generation of cultural knowledge-imperial examination
1. The Han Dynasty implemented the system of requisition and recommendation
, and the emperor recruited social celebrities to fill official positions; (b), recruited by the central government, and then recommended. For example:
(1) In Yongyuanzhong, it is not good to raise filial piety, not even to establish a government. ("Zhang Hengchuan")
(2) The characteristics of the bus depend on the doctor. ("Zhang Hengchuan")
2. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination system was implemented
After Sui Dynasty, the system of selecting officials by setting examinations in various feudal dynasties was named after selecting scholars by subject. Ming and Qing Dynasties formed a complete imperial examination system. * * * There are four levels (see the table below). In the Han dynasty, there was a method of selecting scholars by examination, but it was a temporary measure. No customization has been formed. Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty abolished the nine-product system monopolized by the clan, and in the seventh year of the Emperor's reign (587), he set up two subjects, i.e., discipline, integrity and economy. When Yang-ti was born, he was placed in the Jinshi Department. In the Tang Dynasty, scholars, Ming Fa, Ming Shu and Ming Shu were restored outside the Jinshi, and there were also one official, three officials, Kai Yuan Li, Tong Zi and Tao Ju. Of all the branches, the Jinshi branch is the most important and permanent one. After the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination system was only Jinshi. In Tang and Song Dynasties, Jinshi mainly studied poetry and fu. When Song Shenzong was in Xining, Wang Anshi changed to Jing Yi, and Yuan, Ming and Qing all used his method. The Confucian classics in Ming and Qing Dynasties were based on the sentences in Four Books and Five Classics, which stipulated that the format of the article should be eight-part essays, and the interpretation should be based on Zhu Xi's Four Books and Notes. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), the imperial examination method was changed and stereotyped writing was abolished. Revival after the failure of political reform. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (195), school education was implemented, and the imperial examination system was abolished.
a brief list of imperial examinations in Ming and Qing dynasties
College entrance examination, rural entrance examination (autumn Wei), meeting examination (spring Wei), palace examination
Examination room, academic and political circuit case, near the examination room (government, County) Capital and provincial capitals Gongyuan (provincial capital) Capital Gongyuan (Ritual Department) Palace (Palace)
Examiner, special official of the central government of each province, imperial envoy, emperor
Participants, students (Confucian scholars), students and supervisors, Gong Shi
Name of the student (scholar), students (scholars), Gong Shi Jinshi
Date, twice, Apricot List Examination In April of the same year, the first place in the gold list was the first place to solve the problem, the first place was the first place to win the championship, the second place was the second place, and the third place was to explore flowers. 3. Schools and teachers
There were "xáing", "preface" and "Imperial College" in ancient schools. "Dong" and "Xu" are local schools. For example,
also instructed students to make others feel better. ("Promoting Weaving")
I would like to teach in order, and apply it with the meaning of filial piety. (Qi Heng Jin Wen Shi)
"Imperial College" is the highest institution of higher learning in China. For example,
Because people learn from the capital and view the Imperial College, they learn five classics and six arts. (Zhang Hengchuan)
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the highest institution of higher learning was called imperial academy, and those who entered the prison were called jiàn students. imperial academy was in charge of offering wine and taking charge of the business. The teaching staff are professors, doctors, straight forward, teaching assistants and so on. For example,
I have a doctor of science as my teacher. If you don't ask and don't tell, you can't ask. (Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang)
Ancient cultural knowledge-imperial examination system (2)
Chaju is a form of selecting officials in Han Dynasty. Chaju has the meaning of inspection and recommendation, also called recommendation. The local governors of Houguo, prefectures and counties inspect and select talents at any time within their jurisdiction, recommend them to superiors or the central government, and then appoint official positions after probation and assessment. The main subjects of Chaju are filial piety, virtuous literature, and Mao Cai. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Yong Yuanzhong, it is not good to raise filial piety." "Chen Qingbiao": "The former satrap minister Kui, the inspector Xiao Lian; After stabbing the history of Chen Rong, he raised the scholar. " (In the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu was taboo, and the scholar was called Mao Cai)
Expropriation was also a form of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty. Sign, is the emperor to recruit social celebrities to the court to fill important positions. Bi, a senior bureaucrat of the central government or an official of the local government, appointed a subordinate official and then recommended it to the court. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Even the government, not." "Andiya heard about Heng Shan's skills, and the characteristics of the bus worshipped the doctor."
Xiao Lian is one of the subjects of the inspection system in Han Dynasty. Filial piety means filial piety and integrity. In fact, Chaju was monopolized by all the clans, boasting each other and practicing fraud. At that time, there was a nursery rhyme irony: "Give a scholar, I don't know the book; If you are filial, your father will live apart. "
imperial examination refers to a system in which feudal dynasties selected officials through examinations. It is called imperial examination because it adopts the method of selecting scholars by subjects. From the Sui Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination system was implemented for more than 3 years. "Two Comments on Poetry" means that Jia Dao went to Chang 'an to take the imperial examination. By the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination had formed a complete system, which was divided into four levels: college examination (i.e., juvenile examination), provincial examination, general examination and palace examination. The content of the examination was basically Confucian classics, with the sentence of "Four Books" as the topic, and the article format was specified as eight-part essay, and the interpretation must be based on Zhu Xi's Notes on Four Books.
Childbirth Test is also called "Childbirth Test"; The local imperial examinations, presided over by academic officials in the Ming Dynasty and by provincial academic governments in the Qing Dynasty, include three stages: county examination, government examination and college examination. Only after passing the college examination can you enter the government, state and county schools to study, so it is also called entrance examination. Candidates, regardless of age, are called Tong Sheng. "Zuo Zhongyi's anecdotes" "Try, officials call their names to Shi Gong", here refers to the Tongsheng test, in which Zuo Guangdou accepted Shi Kefa as a trainee (scholar), when Shi Kefa was twenty years old. In "Promoting Weaving", "If there are famous people in the city, fuck the boy's career" and "fuck the boy's career" means that they are preparing to take part in the boy's test.
The examination held every three years in provincial capitals (including the capital) in the Ming and Qing Dynasties after having obtained the rural examination was also called Qiu Wei (examination room) because it was held in autumn and August. The examiner was appointed by the emperor. After the exam, the positive and negative lists will be released. The positive list is called Juren, and the first name is jie Yuan.
I will try the exam held in Beijing every three years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Because it is held in spring, it is also called Chun Wei. The examination was presided over by does, and the emperor appointed the president and vice president. Juren from all provinces and Guo-zi-jian diploma from imperial academy could take the examination, and 3 students were admitted as Gong Shi, the first named Huiyuan.
palace examination is the highest-level exam in the imperial examination system. At the imperial palace, the emperor personally questioned Gong Shi, who will be admitted to the exam, to decide the first grade. In fact, the emperor sometimes appointed ministers to be in charge of palace examination, and did not personally ask questions. Admission is divided into three grades: one grade and three grades, with the title of "Jinshi Ji", the first name is champion (Dingyuan), the second name is second place, and the third name is flower exploration; A number of dimethyl, given the title of "Jinshi origin"; A number of top three, given the title of "with Jinshi origin." Second, the first place in the top three is called Chuanchuan, and the first, second and third places are collectively referred to as Jinshi.
and refers to the imperial examination, and those who fail in the examination are called the first place and the second place. "Sacrifice to my sister": "After more than three years, I will return home with a palace brocade." In ancient times, the Jinshi in the exam had to wear a palace robe. Here, "wearing a palace brocade" means the Chinese Jinshi. "Sacrifice to my sister": "It is probably said that Chang 'an was admitted to the department, and the letter sent the news sooner or later." "Dengke" is another name for Ji, that is, the scholar who passed the examination.
See "palace examination" for Jinshi. It is the highest fame in the imperial examination. "Scholars" back to the seventeenth: "After all, reading the Jinshi is a game." Gong Shi's participation in palace examination was recorded as a top three, which was called Jinshi. According to statistics, in the history of China's imperial examination system for more than 1,3 years, the total number of scholars who passed the examination was at least 98,749. Many famous writers in ancient times were scholars, such as He Zhizhang, Wang Bo, Song Zhiwen, Wang Changling, Wang Wei, Cen Can, Han Yu, Liu Yuxi, Bai Juyi, Liu Zongyuan and Du Mu in the Tang Dynasty, and Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Sima Guang, Wang Anshi and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty. When you pass the examination, you will be awarded an official position as soon as you pass the examination, and the rest will be awarded an official position after three years' study.
see "palace examination" for the top scholar. The first place in the imperial examination system in palace examination, also known as Dian Yuan and Ding Yuan, is the highest honor among the subjects. There are more than 1, people who won the title of No.1 scholar in history, but about 75 people were admitted to palace examination. He Zhizhang, Wang Wei, famous poets in the Tang Dynasty, and Wen Tianxiang in the Song Dynasty were all awarded the title of number one scholar by palace examination.
please refer to the "test" clause. Juren will take part in the examination, the first name will be Huiyuan, and the rest will be called Gong Shi.
for the explanation, please refer to the article "after having obtained an examination". Students (scholars) take part in the provincial examination, the first name is Xieyuan, and the rest of the exams are called juren.
in the ternary imperial examination of Lianzhong, the first place is the yuan, and whoever wins the first place in the township, society and temple tests in succession is called "Lianyong Sanyuan". According to statistics, there are at least sixteen people who have won three yuan in a row in history. As mentioned in Ouyang Xiu's "Selling Oil Man", Chen Yaozi and his brother, Chen Yaosou, both won the top prize, while Chen Yaosou won the third prize.
Ding Jia refers to palace examination's first Jia and three people: the champion, the second place, and the flower exploration, which are like the three feet of a tripod, so it is called Ding Jia. The top scholar ranks first in Dingjia, so he is also called Dingyuan.
Gong Shi, please refer to the article "Examination". Gong Shi was admitted after taking the examination.
please refer to the article "after having obtained the provincial examination". A juror who was admitted after taking the provincial examination. A juror can grant a magistrate an official position. After the Scholars wrote Fan Jinzhongju for the third time, Xiangshen Zhang immediately sent He Yiyin and the house, and Fan's father-in-law, Hu Butcher, immediately changed his face and boasted that his son-in-law was "a star in the sky", but Fan got the news and went crazy with joy. Explain that you can be promoted to a higher position and make a fortune after the ancient Chinese move.
A student is a scholar. See "Probation for Freshmen". Those who pass the college examination (children's examination) can be called students or scholars. For example, Wang Anshi's "Shang Zhongyong" is "spread to a scholar in a township." In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, avoided the light, and called the scholar Mao Cai. In The True Story of Ah Q, Master Zhao was called "Mao Cai Gong", which was ironic.
Eight-part essay is a style stipulated by the imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is also called "Shi Wen, Zhi Yi, Zhi Yi, Shi Yi, Si Shu Wen and Ba Bi Wen". This style has a fixed format, which consists of eight parts, namely, topic-breaking, topic-bearing, speech-starting, stock-starting, stock-starting, stock-starting, stock-starting and stock-ending, and the number of sentences and sentence patterns in each part are also strictly limited. "Breaking the title" stipulates two sentences to break the meaning of the title; Three or four sentences of "bearing the title", followed by "breaking the title" to explain; "Speaking" summarizes the full text, which is the beginning of the discussion; "Start" to introduce the main body of the article; From "starting stocks" to "bundling stocks" is the main part of the eight-part essay, especially the "middle stocks". In the four paragraphs of formal discussion, each paragraph has two parallel and dual characters, and * * * is stereotyped writing, hence the name of stereotyped writing. The title of the eight-part essay comes from the Four Books and the Five Classics. The content of the eight-part essay is not allowed to go beyond the scope of the Four Books and the Five Classics. It is necessary to imitate the tone of the sages and convey their thoughts. Candidates are not allowed to play freely. No matter in content or form, stereotyped writing plays a role in binding ideas and talents.
The ancient imperial examination system of the Golden List, after palace examination's admission of Jinshi, announced the ranking notice. Because it was written in yellow paper, it was called Huang Jia and Golden List. Most of them are ordered by the emperor, commonly known as the imperial list. Jinshi in the examination is called to be no.1.
In the same year, people admitted to the same list in the imperial examination era called each other the same year. "show your health by training frugally": "In the same year, you said,' You can't disobey what you give.'
The name of the school in the Xia Dynasty, the place where sacrificial rites were held, and the number of books was taught.
the name of Dongxiang Yinshang times school. "Mencius Qi Huan Jin Wen Shi": "I would like to teach in order, and apply it with the meaning of filial piety."
the name of the ordinal Zhou school. "Mencius Teng Wengong": "Set it as a school in order to teach it." The ancients often called local schools in the order of urgency, or generally referred to schools or educational undertakings.
the pre-Qin schools of Chinese studies are divided into two categories: Chinese studies and rural studies. Chinese studies are designed for emperors or princes, including imperial schools and primary schools. The teaching contents of the business school and primary school are all based on the "six arts" (etiquette, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics), especially in primary schools.
Relatively speaking, rural studies refer to local schools.
jixia academy, an institution of higher learning in the state of qi during the warring States period, was named after being located under the capital linzi millet. At that time, Confucianism, France, Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang all gathered here. They started debates, commented on current politics and taught students. Masters such as Mencius and Xunzi all came here to give lectures, which was an important garden for "a hundred schools of thought contend" during the Warring States period.
Imperial College was the educational administrative institution and the highest institution of higher learning in feudal China. From Wei, Jin to Ming and Qing Dynasties, either Imperial College was set up, or Imperial College was set up (supervised), or both were set up at the same time. The names were different, and the system also changed, but they were all the highest institutions for teaching the children of princes and nobles. The students who attended the school were all called Imperial College Students and Imperial College Students. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Because I entered the capital, I watched Tai Xue." Preface to Sending Ma Shengjun to Dongyang: "Ma Shengjun from Dongyang has been in the Imperial College for two years."
imperial academy jian, please refer to "Imperial College". Imperial College was established in the Han and Wei Dynasties, renamed Guozi School in the Western Jin Dynasty, and imperial academy in the Sui Dynasty. Since then, imperial academy and Imperial College have been called each other, both of which are the highest institutions with the function of educational administration. For example, imperial academy was set up in Ming Dynasty, but it was called "Imperial College" in Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang.
Academies emerged as an independent educational institution from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They were places set up by private individuals or government officials to gather disciples to give lectures and study knowledge. The four famous academies in the Song Dynasty were Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi, Yuelu Academy in Shanhua, Hunan, Shigu Academy in Hengyang, Hunan and Yingtianfu Academy in Shangqiu, Henan. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a "Donglin Academy" in Wuxi, which trained a group of progressives such as Yang Lian and Zuo Guangdou who were not afraid of the power of the eunuch party, and they were called "Donglin Party".
the official in charge of academic affairs and the official teachers in ancient times. Such as wine offering, doctor, teaching assistant, promoting studies, studying politics, teaching and learning, teaching instructions, etc.
The chief executive of education who was in charge of imperial academy or Imperial College in ancient times. During the Warring States Period, Xunzi served as a wine offering in Jixia Academy for three times, which is equivalent to the current university president. Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty and Xian Cui in the Ming Dynasty (the author of "Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao Shi") all served as the drinkers in imperial academy.
Doctor was an official name in ancient times, but now it is a degree name. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was an official position in charge of books, classics and historical events, and later it became an official position specializing in learning or mastering an art and engaging in teaching and apprenticeship. Lu Meng Biography of the Three Kingdoms: "Do you want Qing to study classics as a doctor evil!" "Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang": "There are divisions and doctors as teachers."
name of academic officer. For imperial academy or business school deputy chief, equivalent to the current vice president, to assist in the post of educational discipline of the wine offering supervisor.
official name. The abbreviation of "prefect learning politics" is an official appointed by the court to preside over the college examinations in various provinces and supervise the academic officials in various places. Learning politics is generally held by the Imperial Academy or a Beijing official who was born in Jinshi. "Promoting Weaving": "I also asked the students to enter the city." Learning to make is another name for learning politics. Zuo Zhongyi's anecdotes: "Zuo Zhongyi, a rural ancestor, studied Gyeonggi in public." Refers to Zuo Guangdou as a scholar in Beijing.
Professor originally refers to imparting knowledge, giving lectures and teaching, and later became a scholar. After the Han and Tang Dynasties, there were professors in schools at all levels, who were in charge of the specific affairs of school examinations.
name of teaching assistant. He is an academic officer in imperial academy or Imperial College, who assists Guozi in offering wine and teaching students by Dr. Guozi, also known as Guozi's teaching assistant.
imperial academy's students. Or be admitted by the school, or be recommended by the local government, or be chartered by the emperor, and later become a false name, and you can get the qualification of Guo Jian Zi by donating money. The "fourth uncle" in Blessing is "an old Jian-sheng who stresses Neo-Confucianism", while Yan Jian-sheng in The Scholars is a typical miser.
Students who entered schools at all levels of government, state and county after passing examinations in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are proliferation, epiphytic, exuberant, and typical students, which are collectively called Zhusheng. Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang "Today's students learn from Imperial College" refers to all kinds of supervision students studying in imperial academy.