This paper vividly narrates the story of Zou Ji satirizing the common people of the King of Qi, making the King of Qi enlightened and politically progressive. The "irony" in the title is a verb, which means allegory, especially to persuade people to use euphemistic and tortuous words; "remonstrance" is a noun, which refers to criticism.

This paper consists of four paragraphs and can be divided into three parts.

The first part (1 paragraph) describes that Zou Ji is more beautiful than Xu Gong, and is not complacent with the praise of his wife and concubine, but realizes that it is not easy to speak frankly.

Firstly, the text introduces Zou Ji's figure and appearance, and affirms that he is a handsome man, which is the basis of his self-beauty and praise by others. Here, I will ask my wives and guests, "Who are Xu Hongmei and me in the north of the city?" I want to verify my "beauty" through the appraisal of a third party. The answers of the wives and guests all affirmed that Zou Ji was more beautiful than Xu Gong. It was not until he saw Xu Gong with his own eyes that he "thought he was inferior" and "looked in the mirror, but he was far away". Since he is far less beautiful than Xu Gong, why does everyone say that he is more beautiful than Xu Gong? Obviously, there are their own reasons, so that they have no courage to tell the truth. The three people's answers, although all praise, are obviously different in tone. The words "Jun Shi Mei" were added to the wife's answer to express her preference. She used rhetorical questions to express a very positive and unquestionable tone. My concubine's answer is missing the word "Jun Shi Mei", but she still uses rhetorical questions, which shows her humble position and timid and obedient psychology. The guest's answer not only lacks the word "Jun Shi Mei", but also does not need a strong rhetorical tone. Just categorically affirmed that Zou Ji is more beautiful than Xu Gong, just expressing a social and ingratiating attitude. After calm thinking, Zou Ji understood the reasons why his wife and concubine guests praised him, and prepared to satirize the king of Qi with this metaphor.

The second part (the second paragraph) takes Zou Ji's personal experience as a metaphor to satirize Qi Wang's exclusion of talents.

The content of irony is divided into two layers. On the first level, it is pointed out that there are different reasons for the three answers: wife, concubine and guest, that is, "private minister", "fear of minister" and "desire to follow minister" On the second level, I compare the status of the King of Qi with myself, saying that "ladies-in-waiting all talk about kings", "courtiers are not afraid of kings" and "there is no need for kings within the four borders", all of which are the same as Zou Ji's situation. Here, Zou Ji made an analogy between family affairs and state affairs, and finally came to the conclusion that "the king is ignorant". This metaphorical reasoning method is very appropriate and has achieved good results.

The third part (paragraphs 3 and 4) describes the talents and achievements of the King of Qi.

First, write about the attitude and determination of the King of Qi, then write about the great achievements made at home and abroad, and summarize the far-reaching significance of the King of Qi, which is concise, implicit and meaningful.

Second, the problem research

What are the writing characteristics of this article?

This paper adopts the writing methods of metaphor and reasoning. Starting with the fact used as a metaphor, Zou Ji compared beauty with Xu Gong, from the praise of wives and guests, and Zou Ji's analysis of these words. This part seems to have nothing to do with irony and exhortation on the surface, but it is actually the premise of metaphor and reasoning. Then he wrote Zou Ji's sarcastic suggestion to the king of Qi, and made a positive metaphor, indicating that the king of Qi was easily deceived. Finally, it discusses Zou Ji's great achievements after satirizing the King of Qi from both domestic and foreign aspects. From the full text, the first part is the premise of the second part, the second part is the metaphor itself, and the third part is the inevitable development and result of the second part. The three parts are closely linked and the structure is rigorous. In addition, Zou Ji compared himself and Xu Gong with small things in daily life from himself and the monarch, from family affairs to state affairs, which was very convincing.

Teaching suggestion

The language of this article is simple, the story is vivid and the content is not confusing. If students can read the text notes carefully, they can learn from each other without a teacher. The basic way of teaching should be based on students' self-study and supplemented by teachers' guidance.

Pointing, mainly to grasp exhortation and allegory to inspire students and let them know the deep meaning of this article; Secondly, it is necessary to introduce some background knowledge to make them feel intimate with the content of the story. When these two goals are achieved, the reading speed can be accelerated.

Practice note

Recite the full text first, and how Zou Ji successfully persuaded the king of Qi in his own words; What enlightenment does his persuasion have on our interpersonal communication today?

The purpose of this question is to make students understand Zou Ji's euphemistic persuasion. The advantage of euphemistic persuasion lies in fully respecting the persuaded, enlightening them, understanding the truth, and accepting opinions happily. This practice can still be used for reference in today's interpersonal communication.

Second, distinguish the meanings of the words added in the following sentences.

The purpose of this question is to let students know the ambiguity of words in classical Chinese.

1. Who am I, Xu Hongmei from the north of the city?

Which do you think (careful and thorough)

My wife is very beautiful to me, and I am also private (take ... as a beauty).

Xu Gong is not as good as a gentleman.

3. The ladies-in-waiting are all about the king (preference)

Selfishness is not desirable, so the internal and external laws are different (affair)

4. Put on the royal clothes and look in the mirror (in the morning)

Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei all appeared in front of Qi.

Third, use your imagination to rewrite the story with Zou Ji or Wang Qi as the first person.

This question is intended to let students use their imagination in the process of rewriting.

related data

I. Translation

Zou Ji is more than eight feet tall and handsome. One morning, he put on his coat and hat and said to his wife in the mirror, "I am more beautiful than Xu Gong in the north of the city." His wife said, "You are very beautiful. How can Gong compare with you? " Duke Xu in the north of the city is a handsome man of Qi. Zou Ji didn't believe that he would be more beautiful than Xu Gong, so he asked his concubine, "Who is more beautiful than Xu Gong?" My concubine said, How can you compare with me? The next day, a guest came from outside. Zou Ji sat talking to him and asked him, "Who is more beautiful, Xu Gong or me?" The guest said, "Xu Gong is not as beautiful as you." Another day passed, and Xu Gong came. Zou Ji looked at it carefully and felt that he was not as beautiful as Xu Gong. Looking at myself in the mirror again, I feel far from it. Lying at night thinking about it, she said, "My wife thinks I am beautiful and partial to me; I think I am beautiful because I am afraid of me; The guests think I am beautiful and want something from me. "

So the court visited Qi Weiwang and said, "I really know that I am not as good as Xu Hongmei. My wife is partial to me, my concubine is afraid of me, and my guests want something from me. They all think I am more beautiful than Xugong. Now Qi has a territory of thousands of miles, 120 cities, concubines in the palace, and there is no one who doesn't favor you. No minister in the DPRK is afraid of you; There is not an ordinary person in this country who doesn't want anything from you. From this point of view, your majesty, you have been deeply deceived! "

Qi Weiwang said, "Good!" He gave an order: "all ministers, officials and people who can accuse me of my mistakes face to face will be well paid;" Those who write to me for advice can get a medium salary; Those who criticize and discuss my shortcomings in public and spread them to my ears can get inferior rewards. "When this order came out, all the ministers came to remonstrate, and the gates were like the city; A few months later, occasionally someone came to remonstrate; A year later, even if I want to protest, I have nothing to say.

Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and other countries came to Qi to appear before the court. This is what people call the imperial court to defeat the enemy.

Two. Introduction to Warring States Policy

"The Warring States Policy" is a historical document in the pre-Qin period, with miscellaneous notes about the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties and the affairs of Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Six Kingdoms, it was about 240 years (460-220 BC). There are other titles in this book, such as national affairs, national policies, stories, short-length, long-length books and revised books. The original author's name cannot be verified. After sorting out Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty, it was named "Warring States Policy", which is still in use today.

The content of this book is to record the struggles of strategists and strategists during the Warring States period and their related suggestions or remarks. The characters recorded in the Warring States Policy are very complicated, including Su Qin and other strategists. There are just people, such as Lu Zhonglian, Tang Ju and Yan; Some brave people are not afraid of death, such as Jing Ke and Nie Zheng. These characters are vivid and vividly portrayed.

The article "Warring States Policy" is good at saying things. No matter the personal statement or the debate between the two sides, they all like to exaggerate, play incisively and vividly, speak freely and be very convincing. In addition, they vividly describe the characters, are good at using clever and vivid metaphors, and enhance the appeal of the article through interesting fables.

Three, "Historical Records Tian Duan Family" recorded Zou Ji's deeds.

Li Ji saw Wang Wei playing the drum, and Wang Wei said that he would give up the right room. After a while, Wang Guqin and Yi pushed the door and said, "Good for Guqin!" " Without saying anything, Wang Boran went to the piano, pressed his sword and said, "How can you know what is good without looking?" Avoid Confucius: "The husband's big string is turbid in spring, so you are also; The small string is cheap and clear, and it is also in phase; The depth of holding, the joy of finding, and the order; Those who are harmonious and sound, big and small, benefit, and those who return to evil without harming each other, also at four o'clock; I know its good. " Wang said, "Good pronunciation." Confucius in Li Ji said: "The voice of harmony, the husband governs the country, and the people are all in it." Wang boldly said, "If a husband speaks five tones, he will not believe as a master. If the husband governs the country and kills the people, what does silk have to do with Tong? " Avoid Confucius: "The husband's big string is turbid in spring, so you are also; The small string is cheap and clear, and it is also in phase; Those who seize the depth and give up the pleasure, the law also; Harmony is the sound, big and small are beneficial, evil is not harmful, and it is also four seasons. If the husband is not chaotic, he will rule the country; Therefore, those who follow the road live or die: therefore, people say that piano tones rule the world. Those who govern the country and the people are nothing more than five tones. " Qi Weiwang said, "You speak very well!" ! "

Li Jizi was taken in March. When Chunyu Kun saw it, he said, "That's very kind! If you have a foolish ambition, you are willing to go. " Li Jizi said, "I would like to be taught." Chunyu Kun said, "If you gain all the prosperity, you will lose everything." Miracle said, "I have orders, please don't leave." Chunyu Kun said, "It slipped because it was stuck with thorns, but it couldn't be transported." Miracle said, "I am under orders, please be careful." Chunyu Kun said, "Bow glue used to be dry, so it's closed, but it can't be closed or scattered." Miracle Zi said, "I have been ordered to ask you to be with all the people." Chunyu Kun said: "Although the fox hair is poor, it can't be made up with yellow dog skin." Li Jizhi said: "I was ordered to do things. Please choose a gentleman and don't disturb the villain. " Chunyu Kun said: "The cart is not too big to be permanently loaded; Harp and harp are not comparable, so it can't be pentatonic. " Confucius Miracle said, "I have been ordered to practice the law and supervise traitors." When Chunyu Kun finished speaking, he hurried to the door and said to the servant, "It's a man. If you answer me, you will soon be sealed." Years of residence, sealed under Pi, called Cheng Hou.

Fourth, read "Zou Ji satirizes coachable" (Wu Xiaoru)

Zou Ji satirized Qi Wang's famous work Qi Ce Zhan Guo Ce.

The Warring States Policy is an ancient book between Zi and Shi. It mainly records the thoughts, speeches, diplomatic rhetoric and political opinions represented by strategists during the Warring States period, and also records some historical facts. Some historical records are folk stories, but they are not completely faithful to history. In the lobbying speeches of many strategists, a large number of fables, such as "Smith", "gilding the lily" and "fighting against snails", have been preserved, which belong to the precious wealth in China's cultural heritage treasure house. From a literary point of view, their artistry is outstanding; But from a historical point of view, the authenticity of some of these stories is worth studying.

Zou Ji satirizes Chu Huaiwang, the king of Qi, and tells the story of accepting Zou Ji's advice in the early Warring States period and finally gaining the political power of Qi. The theme of the article is very clear, that is, the ruler is required to listen to different opinions. The reason why a person can listen to different opinions lies in his self-knowledge. This is the focus of the article. As for his political achievements, the situation of Qi's great governance and the concrete process of "defeating the imperial court", although they belong to the proper meaning of the text, they are not the focus of the author's fate, so they are only superficial.

This theme is obviously the conclusion drawn by the author of Warring States Policy from the perspective of political power gains and losses, summing up the experience and lessons of the ruling class in the early feudal society. From the ideological point of view of the article, this is worthy of recognition. But what is more noteworthy is the author's artistic technique of expressing this theme. Some people used to think that the writing of this article is very realistic, but I don't quite agree with it. I think it is more accurate to say that it is close to romanticism. Because the article itself beautifies the monarch and subjects of Qi Weiwang, but it also reflects the author's hope for the emerging feudal ruling class, which makes Qi Weiwang and Zou Ji two typical figures become models that can be taught and dare to speak, and idealizes them. This is the ideological basis of the romantic expression in this article.

This romantic expression can be summarized by the rhetoric of previous critics, that is, the first half is "written in vain" and the second half is "written in vain". It is a historical fact that Qi Weiwang finally established the powerful position of Qi State, one of the seven chivalrous men, in the East. His good advice, from evil to good, is also based on history. Zou Ji bluntly protested to Qi Weiwang, which is of course understandable. However, it is worth studying and considering whether Zou Ji is really so smug about him as a handsome man and finally so open-minded that he emerged from the encirclement of his wives and guests and dared to speak out to persuade Qi Weiwang. I think Zou Ji's peeping glass is more beautiful than Xu Gong in the north of the city, and his wives and guests flatter him. These details are fictitious, either by the author of the Warring States Policy or by Zou Ji himself. Its nature is basically the same as the stories of Smith, gilding the lily and fighting between snipes and mussels in the Warring States Policy, and it is a fable. The difference is that those fables are based on fairy tales or folk stories; Zou Ji, on the other hand, takes himself as the protagonist and tells the story of Qi Weiwang's appearance, which makes people feel more intimate and infectious after reading it, and that's all.

According to the formal article structure, the beginning of this work should be written as follows: Zou Ji is a portrait, went to the court to see Wang Wei, and said, "Try the imperial clothes and look in the mirror ..." Then I finished his story, and then I went on to say, "I honestly know that Xu Hongmei is not as good as Xu Hongmei." But if you write like this, it will be boring and artistic. According to the current writing, the fictional plot mentioned at the beginning of the article is the author's cunning and seems serious. Then, after the narration, the paragraph "So I went to North Korea to see Wang Wei" suddenly followed, and the positive meaning was clearly explained, lively and natural. This is the so-called "virtual writing". This is an artistic exaggeration of literary works, not a faithful record of history. If we understand the essence of the Warring States Policy and know that it is not a complete history book but contains many fictional elements, it will be easier to understand the thinking of this article and accept my ideas.

In the second half of the article, Qi Weiwang's story should be true, or at least based on some facts. But the author exaggerates it. Because no matter how bad Qi Weiwang is, it can't be completely useless from the beginning, which leads to a mountain of opinions and makes critics "crowded". After the first anniversary, even if he turns over a new leaf, it is impossible to reach the point of being a saint at once, leaving people "speechless." It can be seen that this is just a highly generalized and exaggerated technique by the author, which affirms the infinite benefits of coachable reform, makes feudal rulers realize the superiority and effective consequences of doing so, and also expresses what the author's idealized monarch should look like. As for Qi Weiwang's political achievements, the author does not want to describe them in detail from the front; As long as a ruler's attitude and the way of making suggestions are written incisively and vividly, the purpose of shaping ideal people and events will be achieved, even if it is a little unbelievable. This is the so-called "virtual writing". In this way, the first and second paragraphs of the article have achieved the combination of reality and fiction, with the front being as real as the back being as virtual as reality, thus receiving a strong artistic effect.

The structure of this article is also unique, with three layers written from beginning to end. Wife, concubine and guest have three floors; "Egoism", "fear of me" and "what do you want from me" are three layers; There are three layers of people who are "around ladies", "courtiers" and "within four borders". The upper, middle and lower reward three layers; When the order started, a few months later, a year later, there were three floors. These are relatively easy to identify. Looking at it again, Zou Ji's self-righteous beauty has three layers in time for Xu Gong's development: "facing the DPRK", "facing Japan" and "tomorrow". Zou Ji's thought transformation process is also three layers: the first layer is "self-recognition is inferior to oneself", the second layer is "looking in the mirror, but oneself are far away", and then the third layer is "thinking at night" to find the focus of contradiction. The development of the whole situation is also three levels: Zou Ji's self-expression is the first level; Qi Weiwang "ordered" extensive consultation was the second level, and finally all neighboring vassal states came to North Korea. "This so-called victory over the imperial court" is the third level. Of course, the author's writing is not all intentional, but we can get inspiration from it. In short, the structural level of the article is very important, no level is not enough, and too many levels are not enough. Generally speaking, we should always pay attention to the symmetrical beauty, parallelism and progressive (that is, deeper than one layer) function of the structural level. In this respect, this article is really worth learning from later generations.

In addition, in the narrative process, this article is also ingenious in the arrangement of language and sentence patterns. Some narratives and dialogues are repeated, and some have changed greatly. Zou Ji's Three Questions and Three Answers with Wives and Concubines is detailed, repeated and slightly changed. In a word, there are constant changes and small changes in the same. Blindly seeking change, becoming confused, does not conform to our national tradition of writing articles; But if it doesn't change from beginning to end, it's boring. This article is just right, with both changes and tracks. The skill of the article depends on the careful consideration of this place. If we can change and apply this point, it will be of great benefit to improve our writing level.

Finally, I repeat: if someone thinks Zou Ji is really self-righteous and looks in the mirror all day to realize the truth, it is really naive!

Five, Zou Ji satirizes the language art of Qi Wang (Wang Xiangdong)

Zou Ji satirizes Chabr, the king of Qi, which is a short essay with only 343 words. However, its language is very distinctive and worth learning and learning from.

Simple language, without the accumulation of gorgeous words, is one of its characteristics. The article tells the story that Zou Ji used metaphor to persuade Qi Weiwang to emancipate his mind and clarify politics in his daily life, which is very vivid. The author did not use any flowery words, let alone any adjectives, and received a good expression effect. In order to express Zou Ji's image, the author used a very simple narrative and description. At the beginning of the article, the author briefly introduced Zou Ji's appearance with the words "more than eight feet tall, but beautiful in appearance", and then wrote the fact that he asked who was beautiful. In these three questions, the author used a few words to describe Zou Ji's different feelings on each question, which is reasonable, true and credible. When I asked his wife, it was after "dressing in court and looking in the mirror". Between husband and wife, it is natural to ask yourself who is beautiful with others. So this question is not surprising, and the author has nothing surprising. Before asking his concubine again, I added the word "not confident". These three words are well added, and Zou Ji quite means "don't listen to people but believe them". It is because of this "lack of confidence" that I have to ask again. So it's natural to ask again, and it's natural for the author to write. Thirdly, he asked his guests, especially explaining that "the guests are from outside, talk to them." This confession tells the difference between guests and wives: wives and concubines are always together, and guests and "outsiders" This confession shows Zou Ji's "seriousness" in dealing with people and proves Zou Ji's "unconfidence". What follows is that Zou Ji once again "looked in the mirror" and thought about its reasons, and finally realized it, and exhorted Wang Wei with the realized truth. According to the general writing method, when you go to Qi Weiwang for advice, the article can have a few words of praise. However, the author only used one word that Wang Wei said: "goodness". Next, I will write down the actions taken by Wang Wei and their effects, all of which are expressed through simple and honest narration. There is no grandstanding, but it has received a thought-provoking effect. Judging from our situation today, this simple writing style is really desirable.

Vivid language image and dialogue action are its second characteristics. Can simple language be vivid? This article gives us a definite answer. Here, I try to analyze the three answers of wife, concubine and guest to illustrate this problem. After Zou Ji asked questions, he answered them separately. Their answers, with few words and similar meanings, are very in line with the identity characteristics of the characters. His wife replied, "Jun is very beautiful. What is the ratio between the public and the monarch? " When I answered, there was no such thing as "the monarch is very beautiful", only a sentence of "what is the public and the monarch?" The guest did the opposite and replied, "Xu Gong is not as beautiful as a gentleman." The answers of the three people are different, so the author grasps these subtle differences to describe the characters. The wife speaks casually, as long as the husband is happy, he can say whatever he wants. I dare not be my wife's yes-man. Try to say as little as possible. After all, the guest is an "outsider", so be careful what you say, make Zou Ji happy, and don't let people see that he is flattering. His wife is partial to him, my concubine is a little afraid of him, and the guests want something from him, which determines that what these three people say is always contrary to the facts; However, due to their different status and environment, their preferences are also different. Three answers and three differences, three answers and three people, this is the magic of the author's language!

The article is cleverly tailored, and the third feature is to treat ten details with ten omissions. There are 343 words in the full text, and the author used 248 words to write two major events, Zou Jishan asking who is beautiful and Wang Jin's suggestion, accounting for 70% of the space, which is also detailed and detailed. From dressing, looking in the mirror, calling for a wife to asking a concubine, sitting and talking, asking him with guests, seeing Xu Gong, and then looking in the mirror; At dusk, I realized the truth, and finally went to the court to remonstrate, writing ten actions of Zou Ji. This series of actions makes people feel that Zou Ji's admonition and Chen's truth are more credible. Since then, the author has written about Qi Weiwang's reflection and influence in less than 100 words. Compared with before, this paragraph is shorter. However, in this short paragraph, there are still details. The author's attitude in writing Qi Weiwang is very concise, using only one word; Then he wrote out the contents of the order issued by Qi Weiwang in detail, and took pains to list the selection criteria of the third prize of "rewarding in the upper class and rewarding in the lower class", and wrote out the results of "opposing each other by a group of ministers" and "harmony between Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei" brought by civilized politics. This little detail is just right. When writing about the latter, Qi Weiwang said that the word "good" in front deserves a long description. It can be seen that this detail is really detailed and vivid, with endless aftertaste.

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