Yinshan Mountain is a famous mountain in the history of China. People who study history know it earlier and deeper than those who study geography.
Geographically, Yinshan Mountain runs east-west, and the western end of Yinshan Mountain disappears in Alashan Plateau as a low mountain. The eastern end ends in the upper reaches of Luanhe River west of Duolun. It starts from Langshan and Wulashan in the west, with Daqing Mountain and Huiteng Liangshan in the middle, Liangcheng Mountain and Huashan Mountain in the south and Malaysia Mountain in the east, with a length of about 1200 km. The north and south slopes of Yinshan Mountain are asymmetrical, and the north slope gently inclines to the Inner Mongolia Plateau, belonging to interior drainage. The drop of the south slope 1000 meters, descends to the Yellow River Hetao Plain. Generally speaking, I am now in the west of the plain ahead.
Under the shady mountain, we naturally thought of a folk song.
Chileger
Yinshan chilechuan,
The sky is like the sky, and the cage covers four fields.
The sky is gray and wild,
See cattle and sheep when the wind blows.
This is a folk song of the Northern Dynasties after Xianbei's Chinese-English translation. Experts have different opinions about where Chilechuan is. The first one is that it is in Shuozhou and Ningwu, Shanxi; The second view is in Yinshan area of Inner Mongolia, including the Dahe River Basin in Hohhot and the Kundulun River Basin in Baotou. The third view is that in today's Tumochuan Plain in Inner Mongolia, most Tuyouqi in Baotou and a few Tuzuoqi in Hohhot are reviving Chilechuan culture. Today, there are Chilechuan Street and Tumote Zuo Qi in Saihan District of Hohhot. If not in Shanxi, other areas are close to my current residents, and they are still here.
The blue area is Wulate Qianqi in Inner Mongolia.
Of course, this area is not always as beautiful as described in the poem. You know, this is the adjacent area between nomadic areas and agricultural areas. If it is described in another language, it is the ancient war zone between nomadic people and Han people in the north.
We have to admit that competition has been the norm since ancient times, even as a catalyst for national integration. Moreover, the struggle has not disappeared yet. Territorial and territorial disputes between neighboring countries are not uncommon. For China people, it is even more familiar. Needless to say, in ancient times, the consciousness of territory and boundary was not mature.
From this, we should know how important it is for a country and a nation to strengthen themselves. History will not pity the weak.
Now that the territorial dispute has been resolved, it is worrying to see that many problems have not ended for decades. However, as far as history is concerned, stable frontiers do not seem to exist. The war in northern China has lasted for more than 1000 years.
In the first year of Yongyuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dou Xian, a general riding a chariot, led an army out of the village, broke the Xiongnu in the north, climbed Yanran Mountain, ordered Ban Gu to draft an inscription, and carved stones to remember Han Wade. This mountain is located in central Mongolia, about 1800 km away from Yanmenguan. As the front line of Han people's fighting against Huns, Yanran frequently appeared in ancient poems, such as To Frontier Fortress by Wang Wei, When Xiao Guan waits for a ride, he always guards Yanran, White Horse by Li Bai, Sword Climbing Yanran, and Cragginess of Bian Feng. Fan Zhongyan's famous phrase "The Pride of the Fisherman" in Qiu Si, "A glass of turbid wine settled in Wan Li, and Ran Yan didn't lose his mind", was borrowed from the stone carving of Mingshan in Ran Yan.
Today's Hang Ai Mountain
Yan Feng ran away from Mingshan.
However, in the autumn and July of the first year of Yongyuan, Uncle Han Yuan was called Dou Xian, a general riding a bicycle.
Aboveboard, the royal family, the mountain, Wei Qing seize the city.
But he made a work report with Geng Bing, the treasurer, and visited the Forbidden City. Manage the army in the north.
Keywords Eagle Flying Sect, Tiger Killer, Sixth Division, Jinan Khan,
Donghu has five rings, Xirong has a strong border, princes and princes, and 30 thousand troops.
Rong Yuan's light martial arts, long hub four points, cloud blocking the road, there are more than 3,000 times.
I am happy to present it to you with eight arrays. The armor is dazzling and the sky is crimson.
Sui gaolingque, get off the bus, pass by brine, desert,
Chop Yuwen to disturb the drum, and the bloody corpse will be dyed one by one.
Then the four schools crossed, the stars swept away, Wan Li was depressed, and the field was completely defeated.
Therefore, if the territory is destroyed, we will do the opposite, and we will see the mountains and rivers by studying the map.
Then after Zhuo's evil, after Anhou, he took it, landed in Nie area, and burned the massage parlor in his later years.
High above, the anger of words, the mysterious spirit of ancestors;
To ensure the heir, restore and expand the territory, and shake the voice of great men.
The so-called once and for all, temporary support and Yongning also,
So the mountain was closed, the stone was announced, and it was clear that it was virtue.
Its words say:
Shuowang's family wants to collect wild people, suppress fierce abuse and cut off overseas.
Fascinating, is the border, is the holy mountain, is the dragon, is the hero!
Archaeological Discovery of Cliff Stone Carvings in Hang 'aishan
But we know that only the Huns fought against Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi, and by the time they arrived in Dou Xian, they had already fought in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Cao Cao era, Cai Wenji was captured by Xiongnu Zuo and gave birth to two children. After Cao Cao unified the north, he spent a lot of money to redeem it.
It is too idealistic to solve the problem once and for all.
Xiongnu is a big country that can compete with Qin and Han Dynasties. Historical experience tells us that big countries should also have patience and perseverance in competition. Impetuousness cannot solve the problem.
In order to resist the Huns, Qin Shihuang sent his son Fu Su to Shang Jun to supervise General Meng Tian's army and help Meng Tian build the Great Wall. In order to conquer the Huns, Liu Bang risked his life and finally escaped from the encirclement of Deng Bai. Deng Bai is in the northeast of Datong, which shows that the Huns have made far-reaching violations.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty spared no effort to crack down on Xiongnu, during which great events happened, such as Xiongnu's failure and civil strife, Zhang Qian's voyage to the Western Ocean, and great changes in geo-strategy, such as the five-Khan regime, the golden jade, and Xu Xu's sealing of wolves. However, there were some regrets during this period, such as Su Wu's grazing in the north, Li Ling's defeat and surrender, and Li Guang's futility. Even Sima Qian, a surname, suffered because of Xiongnu.
It must be said that China people have been good at uniting Lian Heng since ancient times, and they also have the strategic thinking of United front.
In the winter of 122 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went to Yongxian to worship the five-color emperor and captured a monster with one horn and five hooves. Officials reported that God gave Kirin because of the emperor's piety. However, this monster is tragic and has the reputation of Kirin, but it was matched with a cow and barbecued. Not counting this, the official suddenly had a brainwave and suggested that the year of the emperor was 1234, which was not the Dharma, but should be changed to auspicious. Why don't you start with your majesty and call it jianyuan from the beginning? The year when the Long Star appeared was called Yuanguang. This year, he hunted Kirin and was called the Fuehrer.
In the first year of Yuanshou, Xiongnu continued to harass the Han Dynasty, and more than 10,000 people attacked the valley. This time, the death toll is very small, hundreds. This frequent harassment forced Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to find another way.
Shanggu County is located in Dagucheng Village, Xiaonan Xinbao Town, Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province. It got its name because it was built at the top of the Grand Canyon. It was originally established by Yan Zhaowang. General Qin Kai, who was sent back to the East Lake by Yan Zhaowang as a hostage, defeated the East Lake, retreated the East Lake to the north for more than a thousand miles, and extended the northern territory of Yan State to Liaodong. Later, the Great Wall was built along the northern border, and five counties were set up, namely Shanggu, Yuyang (governing Miyun area in Beijing today), Liaodong (governing Liaoyang city today), Liaoxi (governing Yixian West in Liaoning today) and Youbeiping (governing Ningcheng County in Inner Mongolia today). Shanggu County is the first county in the western part of northern Xinjiang of Yan State.
As early as before, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to make an international alliance and share a common destiny. Xiongnu's allies and satellite countries who cut off Hu. At that time, there were constant countries in the western regions, but most of them were traveling countries. For example, Zhang Qian plans to focus on visiting the big moon family and leave from the original position. The fact is, you can't afford to be taunted, you can't afford to hide, and because you are far away, you have changed from a nomadic country to an agricultural country in the Amu Darya River basin, and you have a comfortable life and lost interest in revenge for the Huns.
For some time, celebrities have ignored our own great history and unilaterally promoted the so-called great spirit of the West. For example, they spoke highly of Elbert Hubbard's monumental work Letter to Garcia, telling us that we can gain an enterprising spirit and a kind of motivation in this pursuit through this work. No matter how much we pay for ourselves, we will do anything for our country. Of course, this idea is right, but it is problematic to set an example in the image of the West.
In fact, Tan Zhenyuan, the hero of the above works, is much more naive than Zhang Qian. In an era that is more difficult than the Tang Priest's scriptures, I went west to the Amu Darya River basin, and I don't know if this life is enough. Zhang Qian volunteered for this task. In the third year of Jianyuan (BC 138), Zhang Qian left Longxi and was captured by Xiongnu. Xiongnu is not a fool, knowing what tricks the Han Dynasty sent people to the West. So he took care of Zhang Qian, married him, got married and had children. But Zhang Qian always kept Jeff, the special envoy of the Han Dynasty, and took the opportunity to escape after more than ten years. On the way home, Da Yue changed to South Road, only to be captured by the Huns and held for more than a year. In the third year of Yuan Shuo (BC 126), the Huns were in civil strife, and Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape and return to Chang 'an. Zhang Qian took more than 65,438,000 people with him when he went to China. 13 years later, only he and Tang Yi's father came back.
In the first year of Yuanshou, Xiongnu harassed Shanggu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty prepared to fight back. In the second year of Yuanshou, Huo Qubing was promoted to a title of generals in ancient times with 10,000 cavalry. Starting from Longxi, he attacked Xiongnu, crossed five small tribes, climbed over Yanqi Mountain for more than 1000 miles for five days and five nights, killed Zhelan Wang and Luhou, captured alive the prince, prime minister and a surname of the evil king of Xiongnu, arrested and killed nearly 90,000 people, and caught the admirer of Xiutu Wang. Emperor Wu added 2000 fiefs. In summer, Huo Qubing rode Hou Gongsun 'ao together and led the troops out of Beidi County. Zhang Qian, then Wei Wei, and then Li Guang, the doctor, went from right to Peiping.
In this attack, Li Guang was surrounded by forty thousand left cavalry, and he could not escape the fierce struggle. When Zhang Qian arrived the next day, there were only 1,000 down soldiers. Of course, Li Guangjun was very calm, killing the enemy far exceeded the loss. However, the court judged that Zhang Qian's March was delayed and should be beheaded and redeemed as a civilian. Li Guang's merits and demerits offset each other.
Huo Qubing went deep into Xiongnu for two thousand miles and lost contact with Gongsun Ao. However, he moved on, crossed Juyanhai, crossed Xiaoyue's home and reached Qilian Mountain. He captured King Shan Huan, Chief Tu, his prime minister and a surname alive, killed 3,200 prisoners, surrendered 2,500, and captured more than 70 deputy kings and Xiao Wang alive. Emperor Wu increased fiefs by 5,000 households. Seal his men against Sima as his men, and this Hou was branded as Huo Qubing. A captain with a high degree of ignorance should be named Hou, and most of his courtiers are Guan Quhou. Gongsun's March was delayed, and the result was the same as Zhang Qian's. He atoned for the common people.
Then the Huns retaliated by invading Dai Jun and Yanmen County, killing hundreds of prisoners.
Although Zhang Qian unfortunately joined the army, he was still familiar with diplomacy. In the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19), after the Huns lost the Hexi Corridor, they retreated to the northwest and relied on the manpower and material resources of western countries to fight against the Western Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty re-appointed Zhang Qian as a corps commander, led more than 300 attache, carried tens of millions of gold coins, silks and other property and 10,000 cattle and sheep, and went to the Western Regions for the second time. The purpose of this trip is to recruit Wu, who has contradictions with Xiongnu, to return to his hometown and break Xiongnu's right arm; The second is to publicize the national prestige and persuade the western countries to unite with the Han Dynasty and make it the foreign minister of the Han Dynasty. When Zhang Qian arrived in Wusun, it coincided with Wusun's civil strife and failed to achieve the purpose of persuading Wusun to return to the east. However, Zhang Qian's envoys visited Dawan, Kangju, Da Yue, Daxia and other Central Asian countries respectively, which expanded the political influence of the Western Han Dynasty and enhanced mutual understanding. Zhang Qian and his party returned to Chang 'an in two years (1 15) with dozens of Wusun messengers.
To supplement the situation in Zhang Qian, I am worried that everyone will be cold. We can see that only from the expedition in the second year of Yuanshou, we know that the battle with Xiongnu is very long, from today's Gansu in the west to today's northern Beijing in the east. It is actually very difficult for several armies to take care of each other.
It has to be said that Hexi Corridor and Hetao area are hot spots of war, because this is where the Huns depend very much. In the autumn of the second year of Yuanshou, due to the infighting among the Huns, the evil king of the Huns attached it. Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty placed the subordinates of the evil king of Xiongnu in Longxi, Beidi, Shang Jun, Shuofang and Wuyuan, namely the Hetao area of the Yellow River, so that they could maintain the customs of Xiongnu. From then on, the Huns in Jincheng, Hexi, Qilian Mountain and Yanze (now Lop Nur) could not enter.
In the spring of the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Wei Qing and Huo Qubing (at the age of 22) to lead fifty thousand cavalry. "Hundreds of thousands of infantry turned to Dingxiang and Dai Jun, respectively, and went deep into Mobei to hunt down the Xiongnu main force. Huo Qubing led an army into the north for more than 2,000 miles, crossed the back hill, crossed the river, engaged with the left part of Xiongnu, killed 70,400 people, captured three Huns, including Tuntou Wang and Hanwang, and eighty-three generals, Danghu and a captain, and chased them to Xushan (now Mongolia) and locked them up there. After World War I, Xiongnu was wiped out by the Han army in the south of the desert, and Xiongnu Khan fled to Mobei. " Although the Huns are far away, there is no Wang Ting in the desert south. "He and Wei Qing launched an offensive war against the Huns, which changed the defensive state of the Han Dynasty and defeated the Huns in one fell swoop. Thus, the border security of the Great Wall in the northern part of the Western Han Dynasty, that is, the southern part of the desert, has been guaranteed for a long time. This campaign was the longest attack of the Han Dynasty on the Huns.
Among them, Jincheng, Longxi, Tianshui, Anding, Beidi and Shang Jun, which were set up in the Han Dynasty, were collectively called six counties, and Chen Ziang, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, sent David to join the army:
The Huns are still alive and Jiang Wei rejoined the army.
No, no, three rivers, chasing six counties.
The wild goose mountain crosses the north, and the fox inserts the cloud.
Don't let it go to the top, but stay in Korea and you will succeed.
Liu Junxiong refers to the anti-Hungarian hero in the northern frontier, especially Zhao Chongguo, who made contributions to the frontier in the Western Han Dynasty, and is recorded as "Liu Junxiong's good son" in Hanshu. The place where I am now belongs to Wuyuan County, which was located in the second year of Yuanshuo (BC 127). The county is located in Jiuyuan County (the county is located in the northwest of Maji Town, Jiuyuan District, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia) and belongs to the secretariat department of Shuofang.
So why did Chen Ziang repeat the famous saying of Huo Qubing, a title of generals in ancient times in Han Dynasty, that "the Huns are not extinct, and there is no place to live" and the allusions of Jiang Wei, a doctor of Hehe in the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period? Because Huo Qubing has been writing poems for 800 years, not to mention 400 years earlier than Jiang Wei. In the Tang Dynasty, the Huns ceased to exist. At that time, the northern power was Turkic.
From the first year of Tang Yanzai (694) to the fourth year of Kaiyuan (7 16), the war between the northern and northwestern areas of the Tang Dynasty was constantly attacked and plundered by Ashina, an eastern Turkic, which was called the war of attacking the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the Tang Dynasty (including Wu Zetian's Southern Zhou Dynasty) sometimes jointly attacked Qidan and sometimes confronted it. In 697, the East Turkic asked Zhou (Wu Zetian) to settle in Feng (now Wuyuan South of Inner Mongolia), Sheng (now Tuoketuo Southwest of Inner Mongolia), Ling (now Lingwu South of Ningxia), Xia (now Baicheng Zi of Inner Mongolia), Shuo (now Shuoxian County of Shanxi Province) and Dai (now Daixian County of Shanxi Province). There are 40,000 kinds of grain, 50,000 pieces of miscellaneous colors, 3,000 pieces of farm tools and 40,000 Jin of iron in Wu Zhou, which shows that East Turkistan is no longer purely engaged in nomadism. In 698, due to the failure of reconciliation, East Turkistan attacked the Jingnan Army around Khan, and successively fell to Guangxi, Tan, Zhao and Dingzhou, killing more than 10,000 people in Chicheng, Huailai, Zhaoxian, Dingxian and Miyun in Hebei. After that, it was divided into five retreats and plundered. Due to the attachment of Turks who moved into the northern territory of Tang Dynasty, East Turkistan developed rapidly and became a serious threat to the northern territory of Tang Dynasty. David should have joined the army in this background. Wuyuan generation is still within the scope of war.
Over the past 1000 years, the cause of expanding territory has been so difficult. Peace and tranquility are hard-won, and national unity and prosperity are hard-won.
So, I couldn't help writing a lyric under the Yinshan Mountain.
He xinlang? thunder and lightning
Looking at the Yinshan Mountain in the north. The vault is singing, the trees are sparse, and the autumn wind is back. Wuliangsuhai, 300 miles away, is said to be the old course of the Yellow River. Reading is like a mirror, Tang Han's story, six counties are better than a good family, so Zhang Qian is more than just the western regions. Feng Weiwei, from a title of generals in ancient times.
Since ancient times, rivers and mountains have been like Ouqi. Sighing clouds, Khan entrenched, 500 years of shame. It is the general trend that thieves in the Taiwan Strait want to cut and treat them. Hold a paper tiger and be a fox. I love breaking slaves and getting sick, and then breaking mantis arms. Black weapon, a thunderbolt!
This word has room for deliberation in both level and rhyme, but it is not perfect because of energy and ability.
The sixteen states of Youyun mentioned here are the biggest geopolitical losses after the Tang Dynasty.
Sixteen states of Youyun, also known as sixteen counties, specifically refer to Youzhou (now the center of Beijing), Zhou Shun (now Shunyi District of Beijing), Ruzhou (now Yanqing District of Beijing), Tanzhou (now Miyun District of Beijing), Jizhou (now Jizhou District of Tianjin), Zhuozhou (now Zhuozhou City of Hebei Province), Yingzhou (now hejian city City of Hebei Province) and Zhou Mo (now Hebei Province). Yuzhou (now Yuxian County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province), Yingzhou (now Yingxian County, Shanxi Province), Zhou Huan (now East of Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province), Shuozhou (now Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province), Yunzhou (now Yunzhou District, Datong City, Shanxi Province). It is equivalent to Beijing and Tianjin, Shanxi and northern Hebei.
In 936 AD, Shi Jingtang, the founding emperor of the late Jin Dynasty in China (our time is in the east of the late Tang Dynasty), opposed the independence of the Tang Dynasty and asked Qidan for help. After the establishment of the Khitan, Emperor Taizong of Liao made an appointment with Shi Jingtang. In the third year of Tianfu (938), Shi Jingtang ceded sixteen states to Qidan according to the requirements of Qidan, and extended the territory of Liao to the Great Wall. Later, several dynasties in the Central Plains failed to recover completely. The strategic significance of the Sixteen States has made the Northern Song regime in the Central Plains feel threatened for more than 60 years.
After sixteen states were ruled by non-Han rulers for 455 years (9 13- 1368), in August of the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to conquer Dadu, and sixteen states were reintegrated into the sphere of influence of Han people.
But the Hetao area was not owned by the Ming Dynasty. For more than 270 years in the Ming Dynasty, the grassland in northern Mongolia was constantly in war, and the feudal lords in Mongolia fought for power and profit. In the early Ming Dynasty, the interior of the set was occupied by Timur (fine print), which was later expanded by Yuan. In the middle of Hongwu, Wang Baobao was expelled and his land was confiscated. In the last years of Hongwu, the Hetao to the west of Weishuo and Bameng belonged to Ningxia and was under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the whole territory of Hetao was under the jurisdiction of descendants of Dayan Han in Yuan Dynasty. Tianshun and Hongzhi were occupied by Mongolian Arochu, MaoCaspian Sea and Manduhu. In the fourth year of Chenghua (1468), Arochu was killed by his henchmen Gaslan, and all his families were combined with Manduhu. A few days later, Huoping Department re-entered the land called Ordos, which belongs to Chahar Department, and has nine children living in different grazing areas. East of Hetao is Anda (alatan Khan) Department, named Tumote. In the fifth year of Qin Long (157 1), Anda agreed to make him the king of Shunyi in the Ming Dynasty, and it was not until Wanli that the east of Hongyu Lake where he lived was changed to Guihua City (that is, the old town of Hohhot). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Hetao was called a nomadic post station in Mongolia.
It was not until the Qing Dynasty that Hetao got rid of chaos. However, we know that the Manchu lost many frontiers, including northwest, northeast, Taiwan Province, Peng, and the invaded west. What was lost during the Republic of China was Outer Mongolia.
The impact of these troubles has continued to this day.