The proliferation of literary inquisition in Qing Dynasty has its special historical reasons. The Qing Dynasty brought ethnic minorities into the Central Plains. According to the traditional concept of the Han nationality, it is called "Lu Chen in the Central Plains" and "the sky is dark and the sun and the moon are dark", which has quite strong national hostility among the Han intellectuals with authentic Confucian culture. After the large-scale and organized anti-Qing armed struggle ended, the anti-Qing ideological trend spread among the people through various forms of written works, and combined with the anti-Qing riots aimed at restoring the Ming Dynasty, which made the Manchu rule restless. Yong Zhengdi once said: "There has never been a different surname, and there are many people who surrendered to their descendants in the previous dynasty. No one like this dynasty has ever pretended to be Zhu, which shocked people. If this is the case. "

During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty (1661-1722), there were more than twenty literary prisons. Among them, Zhuang Ting's "Ming History" case was the most shocking, which happened during the minister's assistant administration (166 1- 1669). 17 1 1 Dai Mingshi Nanshan Collection. Generally speaking, the Kangxi period adopted a policy of softening and tolerating intellectuals, and the rulers did not regard the literary inquisition as a conscious policy to suppress the thoughts of anti-Qing intellectuals or Han literati. Gu's collection of poems and essays published at that time and Wang Fuzhi's Zi Zhi Tong Jian all had obvious strong national sentiment and were not investigated.

Yong Zhengdi was in office for a short time (1723- 1735), and nearly 20 cases were recorded. In the early days of Yongzheng's accession to the throne, as a by-product of the power struggle within the ruling group, there were several literary inquisitions; In the late Yongzheng period, several literary inquisitions turned to suppress the anti-Qing thoughts and national integrity of Han intellectuals. At the beginning of Yongzheng's accession to the throne, he promoted Dayu many times on the charge of "cronies", and punished the old enemies such as Eight Emperors and Nine Emperors who competed for the throne, domineering ministers such as Nian Gengyao and Longkedo, and Han Chinese officials who formed Kejia clique. In the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), Hunan scholars Ceng Jing and Zhang Xi instigated Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Shaanxi but Gansu Province, to revolt, which triggered a major case of Ceng Jing Wenzi Prison-Lv Liuliang case. Since then, there have been two new trends in literary inquisition: first, literary inquisition has been consciously regarded as an important means to suppress the national consciousness and national integrity of Han intellectuals; The second is to accuse bees, and most literary prisons are raised from the bottom up. Some local officials regard finding taboo words as a way to win trust.

During the Qianlong period (1735-1795), there were more than 100 literary inquisitions, especially in the middle period of Qianlong, which was the period with the densest websites in China and the most literary disasters in the Three Dynasties. The purpose of Daxing Literary Prison in Qianlong is to completely eliminate the anti-Qing national consciousness of Han people. In fact, most of the victims of the literary inquisition did not spread anti-Qing thoughts. Some people just expressed a trace of dissatisfaction with shaving and changing clothes, some were attached to the Ming Dynasty and lamented their own situation. More victims are purely the result of the rulers' greed for literature, far-fetched attachment and catching shadows. The literary inquisition in the Qianlong dynasty reached the point of madness, cruelty and absurdity. Mr. Lu Xun once made an incisive summary of the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty: people always thought that the curse of words came from mocking and cursing the Qing Dynasty, but it was not entirely true. Some are reckless; Some are crazy; Some country songs are pedantic and elegant, and I really don't know the taboo; There are also ignorant people in the wild who really care about the royal family. ...

Hazards of literary inquisition: (1) It has a bad influence on ideology, culture and scholar's ethos. Gong Zizhen famously said, "I am afraid of hearing the literary inquisition, and writing a book is only for fanfan." When I heard the literary inquisition in my speech, I was so scared that I immediately hid. Scholars make a living by writing books and dare not express their opinions. This is a true portrayal of the consequences of the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty. Reading and writing are always in trouble, so scholars have to lose their thoughts and integrity, or stick to stereotyped writing and recite the teachings of Confucius, Mencius and Zhu Cheng in order to enter the imperial examination. Or stay away from sensitive academic fields and reality and devote all your energy to exegesis and textual research, which is called the study of Ganjia in history. (2) The literary inquisition corrupted the official atmosphere. Most officials in the Qing dynasty passed the imperial examination. As literati, they may become victims of literary inquisition; As bureaucrats, they are also the makers or accomplices of the literary inquisition. On the one hand, they don't want to touch the net and die; On the other hand, I don't want to be convicted because I didn't effectively execute the emperor's imperial edict and couldn't strictly investigate the responsibility of writing. So they had to develop in the direction of prudence, no thought and no moral integrity.