Hitler was born in Braunau, Austria on April 20th, 1889. My father is a customs officer with a bad temper and often drinks and beats children. The mother is gentle and loves her children. My father is 23 years older than my mother. Hitler in primary school was naive, lively, disciplined and got excellent grades. Later, in his father's neglect and his mother's doting, Hitler gradually formed an introverted, stubborn, imaginative, bohemian, excitable and irritable character, and his academic performance declined, but he was extremely interested in German history and fairy tales. The history of the Germanic nation aroused his strong national consciousness. 1903, my father died of illness, and the whole family lived on my mother's work and widow's pension. Hitler applied for the Vienna Institute of Art twice in 1907 and 1908, but neither was accepted. 1907 65438+ In February, my mother died. 1908 In February, Hitler left his sister in the care of his half-sister, while he went to Vienna to do odd jobs or sell copy paintings? Mouth, influenced by the Pan-Germanic National Party. Hitler later claimed, "Vienna was and still is the most difficult school in my life. The world outlook and philosophy of life formed there have become a solid foundation for all my future actions. Apart from the foundation laid at that time, there is little need to learn or change anything in the future. This world outlook and philosophy of life is that "the reason why human beings are the spirit of all things is not based on the principle of human nature, but only through the most barbaric struggle ... without struggle, we can't live."
1903, Hitler came to Munich, Germany. In August 2004, Hitler joined the Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16. Later, he took part in the battles of Ipsos and Somme River, won the Iron Cross Medal for bravery and was promoted to corporal.
After the defeat of Germany, Hitler decided to devote himself to politics. 19 19 In September, Hitler was ordered by the Army Political Department to investigate the "German Workers' Party" in Munich. After Hitler's speech at the party rally caught the attention of his leaders, he was invited to join the party and became a member of the party responsible for propaganda work. 1920 In February, Hitler pointed out in the Twenty-Five Points Program that all Germans should be unified in a powerful and great German country, and the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Saint Sherman should be abolished. In April, Hitler left the army and changed the "German Workers' Party" to "National Socialist German Workers' Party" (according to the abbreviation of "National Socialism" in Germany, the Nazi Party for short). Later, Hitler organized a picket team named Sports Club for the Nazi Party (192 1, 1, changed to stormtroopers). Hitler adopted it? National emblem, red, white and black designed by yourself? In the middle is party flag. "Red symbolizes the social significance of our movement, while white symbolizes nationalism. This word symbolizes the mission of Aryans' victorious struggle. "192 1 in July, he revised the Nazi party party constitution, reorganized the Nazi party, established the principle of leadership, became the party chairman, and had dictatorial power. Since then, there has been a "head of state" in German politics. 1923, Hitler turned the People's Observer into a Nazi newspaper.
The rise of Nazi leader Hitler
1923165438+1On the evening of October 8, Hitler launched a "beer shop riot" in Munich, detained Bavarian military and political officials and announced that "the national revolution has begun". After a bloody clash with the police the next day, the Nazi's first attempt to seize power failed. It is said that Hitler declared when discussing the future tasks of the Nazi Party with his colleagues: "Propaganda, propaganda, propaganda. All the work is propaganda. " Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison. But Hitler was released on February 20, 1924 He wrote Mein Kampf with the help of Hess in prison.
Mein Kampf is Hitler's most important theoretical work, which combines nationalism, imperialism, anti-Semitism and opposition to democracy. Among them, the problem of "living space" was put forward for the first time, arguing that the real living space of Germany is not in Africa, but in Eastern Europe; To conquer eastern Europe, we must avoid repeating the mistakes of two-front operations, and we must never let Europe have mainland forces opposed to Germany; To do this, we must first destroy France, because France is Germany's sworn enemy; In order to destroy France, Germany must cut off the alliance between France and eastern European countries and form an alliance with Britain and Italy to ensure the safety of the exposed wing of the German-French border, thus isolating France. This is the essence of Hitler's strategy. This is very important for understanding Hitler's intervention in the Spanish Civil War, the recovery of Saar, the recapture of Rhineland, the alliance with Italy, the capture of Czechoslovakia, the establishment of siegfried line, and the signing of a non-aggression agreement with the Soviet Union.
Hitler thought: "Only by returning to the ranks of world powers can Germany be revived. However, its prerequisite is not weapons, ... but the power of will. " So he preached Sparta and Pan-Germanism desperately, mobilized the spirit and cultivated extreme revenge psychology. Hitler also made such a confession in Mein Kampf: "What suppressed me was the downright contemptuous atmosphere I was subjected to at that time."
After he was released from prison, Hitler learned a lesson and tried to seize power through legal means. Despite his bad luck at first, he remained indomitable, never lost hope and confidence, and engaged in party building work angrily. By 1929, the number of Nazi party members had grown to 178000. Hitler set up various departments within the Party (with special emphasis on the Propaganda Department) to study and guide the Party's work. He also established various peripheral organizations to give the Nazi movement a mass base.
Hitler and his fanatical supporters
From 65438 to 0929, an economic crisis broke out in the capitalist world. The number of unemployed people in Germany exceeds 3 million. Cutting production, reducing tax revenue and increasing unemployment relief expenditure have a great reaction to politics. Hitler and the Nazi Party called for national rejuvenation and changed the reality, and promised all sectors of society to take the opportunity to launch large-scale propaganda and election campaigns. As a result, in the parliamentary election in September 1930, the Nazi Party won 6.5 million votes and 107 parliamentary seats, making it the second largest party in Germany. In the parliamentary elections on July 3 1, 1932, the Nazi Party won 37.4% of the votes and had 230 seats, making it the largest party in the National Assembly. Goering became the speaker. At this time, the German economic crisis intensified and the political situation was extremely chaotic. Many industrial and commercial capitalists are eager to find powerful people to organize the government and become Hitler's supporters. 193365438+1October 30th, Hitler finally gained the trust of President Hindenburg, became the prime minister and organized the cabinet.
Hitler began to establish dictatorship. 1933 dissolved parliament in February, creating arson cases to persecute the * * * production party and the opposition. In March, the new parliament controlled by Hitler passed a bill granting Hitler full power. Then, the state legislature was abolished, making the state government completely subordinate to the central government. After the dissolution of political parties and trade unions, the Nazi Party became the only political party in Germany. 1June 934, the head of the stormtroopers, Rome, was executed, and the stormtroopers merged with the SS (established between 1925 and 1926) to gain the support of the Wehrmacht. On August 2nd, according to the law promulgated in August 1, after Hindenburg's death, Hitler became president and prime minister. Hitler was not only the leader of the Nazi Party, but also the head of state and government. His unified title was "Head of State and Prime Minister". In addition, Hitler was the supreme commander of the armed forces. At this point, the Third Reich was formally established.
An alliance of two dictators.
Hitler pursued a policy of consolidating dictatorship. Economically: give priority to the development of heavy industry and large-scale industry, eliminate unemployment and expand employment; Develop economy by issuing payment means in a controlled way, tap production potential, and create equivalents for new payment means through material production; Implement agricultural protectionism, reduce farmers' debts and fix the professional relationship of the middle class of farmers; Minimize dependence on the world economy and always maintain the stability of wages and prices. Race: brutally persecuting Jews and destroying other "lifeless lives". Education: Nazi education reform, "the main goal of the whole education must not be just to instill knowledge, but to cultivate a plump and strong body", young students must join the Hitler Youth League and the youth voluntary labor brigade, cancel private schools and so on. Cultural life: establish cultural associations, control news, writers, music, drama, movies and other fields with Nazi programs, and ban all non-Nazi books, periodicals and newspapers. Religion: persecuting Christian churches and Christians, and establishing a national church that obeys the Nazi regime. These policies enabled the German economy to recover and consolidated the rule of the Third Reich. According to the referendum, 90% people expressed their willingness to accept this dictatorship.
After Hitler and his Nazi party took power, they still attached importance to propaganda work. The government has not only set up the National Education Propaganda Department, but they have always claimed that "propaganda helps us seize political power, propaganda helps us consolidate political power, and propaganda will also help us gain the world".
Hitler began to make plans to conquer Europe; Defeat France, destroy the Soviet Union and seize the hegemony of the European continent as the basis for dominating the world; Finally, develop overseas; Defeat Britain and America and dominate the world. However, Hitler knew that his strength was limited and he could not do it overnight, so he took gradual measures:1In June 933, Germany withdrew from the Conference on Disarmament and the League of Nations; 1934 65438+ 10, Germany and Poland signed a non-aggression treaty, which opened the gap in the security system of Versailles; 1935 1 month, Saar was recovered by the French referendum; In March, Germany publicly announced its expansion; 1March 936, Germany reoccupied the demilitarized zone of the Rhine; 1936165438+10, the Berlin-Rome axis was established; Germany sent troops to intervene in the Spanish civil war; 1March 938, Germany annexed Austria; In September, Germany held a Munich meeting with Britain and France to occupy the Sudetenland; 1939 In March, Germany occupied the whole territory of Czechoslovakia. Hitler was both adventurous and cautious, taking advantage of the contradictions in western countries, pacifist ideas and differences between eastern and western countries, and using deception, division, intimidation, blackmail and other means to disintegrate the will of the other side, making it impossible to formulate strategies; Cut off each other's foreign aid, so that they can not form an alliance, Germany has repeatedly succeeded.
Hitler is studying strategic plans with senior generals.
Victory is backed by military strength. After Hitler came to power, he began to expand his army and prepare for war. 1in March 935, Germany announced the reconstruction of the air force (Germany had 4093 first-line aircraft before the war); On March 16, Germany announced the implementation of universal compulsory military service. In the new expansion plan put forward in August, it is stipulated that 102 field partition should be established before 1939 and10; 1in June, 935, Germany and Britain signed a naval treaty to rebuild the navy. Hitler attached great importance to mechanized troops. As early as the 1920s, he predicted that the next war would be mechanized. With his sensitivity, unique insight and ability to use first, he combined new military technology with the courage of great change, and finally produced the "blitzkrieg" style under the condition of mechanized war.
Hitler was decorated as a Nazi general.
Hitler controlled the army by totalitarian means, monopolized everything, especially the army, and was highly centralized in macro command. 1February, 938, created a "refrigerator crisis", purged middle-aged and old-aged German generals who "did not listen to their commands", abolished the War Department, and set up the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces as the Supreme Commander. Since then, on the one hand, he unified the German ideology with the idea of Nazi going abroad and improved the German combat effectiveness, on the other hand, he formulated the principle of "coordination, flexibility and adventure" for the high command and improved the art of military command.
With the overcoming of political isolation, Hitler believed that it laid the foundation for promoting positive expansionist politics. 1937165438+15 October, he announced to the minister of defense, the minister of foreign affairs and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces: "It is time for Germany to finally solve its living space problem." Germany's first goal is "tanning? Closed tanning? Once we take action against the West, we will eliminate the threat of flank damage. " Since then, the military and economic strength of the Third Reich has been greatly enhanced, and Hitler pointed his aggression at Poland. 1In August, 939, it successfully signed a non-aggression treaty with the Soviet Union to avoid fighting on two fronts. Subsequently, he ordered an attack on Poland. 1 in September, the Germans attacked Poland from two strategic directions. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany, and the Second World War broke out in an all-round way. During World War II, the commander-in-chief of the German Army was Walter? Feng? Brauchitsch (from February 1938 to February194165438+February) and Hitler (from February194165438+February); Erich is the commander-in-chief of the navy? Lei Deer (1935 to 1943+0), Karl? Deng Nici (1943 65438+ 10 to1945 April), Hans? Feng? Frajdberg (Success in April1945); The commander-in-chief of the air force is Herman? Goering (until April 1945), Riter? Feng? Raismes (successful in April1945); The German chief of staff is Franz? Hald (September 1938 to September 1942), Kurt? Zeitzler (September 1942 to July 1944), Heinz? Guderian (July 1944 to March 1945), Albert? Clerides (Success in March 1945).
At the beginning of the war, Hitler paid attention to the strategy of dealing with war affairs and did not attack on all fronts: after conquering Poland, he occupied Norway and Denmark (1April 940); Before the air raid on Britain (August 1940), France was conquered (June 1940). Under Hitler's command, the German army successfully broke through the anti-fascist defense line hastily constructed by western countries. In the battle, he always pursues the realization of the established strategic intention, showing the confidence that no matter what the situation, no matter how difficult, no matter how many doubts, he can quickly win a decisive victory.
After conquering Western Europe, in the spring of 194 1, Hitler sent troops to occupy Greece and Yugoslavia. Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria were forced to become slaves of Germany. At this time, Hitler thought that he had enough strength to conquer Europe and did not need to be friends with the "Bolshevik-ruled country". 1941On June 22nd, Hitler tore up the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty and attacked the Soviet Union, and the Soviet-German war broke out. Due to the strategic misjudgment of the Soviet Union, nearly one million troops were besieged at the beginning of the war, and a large number of weapons and equipment were lost, while the Germans entered Moscow at the gates. On February 7, 65438, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, and Hitler declared war on the United States.
Hitler ordered Himmler to establish several dehumanized concentration camps in Europe. In Germany, Poland, the Soviet Union and other German-occupied areas, it is estimated that 4.5-5.5 million Jews were killed and people of other nationalities were robbed. In addition, millions of prisoners of war and people in the occupied areas were forced to work in the German arms industry and plundered the raw material resources and food in the occupied areas to maintain the needs of the war.
194 1 65438+February 5, 2008, the Soviet army suddenly launched a partial counterattack in Moscow, breaking through the German defense lines in many places. Out of arrogance and conceit, Hitler replaced a number of senior generals and personally took over the army as a street millionaire. Enthusiasm and arrogance? Hey hey hey hey hey! Purple velvet? As a soldier, he has the highest control over the battle and began to intervene in tactical actions, but he has great distrust of the General Staff and many generals. Despite this, Germany's failure has not been redeemed. When the SS committed heinous crimes in German-occupied areas, the Allies and Soviets won great victories in North Africa and Stalingrad respectively. 1in July, 943, the Soviet army defeated the Germans in the Battle of Kursk. Since then, the Germans have lost the initiative in the Eastern Front, and changed from strategic attack to strategic defense. 1in July, 943, the allied forces landed successfully in Sicily and began bombing Italy. On July 24th, Mussolini's fascist government collapsed and Italy withdrew from the war. In the Atlantic Ocean, the initial superiority of German submarines was completely shattered by the anti-submarine measures of the Allied Forces 1943. The allied strategic bombing of Germany from 194 1 seriously damaged Germany's wartime economy. By the end of the war, almost all the big cities in Germany had been razed to the ground.
In order to save the war, Hitler announced the implementation of "Total War" on February 1943, trying to revive the prestige that swept Europe that year.
Hitler and Mussolini were at the scene of the July 20 incident after the explosion.
However, desperate people began to resist. * * * The "red belt" of the production party, the cabal of the Social Democratic Party, the "Claisso Group" of some bureaucrats, the Christian church and the "white roses" of young college students are all actively engaged in anti-Hitler activities. 1On July 20th, 944, anti-Hitler officers inside the German army attempted to assassinate Hitler, which reflected the dissatisfaction of the army. This led to Hitler's distrust of the army. Instead, Nazi officials were regarded as important military posts, the army was purged, and a large number of generals, including Wuertzler Ben and Rommel, were executed or awarded the death penalty, which caused serious damage to German war institutions from the inside.
After the Allied and Soviet invasion of Germany, Hitler was in hysterical rage and fantasy, refused to listen to unpleasant news, and prohibited the army from surrendering and carrying out large-scale sabotage activities. 1In late April, 945, Soviet troops invaded Berlin and launched fierce street fighting. Hitler refused to leave Berlin and stayed in the basement of the Chancellery. On April 29th, Hitler and Eva? Braun completed his "death marriage", wrote down his "political will" and drew up a list of new governments headed by Admiral of the fleet and Deng Nici. At 3: 30 the next day, Hitler retreated into the bedroom and committed suicide with a pistol. Eva died of poison, and the two burned the body after the death of the will.