Handwritten newspaper about the history of mathematics

Handwritten newspaper is another form of newspaper that can be circulated, viewed, and posted. In school, handwritten newspapers are a good form of activity in the second classroom, with considerable plasticity and freedom. The following is a handwritten report on the history of mathematics that I compiled. I hope it will be helpful to you.

Collection of Mathematics Handwritten Papers: Behind the Great Mathematical Formulas

On May 15, 1971, Nicaragua issued a set of ten papers entitled " The "Ten Mathematical Formulas That Changed the World" stamp was selected by some famous mathematicians to honor ten formulas that have had a great influence on the development of the world. These ten formulas not only benefit mankind, but also have typical mathematical beauty, namely: simplicity, harmony, and singularity.

(1) Basic rules of finger counting

The stamp "1+1=2" is the first of this set of stamps. This is the basic formula for human beings' initial understanding of quantity. The ancestors of mankind started with this formula, stacking stones, counting shells, branches, and bamboo pieces, then counting by notching, counting by knotting ropes, etc., until later they created words, numbers, and counting tools such as abacus, arithmetic, and calculators. Everything starts from the basic rules of finger counting, because humans have ten fingers, and fingers are used as assistance when counting. There is no doubt that it was this fact that gave rise naturally to the decimal system we are now familiar with. The birth of notation and the decimal system was a leap in the history of civilization.

(2) Pythagorean Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem)

If the right-angled sides of a right triangle are A and B, and the hypotenuse is C, then there is A2+B2 =C2, this is the most famous Pythagorean theorem in Euclidean geometry. It has extremely wide applications in mathematics and human practical activities. The first person to prove this theorem abroad was the famous ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, so it is generally called the "Pythagoras theorem" abroad.

China has known the relationship of "three strands, four strings and five" since the Shang and Gao era, much earlier than Pythagoras. However, China's proof of the Pythagorean theorem was relatively late. It was not until Zhao Shuang during the Three Kingdoms period that the first proof was given using the area cut and repair method. One of the major impacts of the Pythagorean Theorem is the discovery of irrational numbers. The length of the diagonal of a square with side length 1 is , which cannot be represented by integers or the ratio of integers, that is, fractions. This discovery denied the Pythagorean school's belief that "everything is number". People at the time felt that integers and fractions were easy to understand. , is called a rational number, and the newly discovered number is difficult to understand but exists, so it is named "irrational number".

(3) Archimedes Lever Principle

The mathematical formula F1X1=F2X2 commended by the third stamp, where F is the action force, X is the force arm, and FX is the moment , in principle, as long as the power arm is long enough and the resistance arm is short enough, a sufficiently heavy object can be pried with a small enough force. For this reason, Archimedes said an ancient saying: "Give me a fulcrum and I will move the earth." Haha, look how confident physicists are!!! In addition to the lever principle, Archimedes also discovered the famous law of buoyancy and a large number of geometric theorems. He was also one of the pioneers of calculus. He was revered as the "God of Mathematics" by later generations of mathematicians. Among the three most important mathematicians in human history, Archimedes ranks first, followed by Newton and Gauss.

(4) Napier index and logarithmic relationship formula

The logarithmic relationship formula is Napier’s formula, where e=2.71828…. The inventor of logarithms was the Scottish amateur mathematician Baron Napier. Since the age of 44, after 20 years of intensive research on calculation techniques for large numbers, he finally independently invented logarithms. In 1614, he published the famous book "Instructions for the Marvelous Law of Logarithms". This amazing invention of the logarithm table quickly spread throughout the world. Continental Europe. Galileo made a heroic statement: "Give me time, space and logarithms, and I can create a universe." Logarithmic tables have been widely used by mathematicians, accountants, navigators and scientists for centuries. Logarithms and exponents have become the essence of mathematics and must be learned by every middle school student.

(5) Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

The fifth stamp immediately reminds people of the already well-known story of Newton and the Apple.

On that magical holiday, an apple accidentally fell from the tree. This was a turning point in the history of human thought. It opened the mind of the man sitting in the garden. Finally, Newton discovered an epoch-making discovery for mankind. The law of universal gravitation.

Where G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 represent the masses of the two objects respectively, and r is the distance between the two objects.

(6) Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations

The sixth formula is Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations, which determines the universal connection between charges, currents, electric fields and magnetic fields, and is Fundamental equations of electromagnetism. Maxwell's equations show that as long as there is a changing magnetic field somewhere in space, a vortex electric field can be excited, and the changing electric field can in turn stimulate a vortex magnetic field. The alternating electric field and magnetic field excite each other to form continuous electromagnetic oscillations, that is, electromagnetic waves. This formula can prove that the speed of electromagnetic waves propagating in vacuum is equal to the speed of light propagating in vacuum. This is not an accidental coincidence, but because light is an electromagnetic wave of a certain wavelength. This is the electromagnetic theory of light founded by Maxwell. Maxwell was the greatest physicist after Faraday who mastered electromagnetism. The theory of electromagnetism lays the foundation for the modern power industry, electronics industry and radio industry. In 1871, he was appointed as a professor of experimental physics at the University of Cambridge and was responsible for the establishment of the school's first physics laboratory, the Cavendish Laboratory.

(7) Einstein’s mass-energy relationship

E=mc2

, where c is the speed of light, m ??is the mass, and E is the energy. This is the most famous mass-energy relationship later. This is the theoretical basis for building an atomic bomb. The person who proposed this formula in 1905 was Einstein, a 26-year-old clerk at the Bern Patent Office. In 1915, the general theory of relativity was established, which determined the connection between space, time and matter. The influence of the mass-energy conversion formula and the theory of relativity is huge. Today, nuclear energy is widely used in agriculture and military, while black holes, time travel, space curvature, etc. All are derived from the theory of relativity. Einstein learned the violin at the age of 6 and stayed with the violin all his life. Art improved his aesthetic ability. He also pursued the mathematical beauty (beauty of simplicity and symmetry) in physics throughout his life.

(8) De Broglie’s formula

The formula commended on the eighth stamp is the de Broglie formula proposed by de Broglie in 1924 to express the wave-particle duality. ：λ=h/mv,

Where λ is the wavelength of the material wave accompanying the particle, h is Planck’s constant, and mv is the momentum of the particle. Before de Broglie, people's understanding of nature was limited to two basic types of matter: physical objects and fields. De Broglie originally studied history, but changed to science under the influence of the mathematician Poincaré. In 1924, he proposed the concept of "matter waves" in his doctoral thesis, which shocked the world. He believed that any physical object or particle has both wave and particle properties. He also used Einstein's theory of relativity to derive the formula for the wavelength of matter waves. His view was later confirmed by Davidson's experiments. The concept of material waves also provides an important theoretical basis for the development of wave mechanics.

(9) Boltzmann’s formula

In 1854, the German scientist Clausius first introduced the concept of entropy, which is a quantity indicating the degree of disorder of a closed system. Entropy is Greek for "change". This quantity will not change in a reversible process, but will become larger in an irreversible process. Just like a lazy person's room, if there is no one to tidy it up for him, the room will only become messy and will never become tidy. Living things are also inseparable from the "law of entropy increase". Living things need to absorb negative entropy from outside the body to offset the increase in entropy. In 1877, Boltzmann used the following relationship to express the degree of disorder of the system: S=kLnW, where k is Boltzmann’s constant and s is the entropy value of the macroscopic system, which is a measure of the degree of disorder of molecular motion or arrangement. scale. W is the number of possible microstates. The larger W is, the more chaotic and disordered the system is. From this we can see the microscopic meaning of entropy: Entropy is a measure of the disorder of the thermal motion of molecules within a system. Because of his novel viewpoint, it was not accepted by many famous scholars at first. Boltzmann paid a huge price for it, which became an important reason for his personal tragedy (suicide). Boltzmann's tombstone is engraved with this formula S=kLnW in recognition of his great originality.

(10) Tsiolkovsky formula

Chang'e flies to the moon and thousands of households fly into the sky. Human beings have long been yearning for space and have been making unremitting efforts for this purpose. The key to conquering space is rocket technology.

When it comes to modern rockets, we must mention the world-recognized pioneer of aerospace theory, Tsiolkovsky of the former Soviet Union. It was he who proposed the possibility of using rockets for interstellar navigation and launching satellites. And established the relationship between the structural characteristics of the rocket and the flight speed, which is the famous Tsiolkovsky formula. Among them, V is the velocity increment of the rocket, Ve is the velocity of the jet relative to the rocket, and m0 and mi represent the mass of the rocket when the engine is turned on and off respectively. It became the key to mankind's conquest of space.

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, ushering in the space age. In 1961, it launched its first astronaut, Gaijalin, and won the first battle of the space race. The United States won the first battle of the space race in 1969. Send Armstrong to the moon. Tsiolkovsky focused on studying ancient Chinese rocket technology and asked people to translate military works from the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty for reference. He was especially interested in the "Arena of Arms". At that time, China already had nearly 30 types of military rockets. Weapons such as the "Magic Fire Dragon Arrow" or the "Fire Dragon Out of Water" fascinated him. He had more dreams and inspirations, and soon wrote "Dreams of Earth and Sky". Book. He has a very insightful saying: "The earth is the cradle of mankind, but humans cannot live in the cradle forever."

Complete collection of mathematics manuscripts: Why do we study mathematics?

< p> Gu Sen: From childhood to college mathematics, we all use ready-made knowledge and theorems to solve problems. Many people still don’t know which scientists proposed the formulas and theorems after graduation. But in fact, the story behind it is even more exciting. Including many mathematical conclusions, in fact, at the beginning, people's guesses may have been wrong, and they may even have reached a completely opposite conclusion. Only later did they gradually approach the truth. These are not in the textbooks. There are many books that purely tell stories, but "The Silent Universe" tells the origins of many mathematical formulas and their impact on human beings, which is very powerful.

I think physical formulas have a greater impact on human development. In fact, mathematical formulas are not the most meaningful things in mathematics. Most of the truly meaningful things are theorems, rather than what is equal to something.

Li Miao: I think even liberal arts students need to study across borders. I strongly support the reform of the college entrance examination regardless of arts and sciences. A thousand years ago there were no divisions. Under the guidance of human science, after we have extremely refined the division of labor and developed science to a certain extent, we must go back to the past. It means you have to cross the border. If you don’t cross the border, your employment opportunities and all aspects will be greatly restricted in the future. So I very much look forward to seeing in my lifetime that the college entrance examination will no longer be divided into subjects.

Gu Sen: If it’s for exams, then if the math exam is cancelled, will we still learn it? I think math should be divided into two levels. One is addition, subtraction, multiplication and division within 100 in primary school, and learning to do accounting. You may never need to solve equations, geometric conclusions, etc. in your life. Mathematics is enough for the second grade of junior high school. Moving on to higher grades may be purely a matter of interest. If you want to do something brand new in a certain professional field to benefit mankind, mathematical physics only makes sense.

Complete collection of mathematics manuscripts: Mathematics famous quotes

1. Mathematics is the queen of science, and number theory is the queen of mathematics. ——Gauss

2. The scientific level of a country can be measured by the mathematics it consumes——Rao

3. Number theory is the oldest branch of human knowledge. However, he Some of our most profound secrets are closely connected with our most mundane truths. ——Smith

4. Read Euler, read Euler, he is the teacher of all of us. ——Laplace

5. Sometimes, you fail to get the simplest and most beautiful proof at the beginning, but it is such proof that can penetrate deeply into the wonderful connection of advanced arithmetic truths. . This is the motivation for us to continue research, and it is the best way for us to make discoveries. ——Gauss

6. A science can only reach true perfection when it successfully uses mathematics. ——Marx

7. I am determined to let go of the mere abstract geometry. That is to say, stop thinking about problems that are just for thinking.

I do this in order to study another kind of geometry, that is, geometry whose purpose is to explain natural phenomena... - Descartes

8. A mathematician without some poetic talent will never become a mathematician. A complete mathematician...——Weierstrass

9. The science of pure mathematics can be said to be the most original creation of the human spirit in its modern development stage. ——Huaidehai

10. We can hope that with the development of education and entertainment, more people will appreciate music and paintings. However, the number of people who can truly appreciate mathematics is very small. ——Bells

11. "Problems are the heart of mathematics. ——PRHalmos

12. This is a reliable rule. When the author of a mathematical or philosophical work begins with vague and profound words, When writing, he is talking nonsense. ——A.N. Whitehead

13. As long as a branch of science can raise too many questions, it is full of vitality, while a lack of questions will make it full of vitality. Foreshadows the termination or decline of independent development. —— Hilbert

14. The science of pure mathematics can be said to be the most original creation of the human spirit in its modern development stage. ——Huai. Dehai

15. When the number is invisible, it is less intuitive, and when the shape is small, it is difficult to understand the subtleties. Number and shape are inherently dependent on each other, how can they fly in two directions? - Hua Luogeng

16. A kind of peculiar beauty rules the kingdom of mathematics. This beauty is not as similar as the beauty of art to the beauty of nature, but it deeply infects people's hearts and inspires people to appreciate her. It is very similar to the beauty of art. Similar. - Coomer

17. Mathematics - the unshakable cornerstone of science and a rich source of advancement for human endeavors... - Barrow

18. Although not It allows us to see through the secrets of the nature of nature and thereby understand the true causes of phenomena, but it may still happen that the necessary fictional assumptions are enough to explain many phenomena - Euler's source

19. The problem is mathematical. Heart. ——PRHalmos

20. No question can touch people’s emotions as deeply as infinity. Few other concepts can stimulate the mind to produce fruitful thoughts like infinity. However, there is no Any other concept needs to be explained as much as infinity - Hilbert

21. It is a master's work after all, extraordinary! - Galois

22. , We appreciate mathematics, we need mathematics. ——Chen Shengshen

23. Mathematics is a deductive science, which is based on a set of postulates and logical reasoning to obtain conclusions. ——Chen Shengshen

< p> 24. A mathematician is actually a fascination. Without fascination, there would be no mathematics... - Novalis

25. The incomparable permanence and omnipotence of mathematics and his influence on time and culture The independence of the background is a direct result of its nature - A? Ebo

26. In addition to comprehending knowledge, a scholar must also have taste. This word is not easy to translate. Translated into taste, love. If a person wants to achieve great success, he must have a clear taste. ——Yang Zhenning

27. In the world of mathematics, what matters is not what we know, but what we know. How do we know what - Pythagoras

28. The simple composition of integers has been the source of new life for mathematics for centuries - GD Birkhoff (sad online name) < /p>

29. In the field of mathematics, the art of asking questions is more important than the art of answering them - Kang Muer

30. Arithmetic is the oldest and perhaps the oldest knowledge of mankind. One of the oldest branches; yet some of its most profound secrets are closely connected with its most mundane truths. ;