Garden is a kind of three-dimensional space comprehensive artwork, which is a space art entity with trees, landscapes, architectural structures and multiple functions combined by artificial construction. Or it is a typical artificial landscape realm that expresses nature by using the environment. According to this definition, the author thinks that the structure of the garden is mainly composed of three elements: trees, landscapes and buildings. Moreover, the three elements are organically combined to form a complete and indispensable space art realm. For example, only trees, without artificial landscapes and buildings, are tantamount to botanical gardens and forest farms; Only buildings, without trees and landscapes, are no different from ordinary factories, schools, hospitals and houses. Only when the three elements are skillfully fused in one furnace can the garden be a comprehensive artistic entity. 1. Gardens, as the name implies, must first have "forests", not only forests, but also flower beds, flower beds, lawns, grasslands and so on. In a word, the layout of green space, including trees and flowers, is one of the important tasks in landscape planning and design. The principle of greening design is to organize the artistic conception of landscape through the ornamental characteristics of individual plants. For example, individual plants, rows of trees, hedges, bushes, trees, flower beds, flower beds, lawns, grasslands, etc. with independent ornamental significance should be laid out first, and then the environmental change characteristics and artistic conception requirements of wind attractions should be considered and organically combined to form green spaces with different painting meanings. Jin Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden" says: "There are no miscellaneous trees in the forest, and the grass is delicious." That is to say: peach blossoms are planted in a distant view, and the shade is lined with flowers, and its painting meaning is self-evident. It can be seen that he is far-sighted in planting flowers and trees in scenic spots. Chinese ancient gardens pay great attention to the characteristics and planting parts of flowers and trees. For example, there are many white pines in Suzhou, many pines and plums in Yiyuan, and bamboo in Canglang Pavilion, each with its own style. Another example is Fengyang in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden and Cooper in Netscape Garden, all of which are the winners of a garden, which will affect the overall situation. If these picturesque ancient trees go, the scenery of a garden will be reduced. The West Lake Manjue Long has a secluded path and is surrounded by several peaks, so it is accompanied by laurel bushes, and the fragrance is lingering, while the spring is flowing, the mountains are raining, and the flowers are rich and fragrant. It is appropriate to enjoy the laurels in autumn, and tourists wander around and linger. It shows that Gui Xiang has created an excellent induction atmosphere. However, in recent years, this problem has not been paid attention to, the plant varieties have been confused, and the individuality of each garden has weakened, which seems to be a warning. Guo Xi, a Song Dynasty poet, put it well: "Mountains take water as their blood, grass as their hair, and clouds as their spirits." The grass is still like this, let alone the trees! Secondly, when planting trees in the garden, we should also consider the selection of parts with hidden dew. If trees are planted in a small garden, those who are fragrant should be fenced; The banana is planted in the corner of the wall because it is afraid of wind and broken leaves; Peony fragrant flowers, sunny and prosperous, must be planted in the south of the main hall. Small garden trees should shed more leaves, so as to plant them sparsely and take them empty; Large garden trees should be properly replenished with evergreen trees, so there are things in the open space. This is the method of relieving the congestion with sparse trees and replenishing the open space with dense trees. Another example is willow, which is a common tree species to decorate gardens. The masterpieces of famous gardens of Wanliu are often seen in ancient poems, but the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are rare, because willow is close to water. Planting should be done in three or five rows, with dense leaves and branches, such as curtains and less leakage. Generally, a small garden can't match it. However, the gardens in the north are large in area, with high willows invading the clouds and long strips of water, which are full of tenderness. Don't spare the charm and make the gardens colorful. 2. Landscape is an indispensable element in the garden structure. The characteristics of a garden are dependent on mountains and rivers, and it is particularly important to dig a pool to divert water. Chinese ancient gardeners know this truth best. They regard water as the eye of land, and pay attention to water conservation in land with plenty of land. Water-rich areas are good at hydrophobic. Not only do you know how to divert water for landscape construction, but also make good use of water to improve the environment and climate. Jiang Cun Hu Ze, Lotus Pond Ling Marsh, Crab-shaped fishing village, aquatic products will not reduce fertile fields, which will not only increase income, but also point out the scenery. Wang Yuyang's poem says: "Jianggan is a fishing village, and Liumo Lingtang is sparse;" Fortunately, after the sun sets and the wind settles, the semi-river mangrove sells bass. " The charm is natural and the most pleasant. Zhong Bojing also said in The Plum Blossom Villa: "It's important to have three rivers of Wu, and it will be smooth when you get to Fuli (the corner is straight). After several steps outside the villa, you can't see the water, but the water is inside the house. Don't cover it as a dark sinus, draw water into the garden, open the door and walk slowly, cross the Qi Ju Zhai ... What you see in the pavilion is not water. However, the pavilion crosses, the corridor goes, the bridge stands, the stone stands, and the shady place where Yang Xiuzhu hangs is all water. " It can be seen how important water is in landscape architecture. The mountains and stones in the garden often blend with water to form a wonderful realm. The so-called "the mountains are expensive and have veins, the water is expensive and active, the pulse source is connected, and the whole garden is vivid", which is the truth. Guo Xi, an ancient scholar in China, said: "Water takes stones as its surface" and "Water is charming when it comes to mountains". Chen Congzhou, a contemporary landscape connoisseur, also said that "the water turns with the mountains", "the mountains are alive because of the water" and "the stream breaks down because of the mountains, and the mountain path (road) is flat everywhere". These wise sayings are all used to explain the relationship between mountains and rivers. The overlapping of mountains and water management in gardens is the realm of "although it is made by people, it is open to the sky". In particular, small and medium-sized cities have gardens with mountains and rivers. As far as possible, all mountains are gardens. Without water, there is no scenery, and the city is a wonderful structure. It is an art to build rockeries and stacked stones. There are many poems chanting rockery in Tang poetry, which shows that rockery and garden have formed an indissoluble bond. Later, many names of rockeries appeared in the past dynasties, and a lot of experience in stone-cutting was summarized. For example, the "ten basic forms" (also known as the cross formula) of the combination of rocks and rocks popular among workers in the north: safety, connection, connection, fighting, collapse, spelling, suspension, sword, card and weight. The "seven-character formula" circulating in Jiangnan area: folding, vertical, spelling, pressing, hooking, hanging and palm. They also vividly pointed out: "The wonder of rockery in gardens lies in its vividness, its beauty lies in its natural interest, and its cleverness lies in its artificiality." "rockery sees the high and low, seeking twists and turns in the straight, focusing on the big picture and starting small." Because of the different stones used in rockery, there are also differences in the requirements for stacking rocks. For example, there are few changes in Huangshan Mountain, so when stacking rocks, we should be affectionate and make more turns, and we should see the ethereal in the thick; Lakes, rocks and mountains are too trivial, so when they are stacked, they should be colorful, less artificial, and rich in ethereal. In the Ming dynasty, the layout of rockeries, including ramps, platforms, main peaks, caves and valleys, was most intriguing because of its changeable opening and closing. There must be points in the mountains that are opened, and they are out of the valleys. The big rockery in Shanghai Yuyuan Garden is a good example. Those who combine will have an abrupt main peak and distinct levels, while the veins beyond the mountains and the scattered points of the stones will all be opened. In the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, the rockery tried to win by cleverness, but it was delicate. In fact, the rockery was ingenious, and it didn't come from being clumsy. Therefore, the beauty of Yellowstone lies in its clumsiness, which is a natural principle. 3. Garden architecture is the most important part of garden structure. In ancient China, most gardens were opened by buildings. In private gardens, in particular, a flower room must be built first, and then trees and stones must be arranged. Shen Yuanlu remembered the Garden and said, "There is nothing like a hall for those who set up a garden; According to the winner of a garden, Mo Rushan. " Building a garden is mainly based on architecture, supplemented by trees and stones, which are also the attachments of architecture. The landscape architecture should have the following characteristics: ① The beauty lies in the scenery: the layout of the landscape architecture is not as symmetrical as that of palaces, temples and ordinary houses, but adapts to local conditions, makes full use of the environment, and takes the best sight and scenic spots as the principle. The biggest function of the garden is to watch. To realize viewing, it is necessary to create a landscape, and the landscaper is a concrete person. Therefore, the construction of gardens focuses on word formation, deep thinking, wonderful taste and understanding. Du Fu's Ten Poems of Traveling with Zheng Guangwen in the Mountains of General He and Five Poems of Surpassing Ho's Garden describe the gardening thought that there is a landscape in the garden, there are people in the landscape, and people are in harmony with the landscape, and the landscape is based on people's wishes. He wrote: "The famous garden is surrounded by green water, the wild bamboo is on the blue sky", "The green wind breaks the bamboo shoots, and the red rain makes the plum blossom", which is also the scenery in the garden. "Move without sweeping, sit on raspberry moss at will", "pen on the stone fence, poem on the leaves" are also people in the scene. Only when people have this realm can they realize the spirit of gardening. The way of gardening lies in "enlightenment". Enlightenment is to understand the artistic conception of gardening and the reality of architecture. Artistic conception is different from scene to scene. Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" says: Different objects have different expression methods, so poetry has poetic realm, words have poetic realm, and songs have musical realm. "my path has wound, through a sheltered hollow, of boughs and flowers, to a Buddhist retreat" is also poetic. "After the dream, the balcony is locked high, and the curtain falls when the wine wakes up". "Dead vines and old trees faint crows, small bridges and flowing water", the scenery is also beautiful. The artistic conception of garden architecture is the same, and its poetic and picturesque meaning is reflected in practical things, which is the artistic conception of garden. If landscape architects can "realize" the realm of ancient people chanting scenery, "the realm of scenery is small, but the realm of scenery is large", "pavilions and terraces are surrounded by water, although there are not many houses", "several terraces are endless, and a flowing water is intertwined", the artistic conception will naturally arise. Many ancient garden buildings are false and true, and the Grand View Garden of Dream of Red Mansions is true, but it is also false. There are things witnessed by the author and things made up by the author. Therefore, if the rockery is really wonderful, the real mountain is like a fake. Real people are like statues, and statues are like real people. That's what puzzles people. The way of gardening is just like this. The so-called reality is seeking emptiness, and the emptiness is getting reality, which is light but not thin, thick but not stagnant. If there is a neutral peak in the garden, there is also a truth in falsehood, and things are understood with emotion in the appreciation of product titles, and then personalization is achieved. Under the guidance of the above-mentioned ideas of creating scenery and understanding things, such as scenery and people, emptiness and reality, it is not difficult to understand and apply the practice of building scenery. ② Emphasis on twists and turns: The spatial treatment of garden buildings is different from the general closed square layout, so as to avoid symmetry and require twists and turns. Such as winding paths, winding bridges, winding corridors, etc., should be straight in the design, flexible in application and free in winding. There are scenery on both sides of the garden, so that visitors can look around for the scenery, and the distance will be extended and the interest will be deepened during the walk. It can be seen that the curve is straight, and the emphasis is on twists and turns. According to this principle, the road in the garden should also be curved rather than straight. If there are more paths than the main road, the scenery will be quiet and the guests will be scattered, so that there will be scenery to be found, springs to be heard, stones to be left, and thoughts to be sung. The so-called "I am afraid to enter the mountains, and I am afraid to enter the forest." You have to climb a mountain to look around, so in ancient times, you used to climb the road. Garden buildings are varied, which can also give visitors a sense of a small garden and a short view of a big garden. The ancient gardens in China are mostly closed, with limited area, creating infinite space, and its essence is to adopt the "ethereal" technique. The beauty of potted plants is to see the big in the small, "planting small trees to live in pots, shrinking the peaks to the green", which is a clever consideration. The water is not deep, but tortuous. The way to make tourists feel the scenery is to change the twists and turns of the banks and dikes, resulting in the artistic conception of "water bends because of the banks and water separates because of the dikes". The gardens in the south of Jiangsu have many twists and turns, and their surroundings are soft. Ningshao Garden, in many other ways, has a flat landscape. Therefore, water is invisible, and it is formed by the shore, whether it is straight or tortuous. Shuikou embankment is an important means to form the water surface. As for Shui Rou, the water is just, and the water stops flowing, which is also influenced by the embankment. The size of the garden is relative, not absolute. Garden space is deep, smooth and shallow. The more separated it is, the bigger it feels and the more varied it is. With limited area, it creates infinite space. Therefore, in design, the method of big garden covering small garden and big lake covering small lake is often adopted. There are many such cases, such as Jingxinzhai in Beijing Beihai Park, Haopujian and Huafangzhai, the humorous garden in the Summer Palace, the loquat garden and Haitangwu in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden. If you get started, you will feel a big garden, and the interior is empty and dull, which is daunting. Even if you enter the park, you may not have to travel all over the park. If the scenery has characteristics, the Committee is changeable and the tour is insufficient, come again next time. Whether it's a scenic spot or a garden, you don't have to travel all at once. In addition to dividing the space with buildings such as walls and corridors, rocks and trees should be interspersed to make the space flexible and not rigid. Opening a leaky window on a flower wall or wall is not only attractive in shape, but also allows the space to penetrate each other. Through the comparison of the size of the divided space, people feel that the scenery is endless. This is one of the characteristics of Chinese landscape architecture technology. (3) Valuable in nature: the beauty of gardens is valuable in nature, and natural people are true. Buildings play a "point view" role, which can be described as icing on the cake, but flowers can't be overwhelmed. Based on this requirement, the management of water by overlapping mountains in gardens should try to create the realm of "although it is made by people, it is natural". In ancient China, many dieshanists always advocated that landscape architecture should be close to nature, and that landscape architecture should be coordinated with the natural environment. For example, Pinggang Xiaopo and Lingfu Beiban advocated by Zhang Nanheng in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. If today's landscape architects can understand this truth, they will not make the landscape architecture too far away from nature, and can present a wonderful realm of water and stone blending. For example, as a hotel for taking a break, it is advisable to focus on the quiet surroundings, so that you can wander around and enjoy the scenery. Therefore, the indoor and outdoor spaces echo each other, so as to circulate, the morning meal is bright, the evening pillow is sunset, and you can see the big in the middle and small. On the contrary, high-rise towns and mountains are surrounded by cars, and the horns are piercing, and birds are surprised to fly, overlooking the lower bound, and the beans are small, large and medium-sized, and the view is not enough. The city's architecture takes away the wild interest of the mountains and forests, which only damages the scenery and disappoints tourists. Therefore, some landscape experts have repeatedly advocated that the buildings in scenic spots (including gardens) should be hidden and unobtrusive, scattered and not gathered, low and not high, and the foothills (foothills) should not be topped (hilltops), which should be varied. They should be arranged according to their needs, be skillful in borrowing, preserve the style of folk houses, and seek the taste of simplicity, such as small courtyards, white walls and flowers, and "urban mountains and forests". In this way, the buildings in the park can be opposite to each other, and the beautiful scenery outside the park can be borrowed into the park. The building itself can be combined with the terrain, and it is not suitable to cross mountains and waters. Some buildings can also be combined with rock caves to become natural and artificial buildings. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Zhang Dai recalled the cloud of Changbai Garden (that is, Gaoyi Garden in Tianping Mountain, Suzhou) in Dream of Taoan: "There are long dikes outside the garden, and the Taoliu curved bridge bends the west of the lake, and the bridge reaches the garden: the gate of the garden is pretentious to be low and small, and the corridor near the door is compound with walls, reaching the foothills, and its building is slow and the secret room is curved, so it is hidden from people." At present, some scenic spots and gardens in China have moved into many buildings that are not in harmony with the natural environment. For example, in Yanziji, Nanjing, except for the side facing the water, there are still dark clouds rolling around and attacking the Yangtze River. Some people sit on the stone rock play as a doggerel cloud: "Swallow, swallow, why don't you fly high, stay in Sri Lanka for a long time and sit still." In short, the historical sites should be based on antiquity, the gardens should be based on seclusion and beauty, and the natural scenic spots should be based on natural interest, and must not be moved into uncoordinated buildings. Otherwise, the natural beauty, great rivers and mountains and splendid culture of the motherland will be greatly damaged. In order to avoid the disadvantages of being far away from nature, the layout of garden buildings first requires the harmony between monomer and environmental artistic conception, or artificially transplanting a certain foreign atmosphere, which can be achieved through the so-called model mountain and water. For example, the architecture in the lake area of chengde mountain resort is mainly based on imitating the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and Suzhou-style architecture is adopted. Paintings focus on light colors, and heavy colors are absolutely forbidden, which is in harmony with the lake and light, and has a Jiangnan sentiment beyond the Great Wall. The plains and mountains are mainly imitated by the northern scenery, plus the strange peaks and strange scenery outside the park, which constitutes the scenery of the northern country. Because of imitating the scenic spots all over the country and considering the local environmental characteristics, the villa has both the south and the north. (4) Borrowing scenery: the elements of urban gardens express the expected realm, and the way is to adjust measures to local conditions, highlight key points and seek borrowing scenery. Jin Tao Yuanming's eternal swan song: "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely seeing Nanshan" implies a kind of "borrowing scenery". The Yuanmingyuan in Beijing is also "because of the water, borrowing scenery from the West Mountain". The scenery in the park is built by water, inviting the western hills into the park and eventually becoming a "garden of ten thousand gardens" Wuxi Jichang Garden is a foothill garden, with all the scenery facing the mountain, and the mountain scenery outside the garden is in the garden. It can be seen that many gardens have gardens outside the garden and scenery outside the scene. The key to the problem is "borrowing". Mr. Chen Congzhou put forward: "There is a wonderful scenery outside the garden in' borrowing', and there is a scenery outside the garden in' time'. Flower shadows, tree shadows, cloud shadows, Shui Ying, wind, water, birds, flowers, intangible scenery, tangible scenery, symphonic music. " Nowadays, urban gardening has become a fixed trend, but the key to achieving its beauty lies in "borrowing scenery" and inviting the mountains outside the city and the pagoda in the distant temple to enter the park. ⑤ Strange in the scenery: the garden should borrow the scenery and also be separated from the scenery. Especially the city garden. It is often the case that one end should be "borrowed" and the other end should be "separated". Borrowers are inviting beautiful scenery in the garden; It is the screen valley that is ugly outside the garden. Divide and divide