Crossing the Lingding Ocean (Southern Song Dynasty) Wen Tianxiang After a hard encounter, only a few stars were scattered around. The mountains and rivers are broken, the wind flutters and the catkins float, and the life experience is ups and downs, and the rain hits the rafters. Afraid to say panic on the beach, sigh alone in the ocean. Who has never died since ancient times? Keep your loyalty to reflect history.

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Phonetic notation

Suffering: (zāo), Liao: (liáo), Panic: (huáng), Ge: (gē)

Word explanation

Wen Tianxiang

Encounter: Encountered selection by the imperial court. Qi Yi Jing: Refers to the official who passed the imperial examination because of proficiency in a certain scripture. Wen Tianxiang became the first Jinshi in the fourth year of Emperor Lizong Baoyou's reign (1256) in the Song Dynasty. Gange liaoluo: liaoluo means deserted and sparse. This means that the war between the Song and Yuan Dynasties is coming to an end. Gange, two kinds of weapons, here refers to war. Solitary, desolate and desolate. The Southern Song Dynasty died this year (1279) and was unable to resist at this time. Four stars: four years. It was exactly four years from the first month of the first year of Deyou (1275) when he launched an army to fight against the Yuan Dynasty until he was captured. Fengpiaoxu: using metaphorical rhetorical techniques to describe the country's situation like catkins raining on duckweeds: a metaphor for one's own bumpy life experience, like duckweeds in the rain, wandering without roots. , rising and sinking. Panic Beach: In today's Ganjiang River in Wan'an, Jiangxi Province, the water flow is very fast and extremely dangerous. It is one of the eighteen beaches in the Ganjiang River. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), Emperor Ruizong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Kongqian, Jiangxi Province, and retreated to Fujian via the panic beach. Lingdingyang: that is, "Lingdingyang", now the Pearl River Estuary in the south of Zhongshan, Guangdong Province. Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan army in December of the first year of Xiangxing's reign (1278), the last emperor of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Bing, and imprisoned in a warship in the ocean. In the first month of the following year, the Yuan army's marshal Zhang Hongfan attacked Yashan, forcing Wen Tianxiang to surrender the Song army commander Zhang Shijie who was holding on to Yashan. . So Wen Tianxiang wrote this poem. Alone: ??The look of being helpless. Keep your loyal heart to illuminate history: Keep your bold loyalty and shine forever in the annals of history. Loyal heart: red heart, a metaphor for loyalty. History: In ancient times, when writing on bamboo slips, the bamboo slices were first roasted with fire to prevent them from being eaten by insects. Because the water in the bamboo slips evaporates like sweat, the slips are called history, and they are also called finals. This refers specifically to historical records.

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1. The whole poem summarizes the major events in the author's life, blends narrative and ambition, is generous and sad, and deeply touching. 2. The first six sentences of the poem exaggerate the mood of worry, anger and sorrow, and the last two sentences turn to compose a passionate and generous swan song. This mood change has a shocking and earth-moving effect

Sentence analysis and Translation

Sentence Analysis

First couplet: The first two sentences of this poem should be understood together, describing the poet's life experience. The words "hard work" and "solitude" in the first couplet describe the author's feelings about these two things. The "hard work" sentence: traces the hard work in his early life and since he became an official. "Mountains and rivers" sentence: Using duality and metaphorical rhetorical techniques, it links the fate of the country and the fate of the individual, vividly showing the precarious political situation, indicating that the national situation and the individual's fate are irreversible. "Life experience" refers to life experience. "Ling Ding" sentence: Looking lonely and helpless, lamenting the current situation and one's own bravery and isolation. After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingding Ocean. The words "panic" and "lonely" skillfully use two emotional words to express the poet's fear, anxiety and loneliness.

Translation

Translation 1 "Crossing the Lingding Ocean"

My life's hard experiences all began with a Confucian classic; from the time I led the rebel army to fight against the Yuan soldiers , after four hard years, the great rivers and mountains of the motherland were shattered by the enemy's aggression, like catkins blown away by strong winds; my own life experience was also turbulent, like duckweed tossed and tossed by heavy rain. Thinking of the defeat in Jiangxi and the scene of (oneself) evacuating from the panic beach, the dangerous rapids and the severe situation still make people frightened; thinking of the Wulingpo army was wiped out last year, trapped in the enemy's hands, and now in the vast solitude In the ocean, I can only lament my loneliness. Since ancient times, who has never died? Sacrifice your life for your country, die a worthy death, (let me) leave this sincere heart to illuminate history! Translation 2 Illustration of "Crossing the Lingding Ocean"

Looking back on the hard work I went through in my early years from the imperial examination to becoming an official, now the Consumers Association has survived the war for four years. The country is in danger like catkins flying in the wind, and personal experiences are like duckweeds in a shower. The disastrous defeat at Panfengtan makes me still terrified. Ling Dingyang fell into Yuanlu and lamented that I was alone. Who has been able to live forever since ancient times? I want to leave a piece of patriotic loyalty reflected in the annals of history. Translation 3 "Crossing the Lingding Ocean"

The difficult life experience began when he was studying and becoming an official. He fought hard with the Yuan army for four years with a weak force. The mountains and rivers of the Song Dynasty were in pieces, like catkins blown away by the wind. My life rose and fell like duckweeds beaten by rain in the water. Last year I expressed my fear on the beach of fear, but now I lament my loneliness on the lonely ocean. Since ancient times, who can never die, leaving this sincere heart to illuminate the annals of history. Translation 4 (Translation of Lesson 25 of the Chinese Eight Lessons of the People's Education Press): Because I was familiar with the scriptures and passed the imperial examination, I was selected by the imperial court to become an official. Four years have passed in frequent anti-Yuan battles. The state of the Song Dynasty was in danger like catkins in the wind. My life has been bumpy, like a duckweed drifting in the rain without roots, rising and sinking from time to time.

The disastrous defeat at Panfengtan makes me still terrified. Ling Dingyang fell into Yuanlu and lamented that I was alone. Since ancient times, everyone has to die, but it must be valuable, meaningful and famous in history.

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Appreciation 1

Wen Tianxiang Memorial Hall

This poem was written by Wen Tianxiang after he was captured in order to fight to the death to clarify his ambition. . In one or two sentences, the poet looks back on his life, but due to space limitations, the writing method is to cite two events, one as official and one as defeat in the army, to summarize the rest. The four sentences in the middle closely follow "There are few battles" and clearly express the author's understanding of the current situation: the country is in a precarious situation, the tragedy of national subjugation is inevitable, and it is even more difficult to talk about personal destiny. But in the face of this great change, what the poet thought of was not his personal way out and future, but his deep regret that he failed to win a military victory two years ago to reverse the situation. At the same time, I also felt particularly sad about my isolation and helplessness. From the lines, it is not difficult for us to feel the author's desolate mood intertwined with the great pain of the destruction of his country and his family, self-blame, and self-lament. The last two sentences are Wen Tianxiang's unhesitating choice of his own destiny when he is trapped in the enemy's hands. This adds a tragic and passionate strength and confidence to the previous emotions and regrets, showing a unique sublime beauty. This is not only a reflection of the poet's personality charm, but also the unique spiritual beauty of the Chinese nation. Its touching qualities go far beyond the scope of language.

Appreciation 2

This is a poem that will last forever. The poem begins with a review of life experience. It is intended to imply that you have been tempered for a long time and are fearless no matter what hardships and hardships you have. Then I recounted my combat career: I spent four years in a desolate and desolate war environment. Linking personal destiny to the rise and fall of the country. Three or four sentences continue to express the development of the situation and the deep sorrow and indignation from both the national and personal aspects. This couplet has neat contrasts and appropriate metaphors, truly reflecting the social reality at that time and the poet's experience. National disasters, personal ups and downs, and all kinds of pain tortured the poet's feelings, making his words doubly sad. The five or six sentences are deeper and deeper, using typical events in the encounter to once again show the poet's painful soul trembling due to the destruction of the country and personal danger. The last two sentences converge the whole article with majestic momentum, and write a heroic oath of preferring death to surrender. The meaning is that since ancient times, how can there be immortality in life? As long as this patriotic loyalty can be left to shine in the annals of history. This famous saying that has been passed down through the ages is a hymn to an ideal life composed by the poet with his own blood and life. The tone of the whole poem is melancholy and solemn, and the awe-inspiring righteousness runs through the rainbow. It is indeed a great patriotic poem that moves the heaven and the earth and weeps ghosts and gods.

Appreciation 3

Statue of Wen Tianxiang

"After a hard encounter, only stars fall all around after fighting." The author, facing the critical moment of life and death, recalled his life and was filled with emotion. He grasped two major things, one was to become an official with Ming Jing, and the other was to be "King of Diligence". Starting from these two ends, the historical background and personal mood at that time were well written. "There are only a few fights" refers to the overall situation of the country. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty", the imperial court recruited soldiers from all over the world, but there were very few who held high the flag of righteousness and sacrificed their lives for the country like Wen Tianxiang. The author uses the four words "fighting only rarely", implying his anger towards those who are living an ignoble existence and his condemnation of the capitulationists! If the first couplet traces the story from the vertical aspect, then the jaw couplet exaggerates it from the horizontal aspect. "The mountains and rivers are broken, the wind is fluttering with catkins, and the life experience is ups and downs, the rain is hitting the rafts." The author uses desolate natural scenes to metaphor the decline of the country's affairs, expressing his grief very deeply. The fate of oneself is closely linked to the future of the country. The lonely ministers of the subjugated country are like rootless duckweeds floating on the water with nothing to rely on. This situation is already miserable enough. And the author added the word "rain" on top of "ping", which makes it even more miserable. This "ups and downs of life experience" summarizes the author's arduous struggle and rough life. This couplet has neat contrasts, appropriate metaphors, vivid images, and strong emotions. Reading it makes people feel sad! Five or six sentences closely follow the previous meaning and further exaggerate the meaning. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), after Wen Tianxiang's army was defeated by the Yuan soldiers, they retreated to Fujian from the Pankhoutan area. At that time, he faced the sea and was pursued by soldiers. How to survive the dangerous situation and turn defeat into victory was what he was most worried about and feared the most. Now that the army has been defeated, and as a prisoner, he is being escorted across the Lingding Ocean, how can he not feel lonely? This couplet is particularly full of emotion. The two emotionally charged place names "panic" and "lingdingyang" are naturally opposite to each other, and they are used by the author to express his "panic" yesterday and the "lonely" in front of him. It is really said that A swan song in the history of poetry! In the above six sentences, the author exaggerates the hatred of family and country, hardship and hardship to the extreme, and the sadness gathers into a climax, but the last couplet is opened in one stroke: "Who has never died in life since ancient times? Leave a loyal heart to illuminate history!" With majestic The momentum and high-pitched sentiment wrap up the whole article, showing his national integrity and his view of life and death of sacrificing one's life for righteousness. The wonderful ending makes the whole story change from sad to strong, from melancholy to uplifting, forming an immortal song. In this sentence, the author speaks directly from his heart, expressing the poet's national integrity of generously dying for the sake of national security.

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Wen Tianxiang (June 6, 1236 - January 9, 1283), Han nationality, was from Luling, Jizhou (now Qingyuan District, Jiangxi) , a national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty, was originally named Yun Sun and given the courtesy name Tianxiang. After being selected as a tribute, he changed his name to Tianxiang and changed his name to Lushan. After winning the first prize in the fourth year of Baoyou (1256), he changed his name to Song Rui. Later, because he lived in Wenshan, he was named Wenshan and Fuxiu Taoren.

Wen Tianxiang's reputation as a loyal martyr was passed down to future generations. During his capture, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty persuaded him to surrender with a high official and generous salary. Wen Tianxiang would rather die than surrender and calmly went to justice. His life deeds were praised by later generations. He, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie were known as the "Three Heroes of the Late Song Dynasty".

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"Crossing the Lingding Ocean" was written by Wen Tianxiang. This poem was written by him when he was crossing the Lingding Ocean in the first month of 1279. The poem outlines his life experience and destiny, expresses his impassioned patriotic enthusiasm, his high moral integrity and his attitude towards death, as well as his outlook on life of sacrificing himself for righteousness. It is the highest expression of the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. It is a famous article that will inspire future generations, especially "No one has died since ancient times, and his loyalty will illuminate history", which has influenced generations of patriots and the general public. From the "May 4th Movement" to the Anti-Japanese War, in China, in Southeast Asia and overseas, whether in literary creation, drama performance or song singing, you can often see "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" and other chapters, inspiring national sentiments. . It has profound inspiration and far-reaching influence on the integrity of people with lofty ideals and the sincerity and literary talent of later generations.

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Duanzong succeeded to the throne

In the second year of Deyou (AD 1276), Zhao Shi ascended the throne in Fuzhou and changed his name to Jingyan. For Duan Zong. King Guang of Jin was granted the title of King of Wei. Wen Tianxiang served as the privy envoy and governor of the army and horses. Wen Tianxiang opened the governor's office in Nanjianzhou (now Nanping, Fujian). Many civil servants and generals from Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi, local celebrities, and the old troops of King Qin's army came to serve. Wen Tianxiang sent people to various places to recruit troops and raise wages, and soon formed a group. The scale and momentum of the Zhidufu army were much larger than last year's Jiangxi King Qin's army. However, the inability of the ministers of the DPRK and China to deal with the enemy with one heart and one mind became a major hidden danger in the anti-Yuan military campaign.

Government in Exile

In October of the second year of Deyou, the imperial court ordered Wen Tianxiang to send troops to Tingzhou (now Changting, Fujian), but unfortunately the battle failed. Under the attack of the Yuan army, Nanjianzhou also fell into the hands of the enemy, and the capital Fu'an (ie Fuzhou) lost its barrier. Prime Minister Chen Yizhong and Deputy Privy Councilor Zhang Shijie were panic-stricken and hurriedly escorted Duanzong and King Wei into the sea to avoid the attack. Fu'an Prefecture immediately fell, and the Southern Song Dynasty's small court became a government-in-exile at sea.

Victory in southern Jiangxi

At the beginning of the second year of Jingyan (1277), the Yuan army advanced on Tingzhou, and Wen Tianxiang retreated to Meizhou, Guangdong (today's Meizhou, Guangdong). After reorganization, they set out from Meizhou in May and started the campaign to regain Jiangxi. Under Wen Tianxiang's leadership, Jiangxi's anti-Yuan military campaign was in full swing. The rebels from all sides cooperated with the governor's army to recapture Huichang, Yudu, and Xingguo respectively. Heroes from Fenning, Wuning, and Jianchang counties, as well as volunteers from Linchuan, Hongzhou, Yuanzhou, and Ruizhou came to request the governor to control . Wen Tianxiang unified the deployment, swept across southern Jiangxi, and recovered a large area of ??land.

Defeated and captured

In August of the second year of Jingyan, the Yuan army launched a large-scale attack. Due to the lack of combat experience and strict training, the governor's army was weak in combat effectiveness. Under the fierce attack of the Yuan army's cavalry, it ended dismally. Civil servants and generals were either sacrificed or arrested. Wen Tianxiang's family was left with only the young and old. Although Wen Tianxiang suffered a huge blow from the destruction of his country and his family and the separation of his wife and children, he did not waver in his will to resist the Yuan Dynasty. He led troops into Guangdong and continued to fight against the Yuan Dynasty in Chaozhou and Huizhou. On December 20, the first year of Xiangxing (1278), Wen Tianxiang was unfortunately captured by a Yuan army that attacked Wupoling. He committed suicide by swallowing two ounces of brains (i.e. borneol), but the medicine failed and he failed to die for his country.

Crossing the Lingding Ocean

Marshal Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Dynasty led his land and sea armies directly to Guangdong to completely eliminate the Southern Song Dynasty government-in-exile. Wen Tianxiang was escorted by warships to Lingdingyang (now part of Guangdong Province) outside the Pearl River Estuary. Zhang Hongfan sent someone to ask Wen Tianxiang to write a letter to surrender Zhang Shijie. Of course, Wen Tianxiang refused to write a surrender letter, but he wrote a seven-character poem to express his intentions. This poem is "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" that has been remembered for thousands of years. The noble character of "No one has died since ancient times, and his loyalty will be remembered by history" has become a model for Chinese people for thousands of years.

The decisive battle of Yashan

Under the fierce offensive of the Yuan army, the Southern Song Dynasty government-in-exile fled to Xiushan (now Hutou Mountain in Humen, Dongguan, Guangdong). At the age of 11, Duanzong became ill due to fright and died of illness in Zhouzhou (now Zhanjiang City, Guangdong). Zhang Shijie and Lu Xiufu succeeded the 8-year-old King Wei to the throne and moved their court to the mountains in the sea in the south of Xinhui County (map of Guangdong Province). On the sixth day of February in the second year of Xiangxing (1279), the Song and Yuan Dynasties launched a thrilling naval battle on the sea. In the end, the Song army led by Zhang Shijie was defeated, and Lu Xiufu carried the little emperor on his back and crossed the sea to die.

Escorted to Dadu

After the Battle of Yashan, Wen Tianxiang was taken to Guangzhou. Zhang Hongfan said to him: "The Song Dynasty was destroyed, and all the loyalty and filial piety were done. Even if he committed suicide, who would record this in the history of the country? Prime Minister Wen turned to serve the Yuan Dynasty as he wished, and he will definitely be reused." Wen Tianxiang replied: "The country has perished. If you can't save him, as a minister, you will be guilty of death, so how can you have second thoughts?" In order to make him surrender, the Yuan Dynasty government decided to escort him to Dadu.

Edit the thoughts and feelings expressed in the last couplet of this paragraph

"Loyal heart" refers to a red and fiery heart. Generally speaking, "bloody red heart" is used to describe people who are loyal to the country. "History" refers to historical books. In ancient times, before the invention of paper, military and state affairs could only be recorded on bamboo slips. However, the water in the bamboo slips had to be evaporated with fire first, so that it would be convenient to write and prevent insects from being eaten. Later generations used this method. By extension, the classics recording history are collectively called "history".

The meaning of these two poems, "No one has died since ancient times, and his loyal heart will be remembered by history." It means that through the ages, people will inevitably die, and if they die to save the motherland, their sincerity will forever be remembered in the annals of history. Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shi Kefa and others were all martyrs who were willing to sacrifice their lives and blood for the country and the people. Their heroic feelings are consistent with the poetic meaning of these two lines of poetry. So who wrote these two lines of poetry? At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Guangdong and captured by the Yuan army. He was taken to the north and imprisoned. On the way, he passed Lingding Ocean and wrote the poem "Crossing Lingding Ocean" to express the depression of the country and family. The second half of the poem is as follows: "I am scared on the beach, and I sigh alone in the ocean. No one has died in life since ancient times, and his loyalty will be remembered by history." It expresses the author's patriotism, reflects his high integrity, and sacrifice for the sake of success. His righteous outlook on life fully reflects his national spirit. After that, Wen Tianxiang was never moved by any coercion or inducement and generously went to justice!

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By recalling his arduous experience in the anti-Yuan Dynasty, the author of this poem expresses the pain of worrying about the country and his willingness to die for his country, his heroic ambition and his willingness to regard death as home. Heroism. It is breathtaking and fascinating. It not only expressed his determination to fight to the death against the Yuan Dynasty, but also showed that he must be loyal and always think of his country and the wishes of his people.