With the widespread use of private land system and ironware and the rise of new social strata, China in the Warring States period ushered in the peak of political, economic, cultural and technological changes. During the Warring States period, the state-owned land system was completely disintegrated, and the private land system was established and developed. The development of social productive forces and the reform or reform movement in various countries have promoted this change. The free sale of land has been legalized, and there are poor people, bureaucrats and nobles who participate in the sale of land. After Shang Yang's political reform, the State of Qin said that "people have to buy and sell besides mining fields".
Due to the strengthening of the county system, countries that have acquired land, wealth and population have been carrying out merger wars, which has prompted this land that has been in war since the Spring and Autumn Period to gradually move towards a new era. The Warring States inherited the troubled times in the Spring and Autumn Period, created Qin Shihuang, and continued the cultural trend of a hundred schools of thought contending. This is the golden age of China's thought and academic development, which is called "a hundred schools of thought contend" in history. The new development of economy and technology in the Central Plains, the national reforms launched by various countries, the vertical and horizontal cooperation of celebrities, and the struggle of old generals have produced a large number of allusions for future generations. Shaped the embryonic form of the Chinese empire.
Qin Wang swept Liuhe
Ying Zheng, king of Qin, wiped out Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi in 22BC1year alone.
1, defeated Korea. In 230 BC, Qin Shihuang sent Nestor to March in, captured Wang An of North Korea, and set up Yingchuan County (now Yuxian County, Henan Province) in the old place of North Korea, and South Korea declared its demise. The demise of South Korea is a symbol of the all-round development of the Qin unification war.
2. break Zhao and force Yan. After Qin destroyed Korea, the second goal was Zhao. In 229 BC, Zhao suffered a series of major earthquakes and famines. Qin Shihuang once again ordered Wang Jian and Yang Duan to launch an all-out attack on Zhao. Wang Jian used double agents to buy Guo Kai, the courtier of Zhao Wang, slandered Li Mu and others, saying that they were going to rebel, prompting Zhao Wang to kill Li Mu. In 228 BC, Wang Jian defeated the Zhao army, conquered Handan, captured the king of Zhao alive and occupied Zhao's homeland. Then it moved north, stationed in Zhongshan (Dingxian County, Hebei Province) and approached the State of Yan.
3. Break the Yan State. The practice caused panic among Yan and Dai. Prince Dan of Yan took in Fan, a traitor of Qin State, and met the assassin Jing Ke through Tian Guang, a warrior of Yan State, in an attempt to assassinate Qin Shihuang. However, Jing Ke's failure to kill Qin Shihuang aroused Qin Shihuang's anger towards Yan State. In 226 BC, Qin Jun captured Ji Cheng (now Beijing) in Yan Dou, and Wang Xi and Taizi Dan of Yan fled to Liaodong.
4. Occupy Wei land. After conquering the thrips in Yan Dou, he turned his finger at Wei. In 225 BC, Qin Shihuang sent Wang Ben, the son of Wang Jian, to attack Wei with 654.38 million troops. Seeing that Daliangcheng was low-lying, not far from the Yellow River and the gap, Wang Ben ordered Qin Jun to open a canal to bring the water from the Yellow River and the gap to Daliangcheng. Three months later, the city wall collapsed and Qin Jun entered the girder. Wei surrendered, was killed soon, and Wei also perished.
5. Cutting Chu on a large scale. In 225 BC, Qin Shihuang sent Li Xin to attack Chu. Li Xin underestimates his enemy, winning first and then losing. In 224 BC, Qin Shihuang personally invited veteran Wang Jian to lead 600,000 troops to attack Chu. Destroy the Chu army in the south, kill Xiang Yan, the general of Chu, and occupy a large territory of Chu. In 223 BC, Wang Jian and Wu Meng jointly attacked Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu alive. The following year, Wang Jian led an army to cross the river, pacify the Jiangnan area of Chu and surrender to Baiyue King. Chu declared its demise.
6. swallow. After the demise of Chu, Qin Shihuang sent Wang Ben to the northeast to sweep away the remnants of Yanzhao. In 222 BC, Wang Ben captured Liaodong and Yan. Then he captured Daicheng and captured Daiwang Jia. Yan and Zhao were wiped out. At this point, only Qi was left in the six eastern countries. In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered Wang Ben to lead Qin Jun to attack Qi from the border of Yan. Wang Ben suddenly attacked Linzi (Zibo), the capital of Qidu, without any resistance. Wang Qi surrendered to the State of Qin, and Qi was also included in the territory of Qin.
Territorial folding editing this paragraph.
Southeast, northwest, upper, middle and lower;
Chyi Chin Chu Zhao Yan Wei Han.
Qin: It occupies about Guanzhong and Hanzhong in Shaanxi, southeastern Gansu, most of Chongqing and Sichuan.
W: It probably occupies the south of Shanxi, the north, the middle and the east of Henan.
Zhao: It occupies a part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in the north and middle of Shanxi, and in the middle and southwest of Hebei.
H: About the central and western parts of Henan and the southeastern part of Shanxi.
Qi: It includes northern Shandong, southern Hebei, western Shanxi and southeast.
Chu: It occupies a part of Hubei, Henan, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
Yan: It occupies a part of northern Hebei, Liaoning and Jilin.
Political folding editing this paragraph
During the Warring States period, under the monarch, the vassal state formed a central bureaucratic system with separation of official posts and separation of civil and military powers. Xiang, also known as Xiangbang and Prime Minister, is the first of all officials. A general, also known as a general, is the head of a military attache. In the second year of King Wu (309 BC), the State of Qin began to set up a prime minister. The most distinguished prime minister was Xiangbang, and the highest military post was Liang Zuo at the beginning. It was not until King Qin Zhao established a general. Chu has always regarded Lingyin as the highest official position, or the Lord as the second highest military attache. The second-level military attache in various countries is Wei, or Guo Wei. The secretary of the monarch is called the suggestion and has the responsibility of supervision. The setting of counties is more common, and the pattern of counties is gradually formed. It turns out that officials are hereditary and have their own fiefs. Beginning in the mid-Warring States period, the monarch changed to give officials at all levels a certain amount of food as a salary, or rewarded them with gold coins and coins. At the same time, the seal system was formed, and the appointment and dismissal of officials were based on the seal, and the transfer of troops was based on the military symbol. In order to concentrate all power in the hands of the monarch. There are townships, villages and collective societies below the county level. There are three old people in the countryside, the court and the inside. Living in a village, there are five things under it, five things are one thing, five things are one thing, and ten things are one thing. How long is it?
Official folding edit this paragraph
Central structure
The warring States countries absorbed the historical lessons of the change of monarchical power in the Spring and Autumn Period and established a new bureaucratic system to correct the lack of patriarchal aristocrats holding state power in the past.
During the Warring States period, Xiangbang was the highest official of the central government. Xiangbang is the head of a hundred officials, and he has the right to reward and punish officials of all sizes. All countries have appointed this official, but the name is slightly different. Some countries borrow old names such as Taizai, Sezuka and Lingyin. Some countries are called prime ministers, and the Qin Dynasty sometimes set up left and right prime ministers instead of countries.
Officials who are lower in rank than Xiangbang and in charge of various specific positions include Si Tuleideng, Sima and Sikong (see three things) who are in charge of civil affairs, military affairs and engineering affairs, and the general manager or manager who manages punishment and resignation. There are also officials who specialize in agriculture, handicrafts and forest resources, such as Si Dian, Gong Shi and Shi Yu.
Local institutions
Locally, it is generally divided into several counties to replace the aristocratic fiefs in the past. After the Qin political reform, there were 41 counties in China, and The Warring States Policy said that Wei had 100 counties. Counties are also called capitals, even in ancient books. There are townships and villages below the county level. Some countries have states between villages and towns. There are several factions under the house, five factions and ten factions. The officials in charge of counties are Ling, Qin or Sanjin, also known as county magistrate. There are officials under the order, such as Youcheng, Wei, County, Sima County, etc. There are three elders in the township and village, Li Dian and Wu Chang. Counties and counties are under the rule of the monarch, and the decrees of the monarch can be carried out all the way to townships and villages through local small officials, and the centralized system is greatly strengthened than in the past.
Countries in border areas or newly occupied areas often set up counties and unify counties. For example, Wei set up a county in Hexi, Shu county after Qin destroyed Shu, and Yunzhong and Yanmen counties after Zhao defeated and Loufan. During the Warring States period, counties were relatively large, with Shangdang county in North Korea having seventeen counties, and Dai county and Shanggu county in Zhao and Yan each having thirty-six counties. The county officials in charge are Shoujiang, and some are called Taishou. The purpose of setting up counties is to strengthen the local military defense ability, so the county chief not only governs the people, but also has military power and can lead troops to defend themselves or attack the enemy.
The monarch appoints and dismisses all guards and orders from Xiangbang to local governments. When appointing officials, the official seal shall be affixed. An official can only exercise his power if he has an official seal. When the official was removed, the official seal was mainly recovered, which was called "receiving seal" or "seizing seal" at that time. The monarch evaluates the performance of officials through the so-called "upper plan". If an official is incompetent or negligent, the monarch can accept his seal and avoid his official. "Xunzi" said: "Xiangbang succeeded and worked for you all his life. If it is right, it will be abolished. " Xiangbang is the head of a hundred officials. If the monarch is dissatisfied with him, he can be removed at any time. It can be seen that the assessment of officials at that time was relatively strict. Because of this, most governments can maintain high administrative efficiency.
make appointments by favouritism
Nepotism was practiced in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the officials were mainly Gongzi and Gongsun. Meritocracy prevailed during the Warring States Period. Although the phenomenon of appointing clans in countries such as Qi and Chu has not been cut off, most countries mainly employ useful talents from civilians, even people from poor backgrounds, such as Shen Buhai, can make an exception. Qin used foreign guests to attract talents from all over the world. Qin Neng is the strongest in the world, which has something to do with it. Official talents are mostly recommended and recommended by ministers or celebrities. If the candidate practices favoritism and malpractice, he will be punished to some extent. For example, the State of Qin said, "Whoever has done something wrong will have his own sin".
Officials' salaries are generally in kind. Senior officials can eat for thousands of minutes, even 30 thousand minutes. The salary is slightly lower in 1000 stone, followed by 800 stone, 700 stone, 600 stone, 500 stone, 400 stone, 300 stone, 200 stone, 100 stone and 50 stone. The lower classes fight for food. According to the Qin system, anyone who owns more than 600 stones is a senior official. Officials who have made special contributions are often rewarded by the state. For example, the book "Shang Jun" once said: "Winning the first place and enjoying the first rank are beneficial to the field."
Chivalry still exists, but it is quite different from the Spring and Autumn Period. In the case of imperial clan or hero, you can get the title of monarch or marquis, with fiefs or fiefs, mainly grain rent tax, and only a certain degree of citizenship. Most of these monarchs are lifelong or handed down from generation to generation, so it is difficult to be hereditary for a long time. The lower one is Qing or a doctor, usually awarded to heroes or celebrities. Qin's title system has many levels, from Hou to doctor and scholar. Among them, those with low ranks were obtained by civilians or soldiers.
Legally fold and edit this paragraph
In the early Warring States period, the reforms in various countries further systematized the law. The codes compiled by Li Kui of Wei State include Theft Law, Theft Law, Prisoner Law, Arrest Law, Miscellaneous Law and Use of Force Law. Stealing by law, stealing by law, thieves killing by law. The Prison Law and the Arrest Law are procedures for investigating and arresting thieves. Miscellaneous laws are punishments for crimes other than thieves and thieves. The law is a provision to reduce or increase the punishment for crimes according to the situation. Qin has clan punishment. Shang Yang's political reform established the method of sitting, and even formulated severe and severe laws, which increased punishments such as corporal punishment, big monarch, gouging the top, lacing the ribs, and frying in an iron pan. Other countries are also competing to make strict and cruel laws. For example, there are punishments such as boiling, killing, brewing and golden knife. In the State of Chu, there were punishments such as slaughtering, dismembering, cooking, piercing ears, flogging, smashing, cutting, smashing, destroying homes, Zong Yi and Sanzu. And Yan has a hole, a belly, a prison, etc.
During the Warring States period, all countries used harsh laws to govern their countries. To this end, some new written codes have been formulated. Wei has Fa Jing, which is the most famous. Zhao has the law of the country, and Yan has the law of service. But these codes are long gone. The Law of Qin was compiled on the basis of the Classic of Law, and now it no longer exists. Most of the related materials, such as Yunmeng Qin Law unearthed in 1972, should be the legal provisions of Qin State during the Warring States Period, and are valuable materials for understanding the legal situation of Qin State or other countries.
Qin law puts the protection of the sacredness of private property in the first place. For example, the punishment for theft is extremely severe. Anyone who participates in distributing or harboring stolen goods will be punished as a thief. Theft proceeds, the value of which exceeds that of 660 yuan, will be punished with a heavier penalty than the death penalty. Stealing someone else's mulberry leaves, worth less than a dollar, takes 30 days of hard work.
Secondly, the law attaches great importance to the illegal behavior of officials. There are many official laws and regulations in Qin law, such as the law of establishing officials, the law of effectiveness, the law of ranks and so on. And the laws of land, industry and gold cloth related to production. An official who neglects his duty in law enforcement is incompetent, and an official who lightly sentences a felony or severely sentences a misdemeanor is dishonest, all of which constitute a crime. "Dishonest" officials are "evil officials" and are not allowed by law.
The punishment was cruel during the Warring States period. Penalties include death penalty, corporal punishment and imprisonment. Corporal punishment can be divided into four categories: embarrassment, embarrassment, embarrassment and so on. Imprisonment is to make criminals serve hard labor for a long time. Sanjin called criminals, Qin called criminals or ghost officials. Cheng Dan was the heaviest prisoner in the Qin Dynasty. The prisoner wore clothes, iron tongs around his neck and nails on his feet. At the same time, corporal punishment such as phlegm and phlegm should also be carried out. Cheng Dan served hard labor for a long time under strict supervision, and actually became a slave of criminals. Corporal punishment in the Warring States period has become a remnant of the previous era, and imprisonment has become an important means of punishment. Lighter punishments include relocation, flogging, fines and fines. Transferring prisoners means transferring prisoners to border areas for service or defense. The family members of prisoners should also bear legal responsibilities, and the three-family punishment in the code, that is, the relatives of prisoners' fathers, mothers and wives, should also be implicated. The so-called "acceptance" in Qin law also refers to the wife and wife who have no sinners.
The vassal States folded and edited this paragraph.
During the Warring States period, Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin were the most powerful, and they were called the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States".
More than 100 countries in the Spring and Autumn Period, after continuous merger, there were about a dozen countries in the early Warring States Period. Great powers have Qin, Wei, Han, Yan, Zhao, Qi and Chu, that is, the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". In addition, there is Yue, a relatively powerful country. Small state-owned Song, Wei, Zhongshan, Lu, Teng, Zou and so on. In addition, there are many ethnic minorities in the surrounding areas, including those in the north and northwest, Loufan, Donghu and Yi Qu, as well as Ba, Shu, Min and Yue in the south.
In the early Warring States period, the "Seven Heroes" came into being, and all countries focused on internal arrangement. The country recruited talents and made great efforts to govern the country, such as Li Kui, Wuqi, Shang Yang and others' political reforms and political reforms all took place in this period.
The mid-Warring States period was a period of great war. Really: "there is no peace in the country, and there is no peace in the old age." The melee situation of "the country has no fixed ownership and the soil has no fixed owner". In order to maintain their own survival and expand the power of their own territory, monarchs have claimed the king and dominated the party. On the one hand, strengthen centralization, reform and strengthen armaments; On the other hand, in diplomacy, we frequently strive for "integration" and "Lian Heng" of other countries.
In the late Warring States period, Zhao Haoqi Xiang of Qin took Fan Ju as the prime minister and adopted the strategy of "attacking from far to near", which destroyed the "alliance" of various countries, enhanced Qin's national strength and military, became the first power in the Warring States period, and weakened the strength of all countries.