Summary of poetry knowledge points in junior middle school Chinese language exams

The most important way to learn junior high school Chinese well is to summarize the knowledge points, especially when learning poetry knowledge points. In order to help you learn poetry better, I have compiled the poetry knowledge points for the junior high school Chinese language test for everyone. Let’s take a look!

The poetry knowledge points for the junior high school Chinese language test

1. Trees

Willow: farewell, nostalgia, sadness.

① The two characters "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic, often metaphorizing farewell.

② Willow trees grow in front of and behind the eaves, often as a symbol of hometown.

③ Willow catkins are erratic and often used to relieve sorrow.

Pine: A model of proud frost and snow, strong, proud, strong and vital. Poets often use it to warn themselves or express their noble character.

Wutong: a symbol of desolation and sadness.

Yellow leaves: withered, mature, late beauty, metabolism.

Green leaves: vitality, hope, vitality.

Bamboo: It symbolizes noble character and positivity.

Red leaves: a generational name for a thing that conveys feelings, and later also referred to a poem that conveys feelings.

2. Flowers and plants

Red beans: Acacia beans, a token of love between men and women, a metaphor for love or friendship between men and women.

Chrysanthemum: seclusion, nobility and refinement. Much praise for his strong character and noble temperament.

Plum blossom: proud, strong and unyielding.

Lotus:

① Since "Lotus" and "Lian" have the same pronunciation, there are many poems about lotus in ancient poetry to express love.

② Used to express one’s beautiful qualities.

Flowers bloom? Hope, youth, the splendor of life.

Flowers fall? Withering, frustration, setbacks in life and career, cherishing spring, nostalgia and nostalgia for beautiful things.

Peach blossom: symbolizes beauty.

Lan: Gao Jie.

Peony: wealth and beauty.

Grass: strong vitality, endless growth, humble status.

Grain millet: the sorrow of Millet Li (the country’s current prosperity and past decline).

Plum: Its maturity is a metaphor for a girl’s youth, as if leaning against the door and looking back, sniffing the green plums (Li Qingzhao’s "Red Lips").

Lilac: refers to sad thoughts or complexes.

3. Animals

Hongyan: Letters? Missing relatives. The swan geese are large migratory birds that migrate south every autumn, often causing travelers to feel homesick for their loved ones and to feel sad while traveling.

Partridge: The call of the partridge makes people sound like "Brother Who Can't Do It", which can easily evoke the association of a difficult and dangerous journey and the sadness of separation.

Chilling cicadas: Cicadas after autumn cannot live long. After the autumn rain, the cicadas will only have a few intermittent whines, and their life is at stake. Therefore, chilling has become synonymous with sadness.

Yuanyang: refers to a loving couple.

Swallows: migratory birds that like to stay in pairs and go in and out of houses or under the eaves. They were favored by the ancients.

① Regard it as a symbol of spring, beautify and praise it.

② Swallows are known to be a symbol of love, as the male and female swallows compete with each other (xi? h?ng birds fly up and down), and they follow each other when they fly.

③ Show the changes in current events, express the emotion and grief of the past and present, the turnover of personnel, the destruction of the country and the destruction of the family.

④ Passing letters from generation to generation, secretly expressing the pain of separation.

⑤It expresses the sadness of traveling and describes the pain of wandering.

Cuckoo bird: (Zigui) In ancient mythology, Du Yu, the king of Shu (i.e. Emperor Wang), was forced to give up his throne to his ministers, so he lived in seclusion in the mountains and forests, and his soul turned into a cuckoo after his death. Therefore, the cuckoo in ancient poetry has become a symbol of desolation and sadness.

Ape: sad, miserable.

Fish: freedom and comfort.

Eagle: Vigor, freedom, struggle in life, success in career.

Dogs and chickens: breath of life, pastoral life.

(Thin) Horse: galloping, pursuing, wandering.

Crow: villain, vulgar and mediocre, sad.

Shagull: drifting, sad.

Bird: Symbolizes freedom.

Water shield (ch?n) soup with perch: refers to the local flavor.

4. Water, moon and rain

Water:

① Because of the softness and coolness of water, water is often used as a metaphor for things like moonlight. Although it can be felt concretely, it is difficult to things to grasp.

② Because water is constantly sheared and soft, water is often used to describe sorrow.

The moon: the perfection and shortcomings of life, homesickness and family longing. Also known as Toad Palace, Jade Plate, Silver Hook, Chan Juan, Gui Palace, Jade Plate, Moon Wheel, Jade Ring, Jade Hook, Jade Bow, Jade Mirror, Sky Mirror, Bright Mirror, Jade Rabbit, Chang'e, and Toad.

①The bright moon contains the sorrow of those around you.

②The bright moon contains emotional helplessness.

③The bright moon contains the eternity of time and space.

Rain: What rain cleans is the world of space, as well as the human spiritual world. The poet comprehends the rich philosophy of life in the contemplation and contemplation of the rain.

① Like rain? The light rainy night comes, and I don’t know how spring grass grows.

② Bitter rain? Rain falls when you are sad for spring, sad for autumn, sad about separation, hateful, lonely, and helpless. It has become a natural image that best suits the frustration and sorrow of literati, and has a specific emotional connotation. .

③Yayu? The spring tide brings rain late and comes urgently, and there is no boat crossing the wild crossing.

④ Zen rain? Bamboo sticks and mango shoes are lighter than horses. Who is afraid? A misty rain can last a lifetime.

Sea: vastness, power, depth and momentum.

Waves: the ups and downs of life.

The turbulence of the waves: the dangers of life and the treacherousness of the world.

River water: the passage of time, the brevity of years, the long sorrow, and the development trend of history.

Smoke: the hazy bleakness of emotions, the confusion of the future, and the disillusionment of ideals.

Xiao Yu: spring scenery, hope, vitality, vitality, and subtle enlightenment.

Heavy rain: cruelty, passion, political struggle, the power to sweep away evil forces and cleanse filth.

Spring breeze: broad-minded, joyful and hopeful.

Dongfeng: Spring, beauty.

West Wind: Loneliness, melancholy, decline, wanderers longing to return home.

Strong wind: the power to cause chaos and destroy the old world.

Frost: It is easy to grow old in life, the harsh social environment, the rampant evil forces, and the ups and downs in life.

Snow: purity, beauty, harsh environment, rampant evil forces.

Lu: Life is short and life is fleeting.

Cloud: Wanderer, wandering, floating clouds are used as a metaphor for wanderers wandering outside.

Tianyin: depression, sadness, loneliness.

Tianqing: joy and brightness.

Golden wind: Autumn wind.

5. Utensils

Boat:

① There are many images that express the feeling of "drifting", such as duckweed, flying canopy, solitary wild goose, etc., "ship" is the most common. A small boat with leaves and vast sky and water makes people's insignificance more and more obvious; when people are traveling, they see many foreign scenery, which is more likely to trigger infinite thoughts.

② In contrast to the feeling of "wandering", another typical connotation of the "ship" image in Chinese classical poetry is "freedom".

Jade: noble and refined.

Pearl: beautiful and flawless.

Hairpin (crown): official position and fame.

Clothing anvil: A woman’s longing for her husband.

West Building and Small Building: feelings of resentment between friends.

Si Zhu: Music.

History: the annals of history.

Men: men.

Women: women.

Sangzi: hometown.

Xuanyuan: Motherland.

Three feet: law.

Cun Guan: pen.

Blue Bird: Messenger.

Wu Gou: generally refers to a sword or sharp sword.

Problem-solving skills for Chinese poetry appreciation in junior middle schools

1. Testing the understanding of poetry

Regarding the test of understanding of poetry, it generally involves the following aspects: The understanding of the meaning of the poem, the understanding of the scenery, images and emotions in the poem, the comprehension of the deeper meaning of the whole poem, and the understanding of the famous lines of the whole poem.

When we look back at the ancient poems we learned in junior high school, the main content of the poems, the characters in the poems, and the thoughts and feelings expressed in the poems can be roughly summarized as follows:

1. The characteristics of poetry The main contents are:

(1) Lyrical poems about scenery, singing about landscapes and scenic spots, and describing natural scenery.

(2) Poetry that chants objects expresses ambitions, and expresses the poet’s qualities or ideals through the objects chanted.

(3) Poetry that expresses emotion at the same time, which is caused by an incident.

(4) Nostalgia for the past and chanting epic poems, using historical allusions as themes, or using the past to satirize the present, or to express emotions.

(5) Frontier fortress battle poems, describing the scenery of the frontier fortress and the military life of the border guards.

2. The main characters in the poem are:

(1) The image of bold and unrestrained, such as Li Bai's "I am born with talents that will be useful, and I will come back after all the money I have spent".

(2) The image of caring about the country and the people, such as Du Fu's "A vast building with tens of millions of buildings, a great shelter for all the poor people in the world."

(3) Optimistic and open-minded images, such as Liu Yuxi’s "Thousands of sails pass by the side of the sunken boat, and thousands of trees spring in front of the diseased tree".

(4) Generous and tragic images, such as Fan Zhongyan's "A glass of turbid wine leads to a home thousands of miles away, but Yan Ran has no plan to return home".

(5) The image of loyal service to the country, such as Su Shi's "Will hold the eagle bow like the full moon, look northwest, and shoot at the wolf".

(6) The image of self-satisfaction, such as Xin Qiji's "Finishing the affairs of the king and the world and winning fame both before and after his life".

3. The thoughts and feelings expressed in the poems mainly include: not being afraid of difficulties, worrying about the country and the people, making achievements, missing hometown, missing relatives, lamenting the world, ambitions are difficult to achieve, aloof and refined, desolate and sad, and loving the mountains and rivers , open-minded and heroic, sad and lonely, yearning for beauty, tranquility and self-pleasure, parting mood, anxiety and conflict, being demoted and cynical, not recognizing talents, melancholy and desolate, complacent, etc.

2. Examine your taste in language

The shaping of images and the expression of emotions in poetry are often realized through the language of poetry. When appreciating poetry, it is very important to grasp the root of language. Therefore, examining the taste for accurate, vivid, and expressive language in ancient poetry has become an important aspect of Chinese archaeological poetry appreciation in recent years.

The test of language taste generally involves the following aspects:

(1) Test the subtlety of key words. Try to figure out, deliberate, and understand the meaning of key words and verses in poems and music from aspects such as word choice and rhetorical methods.

(2) Examine the profound meaning contained in the poem. From the language style and application techniques of the writer's works, you can appreciate the profound meaning of poetry and music in language. Recite and appreciate the beauty of music, rhythm, and rhythm in the language of poetry, lyrics, and music from the aspects of rhyme, rhythm, and tone.

(3) Examine the famous quotes in poetry and music. Appreciate it from the perspectives of rhetorical methods, expression techniques, thoughts and feelings, contained philosophy, and language use.

In the review, we not only have to memorize ancient poems and lyrics, but also combine some verses to try to figure out the following characteristics of poetic language:

(1) Fresh and natural, such as? Picking chrysanthemums in the east Under the fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely?

(2) Vivid images, such as: "Suddenly a spring breeze comes overnight, thousands of pear trees bloom".

(3) Implicit and meaningful, like "Flowing water and falling flowers, spring is gone, heaven and earth".

(4) The words are simple and meaningful, just like "the sea is full of sunshine and the night is over, and the spring of the river is entering the old year".

(5) Plain and simple, such as "Jiating in the north of Gushan Temple and west of Jia Pavilion, the water surface is initially flat and the clouds are low".

(6) Simple and bright, if you stand at the top of the mountain, you can have a panoramic view of the mountains and small hills.

3. Examination of analysis of writing skills

The examination of analytical skills generally involves the following aspects:

(1) Analysis of rhetoric in poetry The meaning and function of techniques.

(2) Analyze the expression methods of poetry, such as describing scenery, expressing emotions, borrowing objects to express feelings, embodying feelings in scenery, etc.

(3) Analyze the structural form of poetry, such as in-depth, layer by layer, emotion arising from the scene, and ambition expressed in the final chapter, etc.

(4) Analyze the expression techniques of poetry, such as allusion, foreshadowing, symbolism, contrast, foil, etc.

(5) Analyze the artistic style of poetry, such as simple and natural, powerful and extraordinary, clear and bright, etc.

Here, we briefly summarize the expression techniques and artistic styles of poetry, hoping to use them flexibly when doing questions such as analyzing poetry writing skills.

1. Techniques of expression in poetry

(1) Express emotions through scenery, such as: helplessly, the flowers fall away, and the swallows return as if they have known each other before.

(2) Embodying emotions in the scenery, such as: "The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of spring vegetation."

(3) To express one's ambitions by supporting things, for example, there will be times when strong winds break through the waves, hanging clouds and sails across the sea, or setting sun yen on the rivers.

(4) The combination of movement and stillness, such as the bright moon shining among the pines and the clear spring flowing up the rocks.

(5) The virtual and the real are intertwined, just like the flowers splashing with tears when feeling sad, and the birds being scared when they hate each other.

(6) Seeing the big from the small, like the east wind does not cooperate with Zhou Lang, and the bronze bird spring locks two Qiao deeply.

(7) Use happy scenes to describe sadness, such as "withered vines, old trees, dim crows, small bridges and flowing water, people's homes".

(8) Poetic and picturesque, such as the solitary smoke in the desert and the setting sun over the long river.

(9) Use allusions, such as: "Nostalgically chanting and listening to the flute poem in the empty space, and when you go to the countryside to translate it, it seems like a bad person".

(10) Using rhetoric, metaphor: "Zheng Peng leaves the Han Dynasty, returning wild geese enter Hu Tian", personification: "I send my sorrowful heart to the bright moon, follow the wind until the night is in the west", antithesis: how many mornings are there? The orioles are vying for warmth in the trees, whose new swallows are pecking at the spring mud? And so on.

2. Artistic style

Understanding the poet’s artistic style is helpful to grasp the thoughts and feelings expressed in their poems.

Each poet has formed different artistic styles in his own creative practice, such as: Tao Yuanming's simplicity and nature, Du Fu's melancholy and frustration, Li Bai's heroic and elegant, Bai Juyi's easy-to-understand, Wang Wei's poetry and painting In one body, Wang Changling's majestic and high-spirited, Gao Shi's tragic and desolate, Li Shangyin's hazy and obscure, Wang Changling's vigorous and powerful, Cen Shen's majestic and extraordinary, Wei Yingwu's fresh and elegant, Han Yu's strange and novel, Li He's melancholy and anger, Yuan Zhen's gorgeous Closely, Liu Yuxi's clear and solemn, Li Shangyin's elegant and graceful, Du Mu's subtle and graceful, Li Yu's sad and delicate, Ouyang Xiu's clear and bright, Fan Zhongyan's desolate and tragic, Yan Shu's bright and sparse, Su Shi's broad-minded and heroic, Liu Yong's lingering pathos, Huang Tingjian's natural flow, Qin Guan's sincerity, Li Qingzhao's elegance and sadness, Lu You's boldness and boldness, and Xin Qiji's majesty.

4. Examine the mastery of poetry style and life of poets

Testing knowledge of poetry style and life of important poets is never a separate proposition in the high school entrance examination Chinese test questions, nor is it a separate question. It purely tests some rote knowledge, but it is flexibly interspersed with poetry appreciation questions.

Poetry expression methods for junior middle school Chinese language test

1. Direct lyricism

That is, the author directly narrates his strong inner feelings in the article without concealing it. Let the intense torrent of emotion pour straight out.

For example: I don’t see the ancients in the past, and I don’t see the newcomers in the future. Thinking about the long journey of heaven and earth, I shed tears with sadness. (Chen Zi'ang's "Song of Climbing Youzhou Terrace") The whole poem has a generous and sad tone. Through waiting for Youzhou Terrace, it directly expresses the poet's grief, anger, frustration and depression of difficult achievements, empty ambitions and empty ambitions.

2. Expressing emotions through scenes

(Du Mu's "Po Qinhuai") is a type of indirect lyricism, which expresses the author's feelings through the description of the real scene.

For example: The smoke cage is cold, the moon is caged in the sand, and I stay in Qinhuai at night near a restaurant. The merchant girl didn't know the hatred for the country's subjugation, but she still sang "Flowers in the Back Garden" across the river.

The first two sentences of the poem describe the scenery, and the last two sentences are lyrical. The scene described is not a clear moonlit night or a cloudless blue sky, but a misty smoky moon covering cold water and white sand. The scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which adds atmosphere and color to the author's worry in the last two sentences. The two scenes blend together and become one.

3. Expressing one's ambitions through things

It is a kind of indirect expression of emotion. To express one's ambitions through things is to express feelings and thoughts with the help of some things or objects. Describe and express the discussion.

For example: Drooping down to drink clear dew, the sound of flowing water flows out of the sparse tung trees. The reason for speaking loudly and staying far away is not to borrow the autumn wind. (Yu Shinan's "Cicada") The image of the cicada described in the poem is: the cicada hangs its tentacles on the branches to suck the clean dew, and bursts of cicada sounds come from the sparse sycamore trees. Being at a high place, the cry naturally travels far, not relying on the power of the wind. In the poem, the real sentiments of life that the author wants to express are: All people with noble character always set strict demands on themselves and constantly improve their self-cultivation. Therefore, their good reputation can spread far and wide without relying on other people's bragging. It can be seen that writing about cicadas is the basis, but expressing one's feelings and aspirations is the real purpose.

4. Blending of scenes

The author's feelings are integrated into the description of the scenery, so that the poem achieves the unity of "things and myself". It is not clear which is "scenery" and which is "?" The state of love.

For example: Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan Mountain. The mountain air is getting better day by day and the birds are flying back and forth. There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to explain it.

On the surface, the poem describes the scenery, but in fact it implies the poet's emotional state of being detached from the world, loving nature, and far away from officialdom.

5. Combination of movement and stillness

Refers to the description of people, things, and scenes when they are in motion or relatively static.

For example: when the moon is dark, you can see fishing lanterns, and there is only a little firefly in the lone light. A slight breeze stirred up the waves, scattering stars all over the river. The whole poem uses line drawing to describe the scenery the poet saw on the boat at night. The first two sentences describe the static state, and the last two sentences describe the dynamic state. One movement and one stillness complement each other.

6. Use movement to contrast stillness

It is one of the contrast techniques, that is, through the description of movement, rendering contrasts with static, that is, showing static in dynamic description.

For example: The sweet-scented osmanthus falls when people are idle, the night is quiet and the spring mountains are empty. The moonrise scares the mountain birds, and they sing in the spring stream. (Wang Wei's "Birdsong Stream")

The scenery written in the poem, such as falling flowers, moonrise, birdsong, etc., are all moving scenes. At the same time, through these moving scenes, the tranquility of the spring stream is more highlighted. . ?The mountain is more secluded when birds sing?? You can see stillness in the movement, and the more still you can see it, this contains dialectics.

7. Writing sadness with happy scenes

It is a kind of contrast technique. On the surface, it writes a happy scene, but in fact it is used to express a kind of sadness. , sad emotions.

For example: Green bird and swan boat, four-cornered dragon flags, graceful and graceful, turning in the wind. The gold chariot is made of jade wheels, the green horses are dancing, and the saddles are tasseled and carved with gold. The money is three million, all dressed in black silk, and three hundred pieces of miscellaneous colors are handed over to Guangzhou Salmon Treasures.

8. Use scenery to express emotions

In the process of discussion or lyricism, the poem stops abruptly and turns to describing the scene, ending with the emotion of the scene, making the poem? Heartless at this time Sheng Youqing? It seems that the meaning is still unfinished.

For example: The pipa dances to a new sound, always leaving behind the old feelings. I can't stop listening to the excitement, but the autumn moon shines on the Great Wall.

(Wang Changling's "Seven Poems on the Military March") The first three sentences of the poem are all lyrical about the sound of music. In the concluding sentence, the poet gently opens a stroke to express the emotion with the scene. It was as if after drinking and having fun in the army, a vast and vast scene suddenly appeared with the Great Wall illuminated by a full moon: the ancient and majestic Great Wall was undulating, the autumn moon was shining high, and the scene was magnificent and sad. At this time, did the conquerors have deep homesickness in their hearts, or were they eager to make achievements? Is it worries about reality, or deep love for the motherland? It is unknown, leaving unlimited room for imagination for readers.

9. Use the past to satirize the present

This is a common expression technique in epic poems, using historical events to satirize the current dynasty.

For example: The six generations in Taicheng competed for luxury, and the most extravagant wedding was the spring wedding. Thousands of households and thousands of doors become weeds, only for the sake of a garden flower.

(Liu Yuxi's "Taicheng") The whole poem takes Taicheng, the place where the emperors of the Six Dynasties lived and governed, as its title. It describes the indulgent and debauched life of the Six Dynasties, which is in sharp contrast with the desolate scene of overgrown weeds, and combines the seriousness of history The lessons were transformed into shocking concrete images, expressing the infinite emotion of mourning the past and hurting the present.

10. Rendering

One of the traditional painting techniques in my country, it was later borrowed to refer to the emphasis, repetition and other aspects of writing that are used to highlight the characters and environment in literary and artistic creation. techniques.

For example: The autumn leaves of Jinjing sycamore are yellow, and the bead curtains are not rolled up by the frost at night. The jade pillow in the fumigation cage has no color, and I can lie down and listen to Nangong Qing's long leakage. (Wang Changling's "Autumn Poems") The first sentence breaks the theme and describes the autumn scenery to exaggerate the atmosphere of the cold night in the palace.

11. Contrast

Contrast within foil is one of the original traditional Chinese painting techniques. Also known as "Heng Yun Tuo Yue". Post-borrowing refers to a writing technique that highlights a certain mood of a character or emerges a character's image through the description of a specific environment and atmosphere. This technique is often used in conjunction with rendering.

For example: when a traveler sees Luofu, he lowers his shoulder to smooth his mustache; when a young man sees Luofu, he takes off his hat and wears a crotch; the plowman forgets his plow, the one who hoe forgets his hoe; the one who comes and returns is angry with each other, but just sits and watches. Luofu. ("Mo Shang Sang")

12. Using allusions

Allusions refer to a rhetorical method that quotes historical stories or words from ancient books to illustrate one's point of view. Usage has both overt and covert uses.

For example: Who can ask: Lianpo is old, can he still make a living? The poet compares himself with Lianpo, expressing his loyalty to serve others even though he is old.

13. Combination of virtual and real

Realistic writing refers to the direct and positive narration and description of characters or events. Dummy writing refers to the use of side explanation or foil narration and description. The combination of fiction and reality means that two techniques are used simultaneously in narrative and description.

For example: crows roost in the white trees in the atrium, and the cold dew wets the sweet-scented osmanthus silently. (Wang Jian's "Looking at the Moon on the Fifteenth Night") The ground is as white as frost, and crows can be seen. Although the poet did not explicitly write "the moon is bright", we can feel the "bright moonlight" everywhere. The real word "white ground" and "roosting crows" are written, and the fictitious word "moon is bright" is used to refer to the title of the poem "looking at the moon".

14. Circumference

There are two types of circumference: if you want to raise, suppress first; if you want to suppress, raise the method first.

For example: You should pity the green moss on the teeth of the clogs, and the small buckle firewood door will not open for a long time. The garden is full of spring scenery, and a branch of red apricot comes out of the wall. (Ye Shaoweng's "Visiting the Garden Is Not Worth It") The first two lines of the poem describe the poet's joyful visit to the garden, but he was turned away; but the last two lines describe the poet's other gains, seeing the spring scenery in the garden, and the emotional gap between before and after, and the regret at the beginning. Happy later. Here the method of suppressing the desire to promote is adopted.

15. Contrast

By using contrast, different characters, different life phenomena, and different thoughts and feelings can be distinguished more clearly, making the beautiful more beautiful and the ugly even uglier. .

For example: All the earth in front of the door is covered with pottery, and there is no tile on the house. The ten fingers are not stained with mud, and the scales live in the building. (Mei Yaochen's "The Potter") The whole poem deeply exposes the extreme irrationality of the feudal social system through the strong and sharp contrast between the potters and the rich, and expresses the poet's deep sympathy for the working people.