In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the remnants of the Jing nationality were mainly descendants of Ji Lianmi, who had moved westward between fresh water and Xishui. When Kuaixiong was the leader of the League, he assessed the situation and led the Chu people to abandon Shang Zhouwang and go west to Zhou Wenwang, which was highly valued by Zhou Wenwang. After Zhou Wuwang succeeded to the throne, he planned to go south. After realizing this, the Chu people, led by Li Xiong, the son of Kuaixiong, moved south between Suishan Mountain and Jingshan Mountain and took refuge in the wilderness for the time being. When Duke Zhou was in Zhou Chengwang, he took refuge in Chu, and the Chu people honored him as a guest of honor. Duke Zhou was deeply impressed by his virtue. After returning to North Korea, he told this story, which touched Zhou Chengwang, so Zhou Chengwang named Xiong Yi, the grandson of Li Xiong, as Chu Jun, and Jingchu began to rank as a vassal, and Chu was formally born.
After more than a century of bleak management, Chu people were born in Xiongqu. The fourth generation grandson of Xiong Yi is a monarch with both talent and enterprising spirit. He trained the army and took advantage of the turmoil in the Central Plains to start the process of territorial expansion. Sanmiao has already surrendered to Jingchu, and the bear is seriously ill. Attacking Guo Yong (now Zhushan, Hubei Province) in the Western Expedition opened the prelude to opening up the territory. During the Eastern Expedition, the Chu people attacked Yang Yue, located in central Hubei, and advanced their forces to Jianghan Plain. Then go out and attack Hubei, which is located in Ezhou, Hubei.
Chu has diverse nationalities. In the long-term communication, war and integration of ancient ancestors in the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valley, Chu people with * * * the same language, * * * the same economic life, * * * the same culture and * * the same psychological quality finally formed in Jingchu area. Chu nationality is named after Chu land. However, there are always different opinions about where the Chu people came from, or whether they were originally Chu people. As early as the end of the 1920s, Guo Moruo thought that "Chu is a barbarian, that is" in the book "Research on Ancient China Society". Huai Yi is a Chu people, that is, pretty Jing ... Huai Xuhe must be the same family and an ally of Yin. Later, in Jin Wen Kao of Yin and Zhou Dynasties and Jin Wen Cong Kao, the Chu people were clearly identified as "Xiong Yingren". The ancestors of Chu lived in the lower reaches of the Huaihe River and belonged to the East with Emperor Hou Xu and others. ..... Xiong Ying immediately raccoon, surplus raccoon. Oppressed by the Zhou people, from the south to the river, blocked by the river, and then to Hubei in the west.
Hu Houxuan further put forward that "Chu's ancestor was Zhu Rong" in the article "Chu Nationality Originated in the East". Zhu Rong is Lu Zhong ... That is, people are Li; Lu Zhong, Sui and Li are all oriental nationalities. ..... Only after that, with the oppression of the Eastern Zhou people and the gradual change of the Yellow River basin, the eastern nationalities moved southward at a multiphase rate, and the Chu State was very powerful, so it gradually expanded to the Jianghan Basin in the south. The oriental theory of Chu people advocated by Mr. Guo and Mr. Hu still has far-reaching influence, and many scholars have spoken about it since then.
2. History of Chu State
Xiong Yi and his descendants are the earliest developers in Jianghan Basin, and their pioneering history is hard. "Zuo Zhuan" in the twelfth year of Zhao Gong: "In the past, Xiong Yi, my first king, stood on Jingshan Road, and the road was blue and sky-blue, making him travel all over the mountains and rivers to serve the sons of heaven." Jingshan is in the west of Hubei Province today, on both sides of the Han River. (Zuo Zhuan) Gong Xuan proclaimed himself emperor for twelve years: "Since Chu Keyong, his monarch has not been begging for his countrymen every day, but taking people's livelihood as his training. If there is no disaster, he can't be lazy. In the army, if you don't ask military facts every day, you can't guarantee victory. If you don't have 100 grams, you will die. If the training is arrogant, the road is blue and blue, so as to clear the forest. Day of Proverbs:' People's livelihood is diligent, and diligence is not lacking. The two sentences "Tao is blue" in Zuo Zhuan refer to more than ten generations of kings of Chu from Xiong Yi to Xiong Yi (Ruoao) and Xiong Chest (He Miaomiao). It can be seen that Chu lived a hard and poor life for a long time after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The monarch led his subjects across mountains and rivers, expanding territory and suffering deeply. In the face of threats from neighboring countries, especially in the face of repeated southward invasions by the northern Zhou army, the Chu people rallied, remained vigilant and prepared for death. The King of Chu has a strong sense of hardship. On the basis of predecessors' hard work, he pays special attention to the traditional education of his subjects, so as to unite people's hearts, boost morale, and seek internal stability and external development. In 740 BC, in the thirty-first year of East Zhou Pingwang, Xiong Tong, Mao Mao's younger brother, established himself as Chu Wuwang. This is of epoch-making significance in the history of the development of Chu, and it is also a major event in the early Spring and Autumn Period, announcing the rise of a great southern country. Chu Wuwang's son Wang Jian was born in Ying, and the country became stronger. Small countries in Jianghan area are all afraid of Chu. By the time King Chu, the son of King Wen, ascended the throne, he was already "thousands of miles away". Chu's "it is better to be a vassal than to make old friends" forced Zhou to "give gifts" and demanded that Chu "put an end to foreign aggression in the south and not invade China" Zhou's words showed his fear of Chu, but at the same time he had to admit that Chu was the "leader" of the southern barbarians.
In 656 BC, Qi Huangong led an army to attack the State of Chu, and described two major crimes of the State of Chu. One of them is "Wang Zhao conquers the south and doesn't return, I ask", and the other is: "Ermao is not a human being, the king's sacrifice is not * * *, and there is no way to drink, but I am a human being". It shows that Chu did not pay tribute to the Zhou Dynasty on time for a long time. When the state of Chu was besieged by heavy troops, it was fearless and ready for battle. However, due to strategic considerations, they made an appropriate compromise and promised to pay tribute, so they formed an alliance with Qi and went on strike together. After Qi Huangong's death, Song Xianggong, who succeeded Tubo, overreached himself and wanted to summon the King of Chu who was once detained by Chu.
In 638 BC, the two armies of Song and Chu fought in the flood (in the northwest of Zhecheng County, Henan Province), and Song Jun was defeated. He was killed by an arrow and died the following year. Since then, the state of Song has never recovered.
In 633 BC, the king of Chu led the armies of Chen, Cai and other countries to besiege Song, and Song asked Jin for help. The battle of Jin and Chu broke out. This is a famous example in the history of China. Jin defeated the powerful Chu army and dampened the momentum of Chu's northward advance. He was included in the list of "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period" because of his hatred for the Zhou royal family for hundreds of years. Although Chu was not hurt in this defeat, it continued to attack the city.
In 606 BC, Chu Zhuangwang made a northern expedition to Lu Hunrong. As for Luoyang, a military parade was held on the outskirts of Wang Du in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. King Ding of Zhou sent the king to work for him, openly inquired about the weight of the tripod that was spread to the country in the Zhou Dynasty, and threatened that the Chu army could cast its hegemony as long as it broke the tripod tip. Since then, the Chu army has been sharp and invincible. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chen and Cai were destroyed one after another, and then Vietnam was destroyed, becoming a very prosperous country, sweeping the southern land and winning the Central Plains. More than forty or fifty small countries were annexed by Chu, mostly in Hubei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other places today.
"Warring States Policy Chu Ce Me" "Chu is a powerful country in the world. There are two counties in western Chu, namely, central Guizhou and Wu Jun, Zhou Xia and Haiyang in the east, Dongting and Cangwu in the south, Fenhong and Fuyang in the north, with a place of five thousand miles. " Although there are gains and losses in the territory of Chu, "in its heyday, it spanned eleven provinces and had more than 300 counties, making it the largest country in the Warring States". This vigorous development of Chu began in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty and lasted for about 700 years. It was not until the end of the Warring States period that Chu Huaiwang made a major decision-making mistake that a turning point appeared. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were frequent separatist regimes and wars in China's history, and it was also an important period of drastic social and political changes. The Zhou dynasty went from decline to disintegration, and the vassal States seized power through the merger war. Among them, Chu has benefited the most. Chu, from a "barbarian" country confined to a corner of Danyang, became the country with the largest "native land of 5,000 miles" during the Warring States period by fighting in the south and in the north, and its development speed was very fast. Undoubtedly, the large-scale ethnic integration formed by the continuous expansion of the territory is an important reason for the vitality and vitality of Chu State.
The so-called "Chu people" are not just surnames. The upper rulers of Chu people, that is, the descendants of Emperor Levin mentioned by Qu Yuan, that is, the descendants of Xia people from the northwest, were originally nomadic people, who went south along the Hanshui River and settled in Danyang on a weekly basis. The aborigines between Jiang and Han dynasties include the indigenous people of Zhou and Chu. According to Mr. Jiang Liangfu, "This indigenous people, from the perspective of historical development, immediately became the Miao people in Yaodian. At this time, when the Western Expedition was advancing with the times, it was the so-called "southerners" left by Sanmiao and the "southerners" left by Qu Zi.
Judging from the situation in the Zhou Dynasty, the aborigines in Yuanxiang area of Jianghan were quite complicated. Besides Sanmiao and its adherents, there are three ethnic groups: Yue, Pu and Ba. They moved here from different places. " Ancestor migration is a necessary means to seek survival and development. Before more developed agriculture appeared, migration was inevitable. Hunting, gathering, nomadic and slash-and-burn primitive agriculture all need better production and living places in constant migration. In addition, the reason for migration is that tribes multiply and branches seek other development. "Disagreement" between people of the same species, conflicts between close relatives and wars between different tribes will all lead to large-scale migration. As far as the composition of aborigines is concerned, it may be not only Miao, Yue, Pu and Ba, but also the "Nine Barbarian Wars", that is, many tribes and nationalities in southern China. Under the rule of Zhou family, they merged into a powerful Chu State, which was called "Man Jing" by northerners, and an increasingly powerful Chu State was established. Before and after Chu Wuwang, Chu completed the annexation and occupation of many small countries with Ji surname in Jianghan area in a short historical period, resulting in the situation of "Hanyang Ji exhausted". Later, the Yangtze River basin was finally unified, wuyue was annexed, and the Central Plains was continuously won by the power of aggression, and the Central Plains countries were continuously annexed. In the process of winning the merger war, multi-ethnic integration was realized in a larger scope. Chu people are brave and good at fighting, regard death as death, and have the spirit of sacrificing for their country. Even if you die in battle, you will feel honored and proud. Qu Yuan's "Mourning for the Nation" vividly eulogizes this: "Sincerity is brave, but ultimately it is strong and unyielding. Physical death, gods, souls. " With strength and bravery
Patriotism is closely related to tolerant attitude and broad mind. Chu annexed so many countries. Across today's 1 1 provinces, the specific situation is definitely extremely complicated. Mr. Huang Ruiyun said in the article "On the State of Chu": "The civilizations of China are very different, and their historical origins are different. The State of Chu can appease them. In the war, Chu never beheaded tens of thousands like Qin Jun, nor did he see a large number of prisoners. " Mr. Zhang also said in his "History of Chu Culture": "For the subjugation of the country, the trip of Chu people is to move their posts, guard their ancestral temples, county their territory, protect their subjects and use their talents. Even for barbarians, it is quite generous. " Because of this, Chu can win the support of all ethnic groups, show strong openness and cohesion, build a powerful and enterprising multi-ethnic country across the vast fields of the north and south of the river, constantly strengthen the concept of national identity of its subjects, and inspire their patriotism and strong local and national consciousness. It should be said that this is an important internal reason for the rapid development of Chu from small to large and from weak to strong.
3. Chu and Qu Yuan
Qu Yuan was born in a noble family. In the era of his life, Chu has a history of more than 700 years and is experiencing the process from prosperity to prosperity.
Qu Yuan had great ambition to revitalize Chu State since he was a child. He read widely, received a good education at home and at school, and liked the poetry books he could collect at that time. When I was young, I walked out of the Three Gorges and entered the Chu Palace. I worked as a civil servant in Lantai Palace. Qu Yuan is well-informed and has a strong memory. He knows the changes of the times like the back of his hand and is good at eloquence. He soon became a conspicuous figure in Chu politics.
In the eleventh year (3 18 BC), Qu Yuan rose from a civil servant to the left, second only to the chief executive of Chu, Ling Yin, and equivalent to the later deputy prime minister. Qu Yuan was only 22 years old at this time. At home, he often discussed state affairs with Chu Huaiwang and issued decrees. Handle the foreign affairs of Chu and other countries. Chu Huaiwang trusts him very much. At that time, two camps were formed in the Warring States, namely, the Western State of Qin wanted to annex the six eastern countries, and the six eastern countries United to resist the annexation of Qin. Qu Yuan sized up the situation and carried out the political line of promoting talents, laws, economy and enriching the people. Carry out the United front of uniting Qi against Qin and combining North and South, and strive for a peaceful environment to develop Chu. This year, Qu Yuan assisted Chu Huaiwang in inviting the kings of Qi, Han, Zhao, Wei and Yan to get together in the capital of Chu (now Jinan, jiangling county City, Hubei Province), concluded the second six-nation alliance in the Warring States Period, and elected Chu Huaiwang as the "monarch". In his early years, Chu Huaiwang also had the ambition to carry on the legacy of his predecessor and complete the great cause of reunification. He asked Qu Yuan to secretly draft a "constitutional order" to reform the internal affairs of Chu. As soon as Qu Yuan finished writing the manuscript, the Shangguan doctor found it and wanted to take it away. Qu Yuan certainly refused to give it to him. Shanxi merchants are on an equal footing with Qu Yuan in status, and the reason why they dare to grab manuscripts has complex background and profound reasons.
Qu Yuan's rise in the political arena of Chu State and his series of political opinions have exerted great influence both inside and outside the Chu Palace. The people clapped their hands and cheered, but it caused panic among the old aristocratic forces. Because Qu Yuan's political ideas, especially his reform ideas, have many similarities with Wu Qi, a reformer in Chu's early years, which is obviously unfavorable to the old aristocratic forces and a heavy blow to the pro-Qin faction in Chu. The representatives of these two forces are Lingyin Zijiao, Nanhou, Shangguan Doctor Jin Shang and later Gongzi Lan. They became best friends. They spoke ill of Qu Yuan in front of Wang Huai and slandered him with evil words. Although Chu Huaiwang admired Qu Yuan, he was arrogant, simple-minded and opinionated. Unable to withstand the encouragement of Shanxi merchants, King Huai alienated Qu Yuan, removed Qu Yuan from his post as a disciple, appointed him to be in charge of the affairs of the three royal surnames (Zhao, Qu and Jing), and prevented him from participating in politics.
In the 16th year of Chu Huaiwang (3 13 BC), Zhang Yi, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty, went to Chu, bribed his concubine by Shanxi merchants, and encouraged him to break diplomatic relations with Qi. The relationship between Chu and Qi broke down and the six-nation alliance collapsed. Chu Huaiwang was deceived by Zhang Yi, and fought with Qin several times, but all ended in failure, so he had to go to Qi again with the help of Qu Yuan to repair the relationship between Chu and Qi.
One of the ten States of Chu (924 ~ 960)
In 924, Ma Yin established Chu State with Changsha as its capital. It started with Ma Yin, King of Wu Mu of Chu, and ended with Ma Xichong. * * * spread to Ma Yin, Ma Xisheng, Ma Xifan, Ma Xiguang and Maggesi, which lasted for 56 years. In the first year of Ganning (894), Ma Yin entered Shaozhou and was awarded the secretariat of Tanzhou. Subsequently, Ma Yin defeated Liu, occupied Yizhou, Guizhou, Liuzhou, Yanzhou, Xiangzhou and other five states, and made himself the King of Chu. In the second year of Tiancheng (927), Ma Yin was named King of Chu in the Tang Dynasty. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Ma Yin set up officials and changed Tanzhou to Changsha Prefecture, imitating the imperial system. During his reign, gaoyu was reused and made the country strong. In the last years of Chu, Ma Xichong ignored state affairs and was destroyed by the Southern Tang Dynasty. Major events include Xu Wen's killing of the Lord.
4. Chu lineage
(740 BC-228 BC)
Chu Wuwang-King Chu Wen-King Chu Cheng-King Chu Mu-King Chu Zhuangwang-King Chu * * *-King Chu Kang-King Chu Ling.
-King Chu Ping-King Zhao Chu-King Chu Hui-King Chu Jian-King Chu Shengwang-King Chu Mourn-King Chu Su.
-Chu Xuanwang-Chu Weiwang-Chu Huaiwang-King Qing Xiang of Chu-King Gaoli of Chu-Chu Youwang
-King Chuai
-the king of Chu carried a heavy load.
5. Chu culture
During the Warring States period, Chu art made brilliant achievements, mainly in music, dance, painting and sculpture.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the music of Chu State was very developed. Chu set up a music official, who was in charge of music affairs. For example, Zhong Yi, Duke of Chu Yun, inherited the position of "actor" from generation to generation. Zhong Jian was appointed by King Zhao of Chu as a musician and a music official. Under the management of Yue Guan, the music level of Chu State is very high.
Chu has various musical instruments, including bells, chimes, drums, harps, shovels, pens [bamboo/tiger], flutes and so on. These musical instruments have been verified in the physical objects unearthed from Chu tombs of the Warring States Period in Hubei, Hunan and Henan.
A set of bells unearthed from the tomb of the famous Leigudun 1 at home and abroad, that is, the bells of Zeng Houyi. There are 65 pieces of bells chimed by Zeng Houyi, which can be played except the [present/unitary] chapter of the King of Chu. These 64 pieces include 19 buttons and 45 bells. There are inscriptions on the clock, its accessories and its pedestal, with more than 2800 words. Inscriptions record the corresponding relationship between the names of Zeng, Chu and Huaxia countries, and the names of their decrees and names. The scales, modes, French names, imperial names, inflected names, round palace methods, named phonology and range terms involved fully reflect the highly developed level of Chu music research in the pre-Qin period. The inscription lists the corresponding relations between Zeng Guo and Chu, Zhou, Jin and Shen Di. Among them, there are 28 names of * *.
Chu is the center of ethnic integration in the south, and Chu music also shows the characteristics of nationality and integration. Song Yuwen's Selected Works of the King of Chu contains: "There were singers in the middle of the Song Dynasty, and there were" Xialiba people ",and there were thousands of people who belonged to the middle and peace. It is called "Yang A Xielu", and there are hundreds of people who belong to it. This is "spring snow", and only a few dozen people belong to middle schools. China merchants carved feathers, and few people returned to China to make peace. It is its high music and rare harmony. " Xialiba people is a popular song in areas where Chu people and Ba people live together. When people sing, they are simply singing and dancing, and the scene is very lively. The rest of the songs, because of the greater difficulty, people can gradually reduce. This record truly reflects Chu, a country of music. In the development of music, foreigners and Xia people are allowed to coexist. From one side, it shows the open mind of Chu people and integrates the open spirit of foreigners and Xia people.
The dance was accompanied by music. Witch dance has been popular in Chu since Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Wang Yi's "Songs of Chu" said: "The southern city of Chu, between Yuan and Xiang, is a place where people believe in ghosts and gods and like shrines, and its shrines must be sung to cheer up the gods." Witchcraft dance is actually a religious dance, which has been very prosperous in Chu State. Qu Yuan's Nine Songs and other articles vividly reflect all aspects of witch dance.
The court music and dance in Chu is different from the folk music and dance, and the performance scene is much bigger and of course much more luxurious. For example, "Evocation" wrote: "The food is too shameful to pass, and women are happier. Chen Zhong made some new songs according to the drums. Pick diamonds in the river and carry forward the lotus. " "It is not surprising that it is beautiful by clothing fiber. Long hair [beard/front] is more glamorous. " "You will be crazy, [I really] bulged. The court was shocked and the crowd was excited. " "Big move" wrote: "28 dances, poems and dances. Ringing the bell to tune will entertain people. "
In addition, due to the close cultural exchanges among countries, the court music and dance of Chu State have also been widely absorbed or introduced, which has become a major feature of the music and dance of Chu State. For example, Evocation wrote: "Let's be together, Zhao Zhengduo dances." "Wu (Yu Qian), play something big." "Zheng Wei demon play, come and play." "Big move" wrote: "Play for political prestige and sing Zhang Zhi." At the same time, music and dance performances in various countries have reached the point of "competing for flying around and changing their voices" ("big move").
Both folk witch dances and court music dances pay special attention to the beauty of lines and rhythms of dancers. For example, Evocation and the big moves mentioned in many places, such as Graceful Body Pose, Long-haired Man, Fleshy and Bony, Graceful and Beautiful, Small Waist and Beautiful Neck, If you are Humble, Long Sleeves with a Wave, and Fleshy and Bony. 194 1 year, a painted figure lacquer bottle was unearthed from the Chu Tomb of the Warring States Period in Huangtuling, Changsha. * * There are 1 1 dancers, two of whom are dancing with long sleeves and thin waists, and the other eight are sitting still or watching, 1 waving whips with sleeves. This lacquer bottle vividly shows the scene of the group dance of Chu State, which has high artistic value.
Chu's paintings have developed rapidly and made outstanding achievements, mainly including silk paintings, murals and lacquer paintings.
"Dragon and Phoenix Figures Silk Painting" and "Yulong Figures Silk Painting" are the earliest silk paintings in ancient China and "two treasures of early paintings in China", with a length of 3 1cm and a width of 22.5 cm. In the picture, a woman stands sideways, with a high bun and a thin waist, a long skirt with wide sleeves, graceful and rich, and her hands crossed in prayer. On the woman's head, there is a phoenix painted on the left front to make her fly; Pterosaurs are painted on the reverse side of the phoenix, making it soar. The Dragon Silk Map is 37.5 cm long and 28 cm wide. In the painting, a man stands on the dragon's back, with a left facade, a high-crowned robe and a long sword at his waist. The dragon holds its head high and rolls its tail, just like a dragon boat. There is a carp under the left abdomen of the dragon, and a standing bird (like a crane) is painted on the tail of the dragon. There is also a heavy canopy painted on the man's head. People, dragons and fish all turn left, indicating the direction of progress, and even the tassels on the canopy are fluttering against the phoenix. The whole picture is moving and full of movement. These two silk paintings are basically sketched, but in some places, flat paintings are used, and the characters are slightly colored. The layout of the picture is accurate. Smooth lines and rich imagination show the unique style of Chu art.
There are a large number of murals in the ancestral halls of Chu Xianwang and Gongqing. The main contents of murals are pictures of heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, gods, ancient sages and monsters. There are paintings on the diaphragm of tomb Tianxingguan 1 in Jiangling. There are also 1 1 painted murals with geometric patterns such as diamonds, Tian Zi and moire.
The lacquerware industry in Chu is developed, so Chu people are also good at painting on lacquerware, which has become a unique artistic treasure in ancient China. Such as painted lacquerware for chariots and horses unearthed in Huangtuling, Changsha in 194 1; 1952 Painted lacquerware unearthed in Yanjialing, Changsha; And in 1957, Xinyang. The picture of welcoming guests on the lacquer mound unearthed from the No.2 tomb in Baoshan, Jingmen, depicts many people and things. It is a wonderful work of Chu lacquer painting and occupies an important position in the history of ancient painting art in China. This lacquer painting, 87.4 cm long and 5.2 cm high, depicts 26 people, 4 carriages, 65,438+00 horses, 2 pigs and 65,438+. With black paint as the background color and four colors of red, yellow, brown and green, many people and things are combined into a colorful, harmonious, unique, lively and three-dimensional dynamic composite picture through the way of line Gou Ping painting.
During the Warring States period, many representative works of Chu sculpture art, such as the magical flying phoenix in the tiger basin, the grotesque "beast in the tomb" sculpture, the light and elegant drum in the tiger basin phoenix, various forms of carved screens, realistic woodcarving deer, abstract woodcarving snake bottles to ward off evil spirits, lacquer boxes of various state images, etc., represent the achievements of Chu sculpture art and the application of Chu people.
Bronze sculptures in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are generally accessories of various bronzes, such as animal climbing or various animal image sculptures such as ear, head and foot. There are also supports, pedestals or accessories for large objects, such as bronze bell stands, tiger hooks, rock stands for animals and drum stands for dragons in the tomb of Zeng Houyi. However, there are few independent bronze sculptures such as "staghorn crane" from the tomb of Zeng Houyi. Most of these bronze sculptures are accessories or supports, bases and accessories of objects, which have relatively independent artistic appreciation value. It can be seen that designers consider their special functions as accessories and accessories, and notice that they are unified with the overall artistic style of utensils, but also regard them as an independent work of art. Therefore, these works often reflect the strong interest of Chu people in sculpture during the Warring States period.