"Awe", which are two sides of a state, respecting the heart and fearing the outside; But this fear is not "fear" but a psychological state of shock, respect and self-sustaining after clear cognition, and it is a "shock-respect-trust" integrated with respect; And the respect in "awe" is also the same psychological state that faces the inner world of human beings.

Kant, an epoch-making philosopher in the history of modern western philosophy, famously said, "There are two things, and the more we think about them, the more they will fill our hearts with ever-changing admiration and awe: the starry sky above me and the moral law that lives in my heart." This sentence crosses the east-west barrier and the long river of time, and it is still the motto of people's spiritual life.

in this sentence, we need to grasp a key word: awe. What is "awe"? It means "respect and fear".

this is people's emotional attitude towards things, which includes the double emotional connotations of "respect" and "fear": "respect" means respect, respect and courtesy, and "fear" means fear, timidity and trembling. Here, "respect" embodies an attitude towards life, a pursuit of value, and a respect for the personalization of things; "Fear" is a warning limit of behavior, a self-discipline of one's own words and deeds, and a self-discipline of irregular behavior.

awe is an attitude, an idea, a moral character, a realm, an introspection, a constraint, a worry, a wisdom, a keenness, a principle and a consciousness. In a word, it is the natural externalization of inner spiritual realm and value pursuit.

When we turn over the 5,-year history of Chinese civilization, people will understand that awe is the essence of Chinese ethics, the foundation of being a man, the way to succeed, the virtue of politics and the foundation of governing the country. In our country, the ancients had an incisive exposition on "awe": there is a good saying that "a gentleman saves the province with panic"; There is a famous saying that "those who are good at being afraid must be upright, speak according to rules, stop doing things, occasionally overstep the rules, and do not make a big mistake"; There are "those who are afraid, their homes will be neat; A warning that those who are fearless will be idle; There is a philosophical view that "those who fear the law are the happiest"; There is a "gentleman's view of thunder and awe, and self-study and follow the province with fear."

If a gentleman is afraid of the power of heaven, he should correct his body, think over his mistakes, and correct his mistakes; There is an exhortation that "if you are afraid, you will not dare to succeed, and if you are fearless, you will be in trouble"; There are "gentlemen have three fears; Fear of destiny, fear of adults, and fear of the words of saints; There is a boundary that "a gentleman is big-hearted and respects the heaven, while caution is timid and restrained", "a villain is not, a big heart is slow and violent, and caution is lewd and inclined"; There is a habit of "a gentleman's heart is always in awe".

"awe" in China's context is often associated with "moral model". Confucius once said: "a gentleman has three fears: fear of fate, fear of adults, fear of the words of saints;" I don't know my destiny, but I'm not afraid. I'm afraid of adults and I'm afraid of saints. "

"Destiny" is sacred and unattainable for people; "Adult" is the bearer of "destiny" and the representative of social and political order; "Sage" is the interpreter of "destiny" and the expresser of the discourse of human order. From the awe of "heaven" to the awe of "adults" and "saints" in reality, the object of China people's reverence is a moral model, which is realistic and concrete. People believe that as long as they express their reverence for adults and saints, they will inevitably express their reverence for heaven, because adults and saints are their spokesmen in reality.

Here, "fear" has initiative, and "fear" is born of "respect". Between "respect" and "fear", "respect" is the cause and "fear" is the result.

"fear" here refers not only to a kind of fear and obedience, but also to an active restriction and reflection on one's behavior in order to realize one's ideals and beliefs in life. It is a kind of moral self-discipline and expresses a spirit of doing something. In the western context, "fear" often begins with "fear of God".

The English King James version of Proverbs says, "The fear of Jehovah is the beginning of wisdom"; Hebrews in the Bible says, "Therefore, since we have a country that cannot be shaken, we should be grateful and serve God with piety and awe as God pleases." God, God and Jehovah are secret, which makes fear have no concrete and considerable intention.

Because the intended object is not considerable, it can't be the value orientation of those who fear God. To fear God is not to hope to become God, but to restrain one's words and deeds according to God's requirements for fear of God's punishment. Of course, this fear is associated with respect. If it is not associated with respect, then this fear is no different from the instinctive fear of animals.

in the western context, between "respect" and "fear", "fear" is the cause and "respect" is the result, and the order is irreversible. However, whether in the East or the West, science and technology have advanced by leaps and bounds since mankind entered the industrial society. As a highly creative productive factor, science and technology have put people's lives on the road of modernization.

at the same time, influenced by the progress of science and technology, people's spiritual world has also undergone some fundamental changes, which are more obvious. The concepts of "science and technology first" and "ego first" gradually occupy people's hearts, and people blindly regard conquering nature and transforming society as their only value pursuit. Under the guidance of this kind of value concept, people become narrow and selfish, and the instrumental way of thinking runs rampant. They begin to pay attention only to themselves and what they can control and master, but ignore the inner examination, the pursuit of emotional value and the listening and attention to others other than themselves. People begin to appear "unscrupulous" and cannot adhere to the inner value order.

The impact of this on individual psychological growth and moral and emotional development is manifested in a weak sense of awe and a lack of awe. Once upon a time, there was an old saying, which is well known to all. It said, "Raise your head three feet and there will be a clear sky."

There is also: "There is a god three feet above your head, and you are not afraid of what others know and what you know." Further, the words are even more serious. The Tao is "people can be bullied, but the sky can't be bullied", or "people are doing it, and the sky is watching".

There are so many aphorisms with one meaning, which means to be awe-inspiring when doing things. We can not believe in the gods of heaven and earth, but we must believe in moral laws.

we should fear life. Life is the greatest miracle in the universe.

The greatest sin in the world is to deprive people of their lives innocently. We should respect nature.

man is the son of nature. 2. the ancient prose of honor and disgrace

those who vent their anger will also suffer.

those who are diligent and thrifty will be able to guard against five soldiers. Although there is a spear, it is better to be diligent and frugal.

therefore, being kind to others is warmer than cloth; Hurting people with words is deeper than spears and halberds. Therefore, you can't walk on a thin land.

it's not peaceful. Those who are in danger and have no shoes are talking.

if you apply too much, it will be dangerous if you apply too little. If you don't want it, you won't make it. Those who die quickly are angry; Those who are disabled by observation are also embarrassed; Rich and poor, also; Clear and turbid, the mouth is also; Those who are arrogant and barren, pay also; Those who argue without saying anything argue; He who stands upright and does not know wins; Cheap but not expensive, also; Those who are brave but not afraid are greedy; Those who believe but don't respect, okay? Ok.

what this villain does is not what a gentleman does. Those who fight forget their bodies, their relatives and their husbands.

if you do it for a while, you will lose your life, but if you do it, you will forget your body. If the family is disabled, relatives will inevitably be punished, but if they do it, they will forget their relatives; What is evil on the monarch is also forbidden by the criminal law, but to do it is to forget his monarch. Worrying about forgetting one's body, forgetting one's relatives inside and forgetting one's husband in the world is what the criminal law is reluctant to give up, and the holy king's place is not livestock.

A nurse touches a tiger, but a nurse dog doesn't travel far, and he doesn't forget his relatives. People are also worried about forgetting their bodies, forgetting their relatives inside, and forgetting their husbands in the world. It is a person who has also been a dog.

anyone who fights must be self-righteous and wrong about others. If you are sincere, and people are sincere, you are a gentleman and a villain.

a gentleman and a villain are thieves and villains. Worrying about forgetting his body, forgetting his relatives at home and forgetting his husband at home is not too much! It's a human being, and the so-called "taking the fox's father's brother as an ox's arrow" is also true.

will you think it is wise and evil? It's stupid. Will you think that it is good and evil? It will do great harm.

will you be proud of evil? It's humiliating. Will you think that it is evil? The danger is great.

what's the use of fighting? If I want to be crazy about the disease, I can't, and the holy king will punish it; If I want to be a bird, a mouse and an animal, I can't. Its shape is human, but its likes and dislikes are many. People have a fight, what is it? I am very ugly.

there are brave dogs, thieves, villains and gentlemen: fighting for food and drink, having no sense of shame, not knowing right and wrong, not fighting for death and injury, not being afraid of others, and being greedy for food and drink are also brave dogs. It is Jia thief's courage to strive for profit, goods and wealth, not to give in, to be bold and to vibrate, to be greedy and violent, and to be selfish.

it is the courage of a villain to die lightly and violently. Where righteousness lies, it is the courage of a gentleman not to lean on power, not to care about its interests, not to change it for the whole country, and to cling to justice without flexibility.

if you are caught in the sand, you will be caught. It is useless to hang on to the suffering and desire.

those who know themselves don't complain, those who know life don't complain, those who complain are poor, and those who complain have no ambition. Losing yourself, on the other hand, people, not pedantic! There is a great distinction between honor and disgrace, and the normal body of safety and interests: those who are righteous before benefiting will be honored, and those who are righteous before benefiting will be humiliated; Honor is always common, and shame is always poor; The well-versed often control others, and the poor often control others: it is a big distinction between honor and disgrace.

those who are lazy are always in Amway, while those who are aggressive are often harmful; People in Amway are always happy and easy, while those who do harm are always worried about risks, and those who are happy and easy live long, and those who are worried about risks often die: it is a normal body of safety and interests. Husband is born to steam people, so he takes it.

the reason why the son of heaven takes the world is that the will leads to cultivation, the virtue leads to thick, and the wisdom leads to understanding. Decree law, measures, listen to break the public, the upper can be in line with the life of the son of heaven, the lower can protect the people, is the reason why the governors take the country.

it is the reason why the scholar-officials took Tian Yi that they are determined to practice and govern by officials, so that they can go up smoothly and keep their jobs down. Follow the law, measure, punishment and map, don't know its meaning, keep its number carefully, be careful not to make profits or losses, and pass it on from father to son to hold the princes. Therefore, although three generations have died, the rule of law still exists, which is why officials and officials take the rank of Lu.

Filial piety, which records his strength, is the reason why Shu Ren took warm clothes to feed himself and live a long life, so as not to be punished. Decorating heresy, writing evil words, relying on things, Tao Dan, sudden theft, admonition and violence, in order to drag out an ignoble existence in troubled times, is the reason why traitors take the risk to humiliate the death penalty.

it's not considered deeply, it's not careful, and it's dangerous to make a decision. A gentleman and a villain are both talented and knowledgeable.

It is common for a gentleman and a villain to like honor and shame, and to like benefit and harm. If they seek the same way, they will have different ways. The villain also wants to be trusted by others for the sake of Christmas, and wants to be loved by others for cheating, and wants to be kind to others for the trip of animals.

it's hard to know what to worry about, it's hard to do it safely, and it's hard to stand on it. If you succeed, you will not be satisfied with it, and you will meet with it. Therefore, the gentleman believes, but also wants people to believe in themselves; Loyal, but also want to be close to others; Correct the debate, but also want to be kind to others.

worry is easy to know, action is easy to be safe, and persistence is easy to be established. If you succeed, you will get what you want, and you will not encounter what you hate. Therefore, if you are poor, you will not be hidden. The general principle is Daming, and your name will be white when you die.

I wish to say, "If you know the nature of materials, you will be wise." If a husband doesn't know that he is no different from himself, then a gentleman will make a mistake, while a villain will make a mistake.

Therefore, it is enough to know what a villain knows and can do for a gentleman. For example, the more people are more secure, the more Chu people are secure, and the gentleman is more elegant. It is also a matter of knowing the right and wrong, and it is also a difference in the custom.

Benevolence and virtue are always safe, but they may not be dangerous. Pollution and sudden theft are often dangerous, but they may not be uneasy. Therefore, the scholar's way is normal and small, and the humanity is strange.

mortals have something in common: hungry for food, cold for warmth, tired for rest, good for profit and bad for harm, which is what people are born with, and it is what Yu and Jie have in common. Eyes can distinguish white, black, beautiful and evil, ears can distinguish clear sounds, mouth can distinguish sour, salty, sweet and bitter, nose can distinguish fragrant and foul smell, bones, bodies and skin can distinguish cold and summer diseases, which is what people often have, and what they have to wait for is what Yu and Jie have in common.

It can be Yao and Yu, Jie and Zhi, artisans and farmers. It's what people are born with, and it's what Yu and Jie have in common. Being Yao and Yu is always an honor, while being Jie and Zhi is always a danger and humiliation. I am always happy for Yao and Yu, and I am always tired for the craftsman Nong Jia.

however, there is little manpower for this, so why not? Say: it's ugly. Yao and Yu are not born with them, and their husbands are born with misfortune, and they are repaired, and they are reserved.

a man's life is a solid villain, and if he has no teacher, he is only interested in profit. People are born to be villains, and when they encounter troubled times, they get chaotic customs. They are small and heavy, and chaos is chaotic.

if a gentleman has to face the situation, he will have no reason to open his mind. Today is a person's mouth, knowing etiquette and righteousness? An zhi resigned? Know the truth and shame? It' s also awkward, and I' m full in my hometown.

without a teacher, you can't. 3. I can't find a short ancient prose

. I'll give you another one.

Waiting for the rabbit

Song people who have cultivated (12). There is a plant in the field, and the rabbit touches the plant and breaks its neck and dies. Stand by the plant because of releasing ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ 93 You can't get the rabbit back. Everything is done in Han Fei Zi

[simplified translation]

There was a farmer in Song State who had a stump in his field. One day, a fast-running rabbit ran into a stump and broke its neck and died. From then on, the farmer abandoned his farm tools and waited beside the stump every day, hoping to get another rabbit. The rabbit can't be repeated, but he has become the laughing stock of the Song people.

[Notes]

① Plant-a broken tree root exposed on the ground.

② Go-run, run away.

③ Lei (Lě i)-an ancient agricultural tool, shaped like Mu Cha.

④ hope.

⑤ As a Song Guoxiao-but he was laughed at by the people of the Song Dynasty.

⑥ release-put down

⑥rule-rule

⑨today-now

⑩Song people-Song people

Note: it is often used in a derogatory sense

11. Villagers to public fame and virtue, preach * * * of (3). The public often takes his brother, son Mai, and his second child, Zhou Yi, to eat. The villagers say, "We are hungry and sleepy, and we want to help your ears with your talents. I am afraid we can't have both."

So the man went to eat alone, holding the rice on his cheeks, returning it, and spitting on the second son. After that, we have to survive and cross the river together. Xi Gong died, with his wing in Shan County (4), dismissed and returned, sitting at the bedside of Gong Ling, and his heart died for three years (5).

Note:

① Xi Gong: Chi Jian, with a word emblem, is known for his erudition and elegance, and his official rank is Qiu. Yongjia Mourning: Jin Huaidi Yongjia Period (AD 3