In his early years, he studied under Xia Zi, and Wei Wenhou thought that Guo Xiang was in charge of political reform. Economically, the policy of "making the best use of everything" and "making peace" is implemented to encourage farmers to intensively cultivate and increase production. The state buys surplus grain at parity in good years and sells it at parity in poor years to balance food prices; It advocates sowing multiple food crops at the same time to prevent famine. Politically, in the early Warring States period, Wei became a powerful country by implementing the rule of law, abolishing the system of advocating aristocratic privileges, and rewarding those who made contributions to the country. The Code compiled by the laws of various countries at that time was the first relatively complete code in ancient China, which has been lost. His thoughts of "attaching importance to agriculture" and "ruling by law" had a great influence on Shang Yang and Han Fei.
Zhou An died in the seventh year (395 BC).
Basic introduction Chinese name: alias: Ji Chong, Li Dui Nationality: Wei Nationality: Huaxia Nationality: Wei Anyi (now Yuncheng, Shanxi Province) Date of birth: Fourteen years of Zhou Pingzhen (first 455 years (the year of Yiyou)) Date of death: seventh year of Wang An of Zhou Dynasty (first 395 years (the year of Xu Bingnian)) Occupation: politician and jurist.
The representative work of abolishing hereditary aristocratic privilege: Fa and Mei advocates: illegal antiquity, not continuing the present status: master, ancestor of legalism: Gui Guzi's life, major achievements, politics, economy, law, agriculture, personal works, anecdotes and allusions, character evaluation, and character life against etiquette. Legalists attach importance to law and oppose Confucian "rites". In their view, the emerging landlord class at that time opposed the hereditary privilege of monopolizing economic and political interests by nobles and demanded private ownership of land, which was a fair and correct proposition. The etiquette system of maintaining aristocratic privileges is backward and unfair. The first function of law is to "resolve disputes", that is, to clarify the ownership of things. Shen Dao, one of the legalists, made a very simple analogy: "A rabbit went and a hundred people chased it. Accumulate rabbits in the market and ignore them. No rabbits, no arguments. " A rabbit ran away, and many people chased it, but they didn't look at so many rabbits in the market. It's not that you don't want rabbits, but that the ownership has been determined and you can't argue any more, otherwise you will violate the law and be punished. The second function is to "make meritorious deeds and fear violence", that is, to encourage people to make meritorious deeds and make those who are lawless feel afraid. The ultimate goal of prosperity is to make Qiang Bing rich and win the war of annexation. Legalists believe that all people have the nature of "loving and hating others" or "avoiding harm for profit". As Guan said, a businessman runs around day and night, driving thousands of miles doesn't feel far, because interests attract him ahead. Fishermen are not afraid of difficulties and dangers, and they don't care if they sail against the current for a hundred miles. It is also the pursuit of fishing interests. Based on the same idea, Shang Yang came to the conclusion: "There are likes and dislikes in life, so the people can cure them." Legalists who are "against the past and not from now on" oppose conservative retro ideas and advocate determined reform. They believe that history is developing forward, and all laws and systems should develop with the development of history, neither retrogressive nor conformist. Shang Yang clearly put forward the idea of "violating the past and not following the present". Han Fei further developed Shang Yang's proposition that "time-shifting chaos is difficult to cure", and he satirized the conservative Confucianism as a fool waiting for him. The general plan of governing the country by law, technique and situation Shang Yang, Shen Dao and Shen Buhai respectively advocate attaching importance to law, situation and technique, each with its own characteristics. When Han Fei, a master of legalism, put forward the idea of combining the three closely. Law refers to perfecting the legal system, and potential refers to the power of the monarch, and it is necessary to monopolize the military and political power. Art refers to the strategies and means of controlling ministers, mastering political power and enforcing laws and regulations. It is mainly to detect and prevent the crime of rebellion and maintain the status of the monarch. Legalist thought is fundamentally different from the form of democracy and rule of law advocated by contemporary society. The biggest thing is that legalists strongly advocate the centralization of monarchy, and it is absolute. Pay attention to this. Other thoughts of legalists can be used for reference and utilization selectively. The main achievements are political selection of talents and strict rewards and punishments. Li Kui advocated the abolition of hereditary aristocratic privileges, and put forward the famous saying that "where there is food, there is work, there is credit, where there is ability, there is reward, and where there is punishment, there is punishment". Li Kui called those who got something for nothing an adulteress, and wanted to be "people from all directions, because he took the wealth of an adulteress". This is the first time in the history of China to challenge the decadent and backward hereditary system. Due to the abolition of the hereditary system, a group of privileged people who were useless and harmful to the country were driven out of the political arena, and some people from the ordinary landlord class were able to enter the political arena because of their military exploits or their talents. This actually started the struggle of the landlord class against the slave owners and nobles, and opened the way for the feudal system to replace slavery in the future. Due to this reform, Wei's "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system was greatly weakened. In the future, the monarch has no right to govern the people in the food city, and only pays the food and clothing tax; The bureaucracy has improved and the political situation has become better. Economically, the "full use of soil" and "leveling method" are mainly implemented (see the record in Hanshu Food for details). To put it simply, trying our best is to distribute farmers' cultivated land in a unified way, and urge farmers to work hard and increase production. Grain-leveling law means that the state buys stored grain at a low price when the grain is abundant, and sells it to farmers at a low price when the grain is famine, so that the surplus grain is insufficient to prevent the high grain from disturbing the people or hurting farmers. The implementation of this law greatly promoted the development of agricultural production in Wei State and made Wei State rich and strong. Li Kui and Li Kui thought that "serving the country, taking food as a job, taking merits as a career, taking rewards and punishments as a career" and "robbing the adulterer of money and being a scholar on all sides". Distinguishing rewards and punishments and appointing people on their merits were very popular legalist ideas in the Warring States period. At that time, many countries became rich and strong because of the implementation of these ideas. As far as economic strategy is concerned, Li Kui's main proposition is to educate people as much as possible. He believes that the harvest of the field is in direct proportion to the labor paid for it. "Diligent in the field, three fights will benefit, and if you are not diligent, you will lose." Others believe that high grain is not conducive to civilian industry and commerce, while low grain hurts farmers. A good ruler must give consideration to the interests of civil servants, industry and commerce and farmers. He pointed out that a small family of five, in addition to food and clothing, taxes and sacrifices, also loses money in 450 yuan every year, which is the reason why farmers live in poverty and are not at ease with their fields. In view of this situation, he formulated the leveling method, that is, the harvest year was divided into three grades: large, medium and small, and the grain was collected from farmers in proportion; Famine years are also divided into big hunger, medium hunger and small hunger. Grain harvested in famine years and bumper harvest years is distributed to farmers, and so on. In this way, food prices in famine years will not skyrocket, and farmers will not flee or disperse because of this. Because we can "take more than we can make up for it" and "if the country goes to Wei, it will be rich and strong." "Do your best" is a "agriculture-oriented policy". Li Kui wrote Teaching to the Best of Our Ability for Wei Wenhou. He calculated that within 100 square miles, there are 90,000 hectares of land, and 60,000 hectares of land can be cultivated in addition to one-third of the people living in Yamazawa. "If you are diligent in farming, you will benefit three times. If you are not diligent, you will lose money (reduce production). " That is to say, the annual output of Baili Land will increase by1800,000 stone or decrease by1800,000 stone due to diligence and non-diligence. This figure is very important, so farmers must be encouraged to produce. Law In order to further carry out the reform and consolidate the reform results, Li Kui collected the criminal codes of various countries, wrote a book "Classic of Law", and published it in Wei Wenhou, making it a law, affirming and protecting the reform in the form of law, and fixing the feudal legal rights. The Classic of Law is divided into six chapters, namely, theft law, thief law, prison law, arrest law, miscellaneous law and armed law. Records of the Criminal Law of the Book of Jin said: Writing the Classic of Law, "I thought that kings should not steal in a hurry, so their laws began with thieves; Thieves must have been arrested illegally, so I wrote two articles, Net and Arrest. They are contemptuous and cunning, overstep the territory, play games, borrow fakes, and overstep the system, thinking that they are miscellaneous laws; ..... "The compilation of" Legal Classics "is a great contribution of Li Kui in the legal system. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin and Zheng made a tripod or a book of punishment and published new legal provisions. In the Warring States period, with the change of historical conditions, more and more new written codes appeared. Li Kui "wrote the laws of various countries" and amended six laws, including theft, thieves, prisoners, arrests, miscellaneous items and equipment. Theft refers to criminal activities that infringe on property. Thieves are guards and will be executed in serious cases. Peeping into the palace and picking up the remains will be punished by licking and gouging out, which shows that even if there is only a motive to occupy other people's property, it still constitutes a criminal act. The Thief Law is a provision on the crime of homicide and injury, which stipulates that whoever kills one person dies and loses his home and his wife's home; Whoever kills two people loses his mother's home. "Prison" and "Arrested" are two articles about illegally catching thieves. The content of miscellaneous laws covers a wide range, including the following categories: ① obscenity. It is forbidden for a husband to have two wives or a wife to have one husband. (3) sly prohibition. Piracy related crimes, discuss national laws and regulations. 3 city ban. A rule prohibiting people from crossing the city. 4 banter is forbidden. Gambling is prohibited. (5) only prohibited. People are forbidden to gather. 6 gold ban. Officials are prohibited from corruption and bribery. If the Prime Minister is required to take bribes, all localities will be punished, and all those who take bribes below Xi will be put to death. Law is the general principle and preface of code. After the appearance of Fa Jing, Wei used it all the time, and it was brought to Qin by Shang Yang. Qin law was born out of law, and Han law inherited it, so law played a very important role in the history of ancient Chinese law. The agricultural pioneers of the physiocratic school did their best to teach and make Wei rich and strong. Li Kui's best teaching is not detailed, but we can only get a glimpse of it from the record of "Shihuozhi" in Hanshu. He pointed out: "Hundreds of miles of land is 90,000 hectares. Excluding the three points where Yamazawa lives, it is 6 million mu of land. Diligent cultivation leads to three liters of land. If you are not diligent, you will lose one thing. The increase or decrease of hundreds of miles is a millet of1800,000. "Farmers are lazy because they can't get rid of poverty all the time, which leads to a reduction in grain production and an increase in food prices. But "Yao is very expensive and hurts people and farmers; People are scattered and farmers are poor. "For a ruler," it's expensive and cheap, and it hurts. " Also, "those that are beneficial to the country will protect the people from harm and benefit the farmers." "Li Kui's physiocracy reached its peak in the hands of Shang Yang. He inherited Li Kui's method and developed it. He realized that "the country is rich and strong, and the agricultural war is also", "the farmers eat less and the country is poor and dangerous"; Moreover, the result of "less farming and more business" is "poor aristocrats, poor businesses and poor farmers", so we try our best to restrain the last industry (especially business) and make the tourist groups tend to agriculture in order to achieve the purpose of "fighting for agriculture" and "benefiting the people". The Historical Draft of Shang Yang's Reform says: "The big and small poke the industry, and farming and weaving will revive the millet. "In the end, those lazy and poor people think they will be rewarded." So as not to reward farming and weaving, and to punish industry and commerce and lazy poverty by collecting official slaves. After ten years of travel, the family has given enough to people. In order to make the best use of everything, it is to "open up and seal the border", expand cultivated land and let the people cultivate it themselves. This made the private ownership of land recognized by law, declared the end of the old farmland system and created the prosperity of Qin State. "The Art of War" said, "There are hundreds of thousands of armour. If people have surplus food, they can have food." Whether a country is rich and strong by emphasizing commerce or agriculture, it must be in the hands of rulers to play its role. Therefore, while seeking the overall wealth of national strength, the rulers are also accumulating. Rong Wang heard of Qin Miaogong's offering, so he appointed Guan Yu as Qin, and Qin Miaogong accumulated in the palace. Qin Miaogong's title is sage, but even so, there are not enough people below. During the Warring States period, countries mainly accumulated millet. Su Qin said that Qi Xuanwang said: "Su Qi is like an autumn mountain"; It is said that, and Yan said: "ten years of millet." The accumulated results will certainly increase the burden on the people. After seeing the accumulation of Qin Miao Palace, Yu Yu said with emotion: "It's hard to be a ghost; If you make people do it, you will suffer the people. " After the reform of the land system and tax system, the land rent was changed from providing labor services (helping workers and lending) to collecting in kind (paying taxes by mu and renting grain). The result of "decreasing everywhere" made the tax burden fair, but it also made the tax rate exceed the original limit. Lu Aigong likes to say "Two, I'm still not enough", and this "two" is definitely heavier than the eleventh, if not two tenths. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the situation of Qi was: "The people have their strength, and the second is in the public, and food and clothing are one of them. Public gathering rot, three old people are frozen. " The state of Jin is also "attacked by the common people", and the palace is extravagant; The avenue is opposite, and the woman is rich and overflowing; When people hear about public life, they seem to run away. "Wei Wenhou pointed out more frankly:" Today's hukou is not added, but rented for several years, because there are more classes. "Hanshu" Therefore, the pursuit of wealth in the situation of multi-country competition means that the monarch is rich, the peasants are still poor, and the uneven distribution of interests between the upper and lower levels is becoming more and more serious. The call for equality is timely. Li Kui's works are recorded in his personal book "History of Han Art and Literature", including 32 legalists and 7 Confucian Li Ke. Ten Plums, written by a military tactician, may also be written by Li Kui. Li Kui's thoughts and techniques belong to the category of Legalists, so most of his works belong to Legalists. Because he has a certain relationship with Xia Zi School, some of his works are inevitably Confucian, and it is not unreasonable to list them as Confucianism in Yiwenzhi. The above three works have long been lost, but in the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were some strange works handed down from generation to generation. Such as Zhu Zhu and Li cited in Wenxuan Fu. Because Li Ke and he are two people in Hanshu, many scholars in later generations think that they are legalists and Li Ke is Confucian. Legal classics have long since ceased to exist. Only Huan Tan's New Theory has a brief description of the contents of the Classic of Law, and the Criminal Law of Jin Dynasty has a similar record. The new theory has been lost, and the seven national examinations mentioned by Dong Ming still retain a copy of the Classic of Law introduced by Huan Tan, which is an important basis for us to understand the Classic of Law today. Ma Guohan's Collection of Books on Hanyushan House in Qing Dynasty contains Fa Jing, which is mixed with words such as Buddha statue and Buddha statue, which is caused by misquoting other books. It is hard to believe. Anecdotal story Wei Wenhou told Li Kui: "My husband once taught me:' If the family is poor, you want a good wife; if the country is in turmoil, you want a good man'". Now it is necessary to arrange a prime minister, either Wei or Wei. What do you think of these two people? Li Kui replied, "I heard that humble people don't think of noble people, and alienated people don't think of close people. My duty is outside the palace gate, and I dare not undertake this task. Hou Wen said, "Sir, don't refuse this matter." Li Kui said, "This is because you didn't pay attention to the inspection. See who he is close to at ordinary times, who he keeps when he is rich, who he recommends when he is rich, what he doesn't do when he is frustrated and what he doesn't want when he is poor. These five rules are enough to decide who will be the prime minister. Why do you need to rely on me, Li Kui! " Hou Wen said, "Sir, go home. My Prime Minister has decided. " Wei Wenhou Li Kui walked out quickly and visited Huang Zhai's home. Huang Zhai said: "Today, I heard that the monarch summoned Mr. Wang to choose the prime minister. Who will become the prime minister? " Said: "Wei's became the prime minister." Huang Zhai's face changed with anger. He said, "According to what I have seen and heard, how much worse am I than Wei? Wuqi, commander of Xihe River, was recommended by me. The monarch was most worried about Ye Jun, so I recommended Ximen Bao. The monarch plans to attack Zhongshan, and I recommended Yang Le. After Zhongshan was destroyed, I couldn't send someone to guard it. I recommend that Mr. Jun Gongzi has no master, so I recommend Qu Houfu. I am worse than Wei! Li Kui said, "Did you recommend me to your monarch for the purpose of cliques and seeking high officials and high salaries? How can you compare with Wei? Wei's salary has thousands of hours, nine tenths of which are spent outside and one tenth at home, so he hired cloth, Tian Zifang and Duan Ganmu from the East. These three men are regarded as teachers by the monarch. The five people you recommended are all ministers of the monarch. How can you compare with Wei? Huang Zhai hesitated, bowed twice and said, "I, Huang Zhai, am a shallow person, and my words are very inappropriate." . I am willing to be your disciple all my life. Sima Qian commented on Sima Qian and said: "Wei is used to strengthen the power of the monarch. Ban Gu called Li Kui "a rich country, Qiang Bing". These records show that Wei contributed a lot to his prosperity. Li Kui is the prime minister of Wei. Sima Qian's "The Portrait of Wei" was the beginning of China's political reform, which had a far-reaching influence in the history of China. At that time, it was a great shock to other countries, which triggered the first vigorous national reform in China's history and paved the way for the transition from slavery to feudalism. Later, the famous Shang Yang political reform and Wuqi political reform were influenced by Li Kui's political reform.