to visit the south by boat. Second, life is corrupt. In order to satisfy their greed, let the whole country present rare treasures and a large number of beautiful women. Third, too many wars consume national strength. Yang Di's eastward expedition to Korea was overjoyed, not worth the loss. In addition, other wars made people miserable, which eventually intensified social contradictions and led to the demise of the Sui Dynasty.
Under the contrast of painful lessons, Emperor Taizong made up his mind to carry out thorough governance. With the cooperation of Qi Xin, a subordinate minister, Zhenguan governance unfolded a beautiful and brilliant picture in the history of China.
The selection and appointment of officials is an important link in governing the country and the first starting point for Emperor Taizong to govern the country. At the beginning of the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, the tradition of valuing martial arts over writing handed down from the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties remained unchanged. Many ministers were born in the army and fought bravely and invincible, but governing the country is no longer an industry. Therefore, Emperor Taizong set the criteria for selecting officials in two important aspects, one is talent, and the other is virtue. This fundamentally affected the system of selecting officials and examinations in the Tang Dynasty. Officials below grade six are selected by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Military Affairs. There are four basic criteria: setting an example (rich in physical appearance), distinguishing words (beautiful in writing) and judging (excellent in arts and sciences). In addition, they were selected step by step by virtue, talent and labor. Officials with more than five grades are assessed according to their achievements, and finally the emperor decides for himself. Because of this, the regular script of the Tang Dynasty is second to none in history, producing calligraphers like Yan Zhenqing, and there are so many poets in the Tang Dynasty because the imperial examination relies on poems and songs.
Although Emperor Taizong was hungry when choosing officials, he didn't lower his standards because he wanted talent. He is strictly measured by talent and ability. He has a famous saying, that is, you can't avoid your relatives if you raise them internally, and you can't avoid your enemies if you raise them externally. That was very reasonable, but later some corrupt officials used it as an excuse for their nepotism and nepotism. Under the correct standards, Emperor Taizong brought many talented people into the high-level leadership group, including many people under former Prince Li. After Li's death, many people in the East Palace Group wanted to find opportunities to harm Emperor Taizong, at least psychologically. However, Emperor Taizong treated these people sincerely, regarded them as his own, and appointed officials according to their abilities, thus winning many people to work for them. Wei Zhi's example is the best proof. His direct suggestion shows that he is very grateful to Emperor Taizong. We now have a saying that "beating is kissing and scolding is love, and not beating and scolding is teaching bad." This used to mean that children are educated by the people, but they hate iron for not turning into steel. Compared with Wei Zhi's advice, this seems inappropriate, but it can also explain some problems. Frankly speaking, remonstrance shows that Wei Zhi is a true loyal minister. All he knows is that the ministers who please the emperor but don't remonstrate are traitors, traitors and traitors.
Emperor Taizong also attached great importance to the personal morality of officials, especially to the selection of local officials. He believes that local officials directly manage the people on behalf of the country, and their quality is related to the people's attitude towards the country. He ordered the county magistrate to be recommended by officials with more than five grades in Beijing, while the secretariat was personally selected by him. In order to choose a good secretariat, Emperor Taizong made great efforts. He wrote down the name of the National Secretariat on the screen in his bedroom, and recorded their merits and demerits in time according to various information as an important reference for future assessment. In addition, local officials report to Beijing at the end of each year, and their achievements are completely assessed by the official department. Finally, they decide to upgrade or downgrade according to the appeasement level.
In addition to these selection and assessment measures, Emperor Taizong also made use of the imperial examination system implemented in the Sui Dynasty, increased the way of selecting officials, expanded the scope of selection, and provided good opportunities for ordinary scholars, which was more reasonable than the original recommendation system. On one occasion, Emperor Taizong looked at a large number of people taking the new exam and said happily that all the talents in the world had come to serve me. There are two kinds of imperial examinations, one is held frequently and regularly, and the other is held temporarily by the emperor. In the past, people with official positions can be promoted through examination, and those without official positions can be awarded official positions through examination. Later, during the period of Wu Zetian, there was a martial arts move to test the martial arts of "ma bu" or horse stance just look, which was one of the conditions for selecting military attache. Later, Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier who made great achievements in pacifying the Anshi Rebellion, stood out in this martial arts exercise.
At the same time, Emperor Taizong streamlined the organization. During the Sui Dynasty, there were as many as 2,500 central government officials, and there was basically no change after Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty. The appointed party was responsible for adjusting and streamlining the organization, and finally determined that the number of officials was 640, which improved the work efficiency and greatly reduced the government expenditure.
In order to manage local officials seriously, Emperor Taizong also divided the whole country into ten roads according to geographical conditions, namely, Guannei, Henan, Hedong, Hebei, Shannan, Longyou, Huainan, Jiangnan, Jiannan and Lingnan. Then, from among the senior officials in Beijing, we selected the customs ambassadors, toured the four places, assessed local officials and decided on rewards and punishments.
Emperor Taizong's appointment of talents is also very distinctive. He can know people well and give full play to their strengths. Fang and Du Ruhui, famous in history, are a typical example. They are not good at solving crimes and handling chores, but good at planning and deciding state affairs, so they are used as prime ministers to foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. Dai Zhou, who knew nothing about history, was honest, so he was invited to Dali Temple to be a young official and be responsible for hearing cases. As a result, he was extremely capable and never had a backlog of cases, which won the appreciation of Emperor Taizong.
With the correct and strict criteria for selecting officials and the concerted efforts of the monarch and ministers, many talented officials appeared in Zhenguan period. In 643 AD (the seventeenth year of Zhenguan), Emperor Taizong asked the painter to paint portraits of twenty-four heroes in Lingyange. This is the outstanding minister in Zhenguan period, including the familiar Wuji, Fang, Du Ruhui, Chai Shao, Li Jing and Qin, and even some famous painters and painters, such as Yan and Ou Yangxun. These famous officials contributed to the rule of Zhenguan and the splendid culture of the Tang Dynasty.
The reason why Emperor Taizong was respected in the history of China is directly related to his extraordinary bearing in coachable, and he is also the most prominent in coachable. He and Wei Zhi became the first famous monarchs and ministers in history.
Wei Zhi famously said, "If you listen to everything, you will know; If you prefer it, you will find it is dark. " This sentence is still frequently quoted by us. At that time, Emperor Taizong kept in mind Wei Zhi's advice. With good guiding ideology, easy lessons have a good foundation and premise. Wei Zhi's reuse by Emperor Taizong also has a lot to do with his tolerance. Emperor Taizong asked Wei Zhi at the beginning: "Why do you provoke our brotherhood?" Wei Zhi did not beg for mercy, but stubbornly said, "If the prince had listened to me earlier, there would not be today's ending." Emperor Taizong appreciated his frankness, so he treated him with courtesy. According to his honest and frank nature, he was appointed as an admonition officer. After three years of Zhenguan, he was appointed as prime minister and became a famous minister of Zhenguan.
Emperor Taizong's generosity was also reflected in his attitude towards Wei Chijingde. It turned out that Wei Chijingde was a general under Liu Wuzhou. In 620 (the third year of Wude), he surrendered to Emperor Taizong with another general. After a short time, they rebelled again. People suspected that Wei Chijingde was going to rebel, so they imprisoned him and suggested that Emperor Taizong kill him. But Emperor Taizong said, "If he wants to rebel, will he still fall behind Xiang Qiu?" At this time, Wei Chijingde was released and comforted: "A gentleman promised. Please don't take this little misunderstanding to heart. I will never listen to what others say to hurt loyal warriors. " Wei Chijingde was deeply moved, and later made many brilliant achievements for Emperor Taizong.
In order to encourage ministers to make suggestions, Emperor Taizong also famously said, "Speak frankly and the world will be at peace." Really from the heart. In 626 (the ninth year of Wude), Emperor Taizong ascended the throne soon and ordered some soldiers. At that time, the Tang system stipulated that only people over 2 1 year-old could choose, but Minister Feng Deyi said that tall and strong men over 81year-old could also point soldiers, which was agreed by Emperor Taizong. Wei Zhi rejected three or four imperial edicts and refused to publish them. Emperor Taizong was furious and summoned for questioning. Wei Zhi said, "You often say that you want to rule the world with honesty, but since you took the throne, you have broken your promise to the people several times in just a few months. How can you say that you rule the world with integrity? " Emperor Taizong turned his anger into joy: "I always thought you were stubborn and knew nothing about political affairs." Listening to your analysis of state affairs today is very pertinent. I was really wrong. " Emperor Taizong not only corrected his mistake, but also gave Kevin·Z a golden urn.
After the death of Wei Zhi, Emperor Taizong was extremely sad. He said: "people can use copper as a mirror to correct clothes (ancient mirrors were made of copper);" Taking ancient history as a mirror, we can clearly distinguish the rise and fall of a country; Only by looking at people as a mirror can we know our own gains and losses and mistakes. Now that Wei Zhi is gone, I have lost a precious mirror. " Emperor Taizong also went to Lingyange to write a poem on Wei Zhi's portrait: "Beauty destroys frost, Taiwan star loses its position. Only you cry on the cloud platform, and there are no summer people in the air. "
In order to carry out some reforms of easy system in an all-round way, Emperor Taizong ordered officials with more than five products to be on duty in Zhongshu Province (the office for drafting imperial edicts for the emperor), summoned at any time, and discussed important matters in time. He himself is not an arbitrary person. He entrusted the important military and political affairs of the country and the appointment and dismissal of five or more officials to the Prime Minister's meeting, so as to fully listen to the opinions of all people, brainstorm and appoint the most suitable candidate. For general government affairs, he asked Zhongshu Province, which is responsible for drafting the imperial edict, and Xiamen Province, which is responsible for reviewing the imperial edict, to perform their duties, do things seriously and not perfunctory. Emperor Taizong's skill of appointing ministers is not brilliant, but it works well, which not only effectively prevents a few ministers from monopolizing power and chaos, but also gives full play to everyone's collective wisdom. With the system and measures of mutual restraint, we can successfully produce correct principles and policies, and with a wise monarch, we can thoroughly implement a good national policy. The monarch and his subjects make concerted efforts, and Qi Xin makes concerted efforts, which is the most fundamental reason for the rule of Zhenguan. Emperor Taizong's behavior set a good example for emperors in previous dynasties.
In order to remonstrate better, Emperor Taizong also took some concrete and effective measures, such as remonstrating officials and historians who attended military and political meetings, rewarding ministers who dared to remonstrate directly, and encouraging others to remonstrate later.
Two, diligence and self-discipline, strict legal system, the development of the national economy.
After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he set an example for ministers to advocate interviews. The palace where he first lived was built in the Sui Dynasty, which was very shabby. At the same time, he also banned the extravagant and wasteful custom of heavy burial, and explicitly required officials with more than five products and relatives of the country to strictly abide by it. As for the extravagance and waste of officials, Emperor Taizong also explicitly prohibited it. Therefore, a good thrifty atmosphere was formed among ministers, and many thrifty ministers appeared. For example, Dai Zhou, the minister of the household department, was famous for his simple life before his death, and even couldn't find a place to worship at home after his death. As for Wei Zhi, even more so, he didn't have a decent smoke cloud in his life.
In order to govern the country, Emperor Taizong presided over the formulation of the Law of Zhenguan, which clarified the reward and punishment system and strengthened the legal system. Sun Chang Wuji and others made notes on it, which was later called "Tang Law" and became the highest achievement code of feudal society, and has been preserved. In addition to law, there are orders, forms and forms, and the legal system becomes a complete system. Laws and decrees are codes that stipulate various state systems, basically including all aspects of economic base and superstructure. Ge is also equivalent to Fa, which is a compilation of letters issued by the emperor to state organs or individuals due to time and events. Formulas are working rules and official document procedures frequently used by state organs. Orders, rules and regulations stipulate the system that state organs, officials and people should abide by in a positive way, while laws stipulate penalties and sanctions for violating orders, rules and regulations and all other crimes in a negative way. The four legal forms are coordinated with each other, which embodies the high achievements of legislative technology in Tang Dynasty.
Emperor Taizong also established a replay system of death penalty to show his concern for human life. Beijing will repeat it five times in two days, three times in each state. The establishment of this system has a painful lesson, that is, it killed Zhang Yungu by mistake, and Emperor Taizong regretted it. Therefore, it is decided to set up this system, and at the same time, in order to prevent and severely punish false accusations, it is also stipulated that false accusers should "sit backwards", that is, what charges they falsely accuse others of, they will be punished with this charge.
Emperor Taizong took many measures to develop the economy, including: implementing the system of land equalization, rewarding land reclamation, formulating the law of adjusting rent and commission, neglecting taxes, advising farmers not to seize the farming season, setting up warehouses for disaster relief, and preparing for famine; Increase population, reward marriage and develop production; Build water conservancy projects and dredge canals.
At that time, Tang Taizong had a saying on the fundamental issue of the country: "We must grasp the root of everything. The country is people-oriented, the people are food and clothing-oriented, and food and clothing production is based on not losing farming time. " This shows that he attaches importance to the people's thinking, and only under the guidance of correct thinking can he formulate and implement good policies.
In order to increase the population, Emperor Taizong ordered that folk men could get married at the age of 20 and women could get married at the age of 15, and also regarded population growth as an important criterion for evaluating official achievements. In the twenty-third year of Zhenguan, the number of households in the country increased to 3.8 million, nearly double that when he first acceded to the throne.
With the above-mentioned measures to benefit the people, a peaceful and prosperous time is coming, with a bumper harvest every year and falling food prices. People began to live and work in peace. By the middle period of Zhenguan, the country had a prosperous scene, and Zhenguan rule refers to this period. This is a rare period of peace and prosperity in the history of China.
Three. Harmonious coexistence and harmonious ethnic relations
Tang Taizong's handling of ethnic relations is also commendable. Thanks to his efforts, the Han nationality and ethnic minorities lived in harmony in the Tang Dynasty, and a golden age of harmonious ethnic relations and harmonious coexistence among all ethnic groups appeared.
At that time, there were Turks and Xueyantuo in the north, Tuyuhun and Tubo in the west. These ethnic minorities often invade the border and plunder people and property. Taizong actively used troops. In 629 (the third year of Zhenguan), Li Jing was sent to crusade against East Turkistan, and Li Jie Khan was captured alive. In 634 (the eighth year of Zhenguan), the general Duan Zhiyun was defeated by Tu Gu Hun. In 638 (the twelfth year of Zhenguan), Tubo attacked the Tang Dynasty and defeated the enemy. Later, Gaochang was pacified and Anxi established its capital. 64 1 year (fifteen years of Zhenguan), Tang Jun defeated Xue Yantuo again, and Xue Yantuo was later defeated.
The most outstanding thing about Tang Taizong's handling of ethnic relations is his tolerance, because the ethnic relations in Zhenguan period were extremely harmonious. Emperor Taizong took the following measures:
Appointing minority officials; Ethnic minorities were allowed to settle in Chang 'an, when there were as many as 10,000 Turks. Adopting the policy of affinity, it is famous that Princess Wencheng, a female imperial clan in the Tang Dynasty, married Songzan Gambu, a Tibetan; The state-county system has been established, and the leaders of ethnic minorities are still used as officials.
In 630 (the fourth year of Zhenguan), the leaders of all ethnic groups in the northwest requested the title of "Tiankhan" from Emperor Taizong, and Emperor Taizong agreed. Later, he sent letters to all ethnic groups in the northwest with the seal of "Tiankhan". In December of 633 (the seventh year of Zhenguan), Li Yuan and Emperor Taizong gave a banquet in honor of his ministers. Li Yuan asked Jie to dance for fun, and Feng Zhi, the leader of southern barbarians, sang poems. The atmosphere is very warm. Li Yuan said happily: "Yuehu family has not existed since ancient times!"
Later, in 647 (the twenty-first year of Zhenguan), when Emperor Taizong summoned his ministers in Cuiwei Hall, he asked everyone a question: "Since ancient times, many emperors have been able to pacify the Han areas, but they have been unable to subdue the surrounding ethnic minorities. I didn't surpass the ancients in talent, but I did what they couldn't. Why? "
None of the minister's answers satisfied him. Finally, he summed up five experiences. The last one is: "The former emperors only valued the Han nationality, but always despised the ethnic minorities. Only I can love them as much as I love the Han nationality, so they treat me like a parent. " What Emperor Taizong said is true. Only by treating each other sincerely can we fundamentally solve ethnic relations.
At the same time of harmonious ethnic relations, the territory of the Tang Dynasty is also extremely vast, 9500 miles from east to west and 0/69/0/8 miles from north to south.
Fourth, communicate with foreign countries and spread the world's prosperous Tang Dynasty.
During the Zhenguan period, due to the developed economy and stable borders, it provided good conditions for exchanges between China and foreign countries. The communication between the Tang Dynasty and the world, like politics and economy, was the peak of China's feudal society. Ambassadors, students, artists and monks from many countries, including Asia and Africa, came to the Tang Dynasty and Chang 'an, making Chang 'an a world-class capital at that time. In order to manage foreign exchanges, the Tang government also set up a special crack hon temple to take charge of reception. At that time, there were more than 70 countries with close contacts with the Tang Dynasty. The arrival of a large number of foreigners injected many fresh cultural contents into the Tang Dynasty, such as Buddhism and Islam. There are also many imported plants, such as spinach, peppers, tulips and so on.
At the same time, the advanced culture of the Tang Dynasty also spread abroad, especially in Asia. Chinese porcelain, paper, tea and silk were shipped to Persia and then to Europe. Papermaking, one of the four great inventions, spread to Arabia and India during this period, and then to Europe and Africa through Arabia, making outstanding contributions to the development of world civilization. In Asia, the culture of the Tang Dynasty had the deepest influence on South Korea and Japan. 63 1 year (the fifth year of Zhenguan), Japan sent its first envoys to the Tang Dynasty. By the year 645 (the 19th year of Zhenguan), Japan had begun its famous transformation from the big to the new, learning the culture of the Tang Dynasty almost comprehensively, and even copying the past and using it directly. Such as the political system, legal system, land equalization system and rent modulation in the Tang Dynasty, Japan soon established a feudal state system. These systems continued until the Meiji Restoration in19th century.
Because of the status of the Tang Dynasty in the world at that time and the presence of China's envoys and businessmen in Asian countries, foreigners called China people "Tang Jiazi", while some westerners still called China "Tang people". The famous "Chinatown" in the United States is a good example.
versatile
Tang Taizong's poetry and prose are also of high level, and he can be said to be an emperor who can write and fight. However, due to his modesty, he never edited his poetry collection before his death, so his poetry level is poorly known by later generations. In fact, his works are included in "All Tang Poems" and "All Tang Poems", both of which are quite level.
Emperor Taizong fought everywhere and was good at riding and shooting, so he was particularly fond of horses and bows. For this reason, he also wrote poems, such as "Singing the Bow": "The moon is half-round, and the arrow is far away. The geese take books and the apes sing. " Emperor Taizong's bow and arrow is twice as big as ordinary people, and his archery is excellent. Once, the Turks got one of his arrows on the battlefield, and they were surprised and admired him.
For Ma Taizong, he is even more eccentric. He has a very emotional poem "Drinking Horses": "Gu Jun drinks Changjing and rushes to sprinkle tassels; Fine lines are sprayed together, and hooves are tangled. On the upper side of the water saddle, the horse shadow is slippery; Like Tianchi, Tengbo Longsheng. " Because of his deep preference for horses, Emperor Taizong also asked to carve six horses in Zhaoling before he died. This is the famous "Six Horses in Zhaoling".
Despite his achievements in poetry and prose, Tang Taizong did not attach importance to the title of poetry, and he always prohibited the compilation of his own poems and prose collections. Later, the Qing Dynasty compiled his poems into "Complete Tang Poetry" and "Complete Tang Poetry", with seven volumes, five articles and sixty-nine poems. Emperor Taizong once said: "If my words are beneficial to the people, history will always remember them and will last forever.". If it's not good, what's the use of compiling an episode? ! Chen Houzhu (that is, Emperor Chen at the end of Sui Dynasty) and the emperor have collected works handed down from generation to generation, but they can't save their demise! What people are afraid of is that there is no moral policy. What's the use of those articles for the country! " Emperor Taizong put his position right here, that is, the emperor, what the emperor should do and what the literati should do. His wise remarks are still full of insights today.
The wisdom of Emperor Taizong is also reflected in his correct concept of governing the country. He imitated Yao and Shun, took the rise and fall of Qin and Han Dynasties as a lesson, and did not go to the seaside, worship Zen, seek immortality or cruise. It is hard to find a few who can do this in the history of China.
Tang Taizong's calligraphy also has a certain level, and his best is Bai Fei's calligraphy. He mainly studies Wang Xizhi's calligraphy, paying attention to the study of techniques, and has books on calligraphy, fingering and brushwork, which are discussed from the shallow to the deep. A virtuous queen
As a famous monarch, his two empresses left a beautiful name in history like him. One is the queen, and the other is.
The eldest grandson of the queen was born in a noble family, received a good tutor from an early age, was proficient in poetry, and was also smart and virtuous. Like Emperor Taizong, she is very tolerant and a model of the mother instrument in the world. Her most important contribution is to prevent foreign relatives from monopolizing power. Her brother, Sun Chang Wuji, had a close friendship with Emperor Taizong, and he has been with him ever since. He is also the hero of the change of Xuanwu Gate. Therefore, Emperor Taizong relied on him most. However, the eldest grandson always asked for the demotion of his brother's official position to avoid the autocratic power of Lu and Huo in the Han Dynasty. She also asked her brother to personally ask Tang Taizong for demotion, and before he died, he told Tang Taizong to be alert to the monopoly of consorts. She has repeatedly expressed her heartfelt wishes to Emperor Taizong: "Since I have been entrusted with the Purple Palace, I am extremely honored. I really don't want my brother and children to be put in court. Lu and Huo in the Han Dynasty can be bone cutting rings. " I deeply realize that the exclusive right of consorts will not only bring disaster to the state affairs, but also harm the family. The eldest grandson queen is really far-sighted.
For the concubines in the harem, the eldest grandson is very considerate. Some concubines are sick, and she does not hesitate to stop taking medicine to help them, so she has a high prestige in the harem. The stability of the harem also created good conditions for Emperor Taizong to be in power. Not only that, when Emperor Taizong was furious and wanted to punish Zheng Wei who offended him because of remonstrance, his eldest grandson tried his best to persuade him, instead of adding fuel to the fire, and finally made Emperor Taizong wake up. We should fully affirm the contribution of the eldest grandson to the rule of Zhenguan.
The eldest grandson of the empress, like Emperor Taizong, opposed superstition, did not believe in Buddhism and advocated thin burial. When she died, she asked not to bury it very thick and waste money, so that she could be buried on the side of the mountain without going to the grave. She was only thirty-six when she died and was buried in Zhaoling.
As for Xu Fei, namely Xu Hui, she is also very virtuous and polite. Later, when Tang Taizong was engaged in civil engineering, he also advised her not to disturb others, and recorded the full text in Old Tang Book.
Mistakes and introspection in his later years
In the later period of Zhenguan, some changes took place in Emperor Taizong, all of which started from coachable. After ten years of Zhenguan, Wei Zhi found himself "speaking out" gradually, which was the beginning of some mistakes made by Emperor Taizong.
First, he conquered Korea twice before and after, and did not listen to the advice of ministers. Although we won some victories, it was not worth the loss. Emperor Taizong was not only ill, but also built a large number of ships, which led to peasant uprising and intensified domestic contradictions.
Luxury goods also increased. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong wrote that the things used by the prince should not be restricted by other organs, resulting in serious waste of the prince. Emperor Taizong himself began to build palaces. In the eleventh year of Zhenguan, Feishan Palace was built in Luoyang, the eastern capital, and Cuiwei Palace was built in the twenty-first year.
Another big mistake was reading Ju Zhu, written by historians, which was devoted to the daily life and speech of the emperor. The emperor has no right to interfere. This is a traditional tradition. Emperors have never read it, and respect the authority and status of historians. Historical Records is also a fair and decent book, never hiding anything, never afraid of the emperor's revenge. However, Emperor Taizong, a famous monarch, made a historic mistake. He saw that the great wish set a bad precedent for the later emperors of the Tang Dynasty and destroyed the system.
However, after all, Emperor Taizong is a famous monarch, and it is still very valuable to reflect on his mistakes in his later years. When he was teaching Prince Li Zhi, he reflected on his life: "You should look for ancient wise emperors from history to learn from. People like me are unsustainable. I have done a lot of wrong things, splendid, palaces, attics, places where dogs, horses and eagles can't go, and traveling around the world is a big mistake. Don't think that everything is good, always want to learn to do it. "
In 636 (ten years of Zhenguan), when he came back from the Liaodong campaign, Emperor Taizong got carbuncle, and he nursed back to health and began to take Jinshi Dan medicine. Previously, Emperor Taizong once laughed at the use of Dan medicine by Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi, and now he himself can't help falling into it. In 647 (the twenty-first year of Zhenguan), Emperor Taizong suffered from "wind disease" again. He was irritable and afraid of heat, so he had the Cuiwei Palace built at the top of Lishan Mountain. The next year, he sent someone from Tianzhu to ask the alchemist to sleep peacefully, and took the "life-prolonging medicine" of this foreign liar, and his condition worsened. In May of 649 (twenty-third year of Zhenguan), the toxicity of Dan medicine broke out and he finally died. At the age of fifty.
First, social order is unprecedentedly stable.
History:
During the Zhenguan period, "many officials were conscious." The most common name for ruling the house of concubines is Howard Wu, who is afraid of prestige and dare not invade others. When traveling in the wild, there are no thieves, the prison is often empty, there are no cattle and horses, and the family outside is not closed. It also frequently leads to bumper harvests, and rice competes for three or four dollars. From Shi Jing to Lingbiao, from Shandong to the seaside, everything is not food, so it gives way. When entering a village in Shandong, passing passengers will be treated kindly, or they will get a gift when they send it. This was nothing in the past. "
Li Shimin in film and television dramas.
Li Shimin in film and television dramas.
This is the "rule of Zhenguan" described by feudal historians after the Tang Dynasty. During the Zhenguan period, it seemed that the world was really prosperous and peaceful, and the people really lived a happy and prosperous life. What a touching social picture this is! In fact, during the Zhenguan period, because the Tang Dynasty was established earlier, the life of farmers was still very bitter. During the reign of Yang Di, people injured their limbs in order to escape the heavy corvee, which was called "blessing hands" and "blessing feet". During the Zhenguan period, this "legacy still exists". It shows that in feudal society, the burden of the people is still very heavy and life is very difficult. The so-called prosperous time is just a political situation. In feudal society, the lower classes were always suffering, and it was inevitable whether they were literate or virtuous. But the people's mental outlook is much stronger than the so-called "prosperous times".
Second, open the border.
Due to the demise of the Eastern Roman Empire, the West became fragmented. By the Sui Dynasty, China was already the most powerful country in the world, and the Tang Dynasty, especially in the Zhenguan period, was the only unified empire with the most powerful civilization in the world at that time. Chang 'an, the capital, was once a cosmopolitan city, with frequent business contacts, just like new york in the United States today. At that time, the Tang Empire was the "sunshine zone" in the eyes of people with lofty ideals all over the world, and outstanding talents from all over the world risked their lives to rush to the Tang Empire. Envoys from all over the world praised the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. The highly developed culture of the Tang Dynasty made most people in all countries proud of being the Tang Dynasty. Not only the capital Chang 'an, but also "expatriates" from all over the country have settled here, especially the emerging commercial cities. There are more than 200,000 western expatriates in Guangzhou alone. During the Zhenguan period, the Tang Dynasty was one of the few completely open dynasties in the history of China, which was more open than that of the Han Dynasty, which was limited to trade and missionary work, so that ordinary people from all over the world could come to the Tang Dynasty to see its elegant demeanour. The Tang government was still setting up a mobile office (similar to the present embassy) and quite opening its borders and customs. Absorb foreign culture and material civilization to the maximum extent.
In addition to accepting a large number of foreign immigrants, the Tang Empire also received a batch of foreign students to study advanced culture in China. Only Japanese students at public expense received seven batches, each with hundreds of students. Private self-funded international students far exceed this figure. After returning to China, these Japanese students carried out Japan's first modernization movement-the modernization to innovation, that is, the China Movement, which imitated the Zhenguan dynasty at that time and made the Japanese nation in the primitive tribal state leap forward for a thousand years.
The Japanese nation is not smart, it is just good at learning. This nation, which is half a beat slower than others, has one of the greatest advantages ―― backwardness but not stubbornness. When foreign civilizations invade, they always take the initiative to accept cultures that are more advanced than themselves, and accept the advanced achievements of human civilization in the fastest and most convenient way, thus quickly jumping into the ranks of advanced nations.