Egypt at that time was led by the 13-year-old King Ptolemy 13 and his 20-year-old sister Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC)** *The two ruled together, and the two brothers and sisters fought with each other due to disharmony. Ptolemy XIII cut off the head of Pompey, Caesar's rival for the throne, while he was sleeping, and presented it to Caesar in order to gain support, but Cleopatra VII, who was both talented and beautiful, had no choice but to sacrifice her beauty to Caesar. Dedicated to Caesar, Caesar was fascinated by his charm and assisted her in fighting against the hostile citizens of Alexandria, and helped Queen Marie get rid of Ptolemy XIII. However, Caesar only led a few soldiers at that time, and his troops were weak, so he was imprisoned in the palace. Soon after, reinforcements from Asia Minor (Turkey) arrived, and Caesar and Cleopatra 7 finally defeated King Ptolemy's army; Ptolemy 13 drowned while escaping Caesar's pursuit. Around March 47 BC, Caesar defeated Pharmacies, the son of King Mithridates, at Zeal in Asia Minor and declared Vein, vide, vice)" was sent back to Rome. In April 46 BC, Caesar defeated the remnants of the Pompeian faction at the Battle of Tarsus in Tunisia; in March 45 BC, he completely destroyed the remnants of the Pompeian faction at Monad in Spain. power.

(Another theory is that Pompey and his family fled to Egypt. The local three giants killed Pompey and wanted to form an alliance with Caesar. Caesar was very unhappy and thought they were disrespectful to the Romans. In addition, Cleopatra visited the court and decided to start a war with the three devils (the three giants who controlled the king) in the name of regulating the internal conflicts of the Egyptian royal family. However, in any case, Pompey was directly or indirectly eliminated by Caesar. Lost) Publish certain tax rules and prohibit extortion by tax collectors; send bankrupt and unemployed people to colonize sparsely populated areas; allow urban residents in Gaul, Spain and other places to enjoy Roman citizenship; assign Gauls and other Italians to enter the country The Senate promoted the Romanization of various places; built various projects to increase people's employment opportunities; abolished the original old calendar and switched to the Gregorian calendar from Egypt (the famous "Julian Calendar", since B.C. 45.1. 1 Implementation, later revised by Pope Gregory XIII in A.D. 1582, it is still popular in the world). Although the various reforms implemented by Caesar have won the love of the general people, the authoritarian style has also aroused the dissatisfaction of some people. disgust.

The political system of ancient Rome

The "dictatorship" system was originally a temporary measure to deal with extraordinary situations under the democratic political system of ancient Rome. Although the "dictator" held great power during his term in office, he was selected by the "Presbyterian Council" according to legal procedures rather than self-appointed. His power originated from the legal authorization of the "Presbyterian Council". Therefore, the dictatorship of ancient Rome was not a negation of democratic politics, but a contingency of democratic politics under extraordinary circumstances. Moreover, the dictator's dictatorial rule has a certain timeliness. During the nearly hundred years when the dictatorship prevailed, there were eighty-eight dictators in Rome, none of whom served for more than six months. During the reign of Locus Cornelius Sulla and Caesar, the nature of ancient Roman dictatorship began to change, and its terms were gradually extended from six months to one, three, ten, and even life-long terms. However, political commentators at the time generally believed that Roman politics during the reigns of Sulla and Caesar was "tyranny" and "obscenity", and was no longer "dictatorship" in the original sense.

The life of Julius Caesar was an outstanding military strategist, politician and writer in ancient Rome, and a dictator at the end of the Roman Republic. He was born into the famous Julius family in Rome, and his father was a former administrator. He studied rhetoric and speech in his youth and received a good education. In the early days of his political career, he was the leader of the democrats and opposed the aristocracy. He has successively served as financial officer, censor, chief priest and chief judge.

In 60 BC, he formed a three-headed alliance with Pompey and Crassus. They jointly ruled the Roman Empire and were known as the "First Three" in history. In 58 BC, he obtained the position of governor of Gaul and conquered all of Gaul within a few years. Not only did he have a lot of wealth, but more importantly, he trained a powerful army that was loyal to him. In 49 BC, Caesar defeated Pompey and seized power (Crasus had died in a battle against Parthia). In the following years, he gained unlimited dictatorial power, combining the powers of a consul and a dictator into one, becoming a veritable military dictator. The Communist Party and the country exist in name only, and the power of the Senate is gradually reduced. Some measures implemented by Caesar, such as allocating provincial land to 80,000 veterans, alleviating the debts of debtors, punishing corruption and extortion of officials, etc., touched the interests of the senators and aroused the dissatisfaction of the senators and nobles. On March 15, 44 BC, he was stabbed to death by the opposition led by Brutus and Cassius in the Senate Chamber. Caesar left two works of historical value, namely "Gaul Wars" and "Notes on the Civil War".

Gaius Julius Caesar was born in 102 BC, which was an era of serious political crisis in the Roman Republic. At this time, Rome's economic foundation had undergone tremendous changes. It had become the country with the most developed slavery system in the Western classical era. The original small agriculture had been completely replaced by large estates using slave labor on a large scale. Direct military plunder and The squeezing of conquered areas in the form of tribute and other methods caused a large amount of wealth from all over the Mediterranean coast to flow into Italy, accelerating the social differentiation of Rome.

The great changes in the economy will naturally affect the political life of Rome. The conquered land is expanding day by day, the standing army composed of mercenaries is constantly expanding, the slave population is increasing sharply, and the slave population is composed of unemployed small farmers and The homeless class composed of freed slaves also flocked to the capital in large numbers, which required a greatly strengthened state machinery to cope with it. However, the Roman state system at this time was basically still the city-state system of the small commune on the Tiber River. Its civilian government, which is re-elected every year, its citizens' assembly, which has become bloated and ineffective, and its Senate, which is monopolized by a few wealthy nobles who have been in power for generations, are simply unable to adapt to this situation. Since the 1930s BC, people have been proposing various democratic reform plans from different perspectives. However, because they offended the interests of the wealthy aristocrats, they were suppressed by a small group of so-called aristocrats entrenched in the Senate. The opposition of the peace faction failed. Since then, people advocating democratic reform have continued to struggle, and the democratic movement has gradually developed from legitimate demands for reform to taking the form of conspiracy, riots and even civil war. In 82 BC, Sulla, the protector of the wealthy nobles, suppressed the opposition with a bloody massacre, and the democratic movement fell silent for a while. But the massacre could not eliminate the root cause of the demand for reform. Soon after Sulla's death, the democratic movement made a comeback. At this time, the incompetence of the Roman aristocracy and government, the turmoil of the social order, and the tyranny of the military had greatly weakened the country's power. By the 1970s of the first century BC, the situation finally developed to an extremely dire situation. level of concern. The attacks from the powerful neighbors in the east and the separatism of the western provinces were yet to come. The most serious ones were the rampant pirates in the Mediterranean and the slave uprising led by Spartacus. The rampant pirates not only made life difficult for the people along the coast, but even Rome was in danger of running out of food because of the inability to transport food from overseas. The slave uprising caused Italy to suffer the heaviest military disaster since the Hannibal War, and fundamentally shook the slaves of Rome. system, which struck down the slave economy. Slave revolts forced slave owners to make certain changes in the way they exploited slaves and managed their fields, and also forced slave owners to change the methods they used to control their slaves. More importantly, they were forced to change the political system and political system that could no longer guarantee the economic development of slavery. As the revolutionary teacher Engels pointed out: "...when the state power within a certain country is in an oppositional position to its economic development - until now, almost all political power is like this at a certain stage of development - —The struggle always ends with the overthrow of political power." It was under such circumstances that Caesar entered the political arena.

Caesar was born into an ancient but fallen aristocratic family in Rome. Because he was related to the older generation of democratic leaders Marius and Chennai, he was harassed and harassed by the aristocrats in his youth. The exclusion of the political faction forced him to stand on the side of the democrats from the beginning, and gradually became the leader of the opposition. At the same time, he was promoted step by step from financial officer, public works officer to judicial officer. But at this time, he had no other political capital except for his huge appeal among the homeless people on the streets. For this reason, he tried to establish a relationship with Cnaeus Pompey, who had great power in the army at the time, and representatives of wealthy people. They formed the "Three Alliance" with Marcus Crassus, the richest man in Rome of the so-called knightly class. Of course, these three people represent three different interest groups, and they only got together because they were also squeezed out by the aristocratic factions and factions that controlled the Senate. With the unanimous support of these two men, Caesar was elected consul in 59 BC, but due to the constraints of the Senate, he did not achieve much.

At this time, after more than half a century of political turmoil, the leaders of any faction in the Roman ruling group realized from practical experience that in order to control political power, there must first be an armed force. Only by using force can we make a difference in politics. Therefore, after Caesar's term as consul expired, he tried his best to win over the province of Gaul to serve as provincial governor. The purpose was to take advantage of the opportunity in Gaul to train an army of his own as a political backing; at the same time, in Gaul, By expanding territory and plundering slaves, Lu could also gain a reputation among the Roman slave-owning class and take the opportunity to accumulate a large amount of wealth as capital for future political activities.

Caesar went to Gaul in 58 BC and returned to Italy in early 49 BC. During his nine years in Gaul, according to Plutarch, he slaughtered a million people and captured a million more. He and his generals became wealthy, allowing him to spread bribes throughout Rome, even to the favored slaves of important people. He also held various performances among civilians, distributed large sums of money, and built a large number of projects in many towns in Italy, which not only curried favor with the contractors, but also with the civilians who obtained job opportunities. As a result, his reputation among Italian citizens gradually surpassed that of the other two members of the "Three Alliance". In particular, he used Gaul as a training ground to train a military force that was the most capable of fighting in the Republic of China at that time. An army, and it is an army that only knows Caesar and does not know a country.

Caesar’s success stimulated Crassus, who rushed to the east in 63 BC to launch a war against Parthia (i.e. Parthia), hoping to achieve the same success as Caesar there, but unexpectedly The whole army was wiped out and died there. This left the original "Triple Alliance" that was at odds with each other, leaving only the two heroes Caesar and Pompey standing side by side. They were increasingly suspicious of each other, coupled with the instigation of some people in the Senate, and the death of Caesar's daughter due to dystocia, etc. For reasons (Caesar had married his daughter to him in order to maintain the alliance), Pompey finally broke with Caesar and officially sided with the Senate, becoming the leader of the aristocratic political faction to fight against Caesar. In 49 BC, Caesar led his army into Italy with lightning speed. Pompey was caught off guard and fled from Rome in a hurry with all the government personnel and the Senate, crossed the sea and entered Greece, only to see Italy fall into Caesar's hands. The following winter, Caesar also rushed to Greece and defeated Pompey's main force at the battle of Pharsales. Pompey fled to Egypt and was killed on the spot by the Egyptians. Caesar reunified the country after purging Pompey's remnants from other places.

The process by which Caesar purged the remnants of Pompey's party, province by province, was also the process of sweeping away the residual influence of the Roman aristocratic party and system and establishing a new ruling machine. Therefore, the Roman state reunified by Caesar is no longer the old Roman Republic that was weak and procrastinating in times of trouble. It is already a brand new centralized military dictatorship. It has been able to command the whole country in a unified way just like the body uses its arms and the arms use its fingers. This will definitely be beneficial to the economic development and cultural exchanges in various regions along the Mediterranean coast.

It was less than four years from the time Caesar unified the Roman country to his death, but in such a short period of time.

In the spring of 52 AD, a great uprising against Roman rule broke out throughout Gaul. The main force of the rebel army set up a strong camp in the city of Alicia in northern Gaul. It was an almost impenetrable castle, and the Romans had no choice but to mount a long siege. Caesar mobilized all his troops here, and 200,000 Gallic rebels also gathered under the city of Alicia. A fierce battle between the two sides was inevitable. Before the battle began, the Centaurs built a strong wall around the city of Arisia. Caesar hoped that these complex and strong fortifications could prevent the Gauls from attacking and supplement the lack of his own troops. The Gallic rebels first attacked the Roman fortifications from both inside and outside at the same time. Under the cover of shields, group after group of Gauls rushed up like ants. During the battle, the Roman legions suffered huge losses and their morale began to decline. Especially after the Roman standard bearer was cut down, the Roman position began to look a little chaotic. A young Roman soldier was panic-stricken and suddenly found that the tower where Caesar had just stood was empty. At the same time, the Roman cavalry on the right side of the camp gave up their position and galloped away at full speed. The young man was desperate. Suddenly, the Roman soldiers standing behind the fence discovered that the Gauls' offensive had suddenly weakened. The Gauls who had been charging at the Roman fortifications just now stopped charging. Their team dispersed, and what appeared in the Romans' sight was actually their own cavalry. It turned out that Caesar commanded his cavalry to attack the rear of the Gauls and give them a fatal blow. After just a few rounds, the Gauls began to switch from attacking to fleeing. After that, all the Gauls surrendered. The Battle of Alicia ended unexpectedly. Caesar faced off with an army of nearly 250,000 Gauls with an army of 60,000, and unexpectedly turned the tide of the battle with a cavalry sneak attack and won a decisive victory.

The "Triple Alliance" of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus could not last long. They were in a relationship of mutual use. Crassus was killed in the war, turning the original three-person alliance into a situation where Caesar and Pompey stood side by side. At this time, Caesar's daughter died, which meant that the marriage relationship between Caesar and Pompey was interrupted, and the struggle for power between the two was inevitable. So a civil war broke out between the slave owners.

In 50 BC, the aristocratic Senate headed by Pompey, worried that Caesar would establish a dictatorship, passed a resolution refusing to extend Caesar's term as governor of Gaul and ordered him to disband the army. Caesar refused to carry out this decision. At that time, most of his army was stationed in northern Gaul, with only one legion and some auxiliary troops around him. In order to seize the fighting opportunity, after some careful planning, Caesar decisively led an army in January 49 BC to cross the Bicon, the boundary river between Italy and the provinces of Gaul, and attack the Italian Empire with lightning speed. March to Rome. Unprepared, Pompey's opposition hurriedly led a group of senators and two executors to leave Rome and fled to Greece. In November of the same year, Caesar unexpectedly landed in Greece with 7 legions. In the spring of the following year, 4 more legions and 1 cavalry were added. In June, Caesar and Pompey fought a decisive battle in Pharsalus, Greece. Caesar completely defeated Pompey. Pompey fled to Egypt and was killed by the Egyptian king. In 45 BC, Caesar achieved his military dictatorship.

Caesar fought all his life, was resourceful and decisive, and was good at seizing opportunities. Especially in unfavorable situations, he could persist in his strategic intentions with tenacious will and reverse the situation of the war, showing his extraordinary ability. His superb military art left an unparalleled reputation in the history of Rome and the world. Created by Liu Hongping.

Historians recorded the power of Caesar’s campaign in this way: “Like a whirlwind, he captured eight hundred towns, conquered three hundred tribes, and fought many fierce battles with three million people. "Slaughter a million people and take a million people into slavery." This passage probably describes his experience during the conquest of Gaul.

Caesar fought countless battles in his life, but in the movie "Caesar", there were not many war scenes, or to be precise, there was only one, and that was the war besieging the Gor people. I don't know about the movie The Gor people in it refer to whoever was at that time, but it is enough to show the power of Caesar.

The leader of the Gore people drove their women and children out of the city, hoping that they would become Caesar's burden. For the shrewd Caesar, this was simply an underestimation of his wisdom and will.

Everyone knows Rome’s successive conquests, including their civil wars, first between Sulla and Marius, then Pompey and Caesar, and then Octavian and Antony. When the film begins, Sulla has emerged victorious and is terrorizing the senatorial councilors. Caesar was still just an accomplished officer, but Sulla decided to execute him because he let his enemies go and thought he might be harmful in the future, but Pompey, Caesar's future enemy, saved his life.

Caesar did not die at the hands of pirates. When Pompey went out to fight against pirates, he managed Rome in an orderly manner and was promoted to consul. However, this did not make Caesar happy because he watched helplessly. Pompey triumphed again and again, but he didn't have any political capital.

Her daughter’s true and false love for Pompey won him the initial army. After eight years of campaign, Caesar gained enough political capital. Of course, it was he and Pompey who had a showdown at this time. At that time, Pompey died at the hands of the snobbish Egyptians. His death seemed to pave the way for the encounter between Caesar and Cleopatra.

Caesar’s political ambitions continued to grow. Unexpectedly, the God of Death had slowly summoned him, and everyone knew the final outcome.

In 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by members of parliament led by Marcus Brutus. After Caesar's death, his nephew and adopted son Octavian defeated Antony to create the Roman Empire and became the first emperor. There are different opinions in history about the relationship between Octavian and Caesar. The mainstream historical view is that Octavian was Caesar's nephew (that is, the grandson of Caesar's sister) and was later adopted by Caesar as his adopted son. After Caesar's death, the "Later Triumvirate" of Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed. In the subsequent political struggles, Octavian won the victory and became the consul of Rome. He still followed the route of his "adopted father" (or uncle) and implemented a dictatorship. He was later named "Augustus" by the Senate. ", becoming a generational hero.