"Reading thousands of volumes, writing is like a spirit" is a famous saying of Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty. Later generations have given different interpretations to these two lines of poetry. Qiu Zhaoao's "Detailed Notes on Du Shi" in the Qing Dynasty has three explanations for the word "po" in "Studying breaks through ten thousand volumes". One of them says: "The chest contains ten thousand volumes, so it is possible to have both sides." There is spirit in writing." The second said: "The book is broken, which is the same as the three unique things compiled by Wei. If you are familiar with it, the scroll will be easy to grind." The third one says: "See through the truth of thousands of volumes." These three theories reflect different understandings of the word "break". To sum it up: break through, break through, see through.
The so-called "breakthrough" means to read more and "have a mind full of thousands of volumes", which means to read a lot of books. Wang Chong, a famous thinker in the Han Dynasty, said: "Those who are not well-read, who do not know about the past and the present, who do not see things, and who do not know what they are, are like those who are blind, deaf, and have a nose." Any scholar with outstanding achievements in ancient and modern times, at home and abroad, is all diligent. A studious and well-read person. Wang Chong himself read nearly 13,000 volumes in his life, and was "well versed in the opinions of hundreds of schools of thought", so he was able to write the great work "Lunheng".
The so-called "burning" means "the book is broken" due to familiar reading. When Confucius read "The Book of Changes" in his later years, the cowhide ropes used to compile the bamboo slips were worn out many times, which was the so-called "Three Wonders of Wei's Compilation". According to actual needs, select some books to read repeatedly to gain in-depth understanding and deepen memory. This is an effective reading method. There is a poem by Su Dongpo that says: "I don't get tired of reading old books a hundred times; if I read them carefully and think deeply, I will know myself." This is based on experience. If you don't read a book, it will be shelved in a high cabinet, and the book will be no more than a piece of waste paper; if you read it in a hurry, you will glance at it, "press the book and you will be there, cover the book and forget it." What's the use of reading more?
The so-called "seeing through" means reading carefully and thoroughly understanding the principles in the book. In intensive reading, firstly, we must grasp the key points and prefer to be precise rather than miscellaneous; secondly, we must study deeply and strive for mastery. "There is an ocean of books, available in all department stores, and one cannot absorb them all with all his energy." Therefore, when reading, one must be good at choosing and picking out the essence, and one must not read indiscriminately. Once you have chosen the key points and determined the main direction of attack, you must study deeply and assiduously until you truly understand it. Lu Jiuyuan, a philosopher of the Song Dynasty, said: "Learning must be done without covering anything." This means that learning must reach a point where there is no confusion. If you don’t pay attention to rationality when reading, aimlessly, and just read too much, you will inevitably be like Zheng Banqiao said: "Reading thousands of volumes, there is no suitable master in your mind."
No matter what the meaning of the word "broken" is, "reading hundreds of thousands of books" is applicable to people who specialize in academic research, not to ordinary primary and secondary school students. For those who are scholars, it is "all the books are worth seeing". The books of the Tang Dynasty ranged from a few thousand words to tens of thousands of words per volume, and tens of thousands of books contained no more than 100 million words. It is equivalent to the amount of text in 300 books of 32 format and 500 pages today. For those who specialize in academic research, this amount of reading is far from enough. Therefore, the word "wan" in Du's poem should take the meaning of "very many", that is, "read more to have a good foundation in mind". For primary and secondary school students, the main task is to learn knowledge according to the requirements of the textbooks, and the main purpose is to lay the foundation for further study. "Reading more than ten thousand volumes" is firstly unnecessary and secondly difficult to achieve. Therefore, primary and secondary school students should not blindly "break through tens of thousands of books", but should focus on "understanding a book thoroughly and drawing on analogies."
Encouragement to Learn Author: Xun Kuang
The gentleman said: Learning is something you can’t do anymore. Green is derived from blue and is green from blue; ice is derived from water and is cold from water. The rope is straight in the middle, and it is turned into a wheel, and its curves are regular. Although it is rough and violent, it is no longer straight, and it is made like this. Therefore, if wood is supported by a rope, it will be straight, if metal is sharpened, it will be beneficial. If a gentleman is knowledgeable and examines himself every day, he will know clearly and act without mistakes.
Therefore, if you don’t climb a high mountain, you don’t know how high the sky is; if you don’t go to a deep stream, you don’t know how deep the earth is; if you don’t listen to the last words of the past kings, you don’t know how great knowledge is. The sons of Qian Yue and Yi raccoon dogs were born with the same voice, grew up and had different customs, and they were taught to do so. "Poetry" says: "Sigh, you gentleman, there is no eternal rest. I am in charge of your position. It is good and upright. God listens to it and introduces you to Jingfu." God is not greater than the Tao, and blessings are better than the absence of disasters.
I spend the whole day thinking about it, which is not as good as what I have learned in a moment; I stand on my knees and look at it, but it is not as good as climbing up to gain broad insights. When you climb high and move, your arms are not as long, and the person who sees you is far away; when you follow the sight and call, the sound is not faster, but the person who hears it is louder. A fake horse can travel thousands of miles without benefiting from its feet; a fake boat can run a thousand miles without benefiting from the water. A gentleman's life is not different, he is good at things and false in nature.
When soil accumulates, mountains become the wind and rain; when water accumulates, the abyss becomes abyss, dragons emerge; when good deeds accumulate, virtue becomes virtuous, and the gods are satisfied with themselves, and the holy heart is prepared. Therefore, if you do not accumulate steps, you cannot reach a thousand miles; if you do not accumulate small streams, you cannot reach a river or sea. A horse can't take ten steps with one leap; a horse can ride ten times without giving up its merits. If you persevere, the rotten wood will not be broken; if you persevere, the metal and stone can be carved. Earthworms don't have sharp claws and teeth, nor strong muscles and bones. They eat earth and drink from the underworld. They have the same intention. Eight crabs kneel down with two pincers. It is not a snake or eel that has nothing to rely on in its cave. Therefore, those who have no deep ambitions will not have clear enlightenment; those who have no shameful things will not have great achievements. Those who follow the road will not come, and those who serve the two kings will not tolerate it. The eyes cannot see both ways and the ears cannot hear both ways. The tan snake has no legs and can fly, and the mole has no skills. "Poetry" says: "The corpse dove is in the mulberry, and its sons are seven. A gentleman's manners are one. His manners are one, and his heart is like a knot!" Therefore, a gentleman is tied to one.
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Encouraging Learning Translation
The gentleman said: Learning should never stop. Indigo is extracted from indigo, but it is greener than indigo; ice is made of water, but it is colder than water. (A piece of) wood is as straight as the ink line (straightened by the carpenter). (If) it is baked with fire and bent to make a wheel, its curvature (can) conform to the compass (circle drawn). Even if it is dried in the sun, it is no longer straight (this is due to) human processing to make it (become) like this. Therefore, wood becomes straight when it is cut with ink lines (axe sawing), and metal swords become sharp when they are put on a whetstone (sharpening). A gentleman who studies extensively and examines himself every day will be wise and clear, and his actions will be faultless. . I once daydreamed about it all day long, but it was not as good as what I could gain from studying in a moment; I once stood on tiptoes and looked far away, but it was not as good as climbing up a high place to see as much as I could. When you wave from a high place, your arms are not lengthened, but people can still see it from a distance; when you shout in the direction of the wind, your voice is not strengthened, but the listener can hear it clearly. People who use cars and horses cannot walk fast, but they can reach thousands of miles; people who use boats cannot swim, but they can cross rivers. The nature of a gentleman is no different from that of ordinary people, but they are good at learning with the help of external objects. Accumulating soil becomes a mountain, and wind and rain will rise from there; accumulating water becomes a deep pool, and dragons will grow there; accumulate good deeds and develop good character, then the spirit can reach a high state and wisdom will be achieved. If it can be developed, the saint's thoughts (that is) are possessed. So if you don’t accumulate small steps, there is no way to reach a thousand miles; if you don’t gather small streams, there is no way to become a river or sea. A good horse can't go ten steps after one jump; a bad horse can go far in a carriage for ten days, but its success lies in walking non-stop. If you carve (once) and let it go (without carving), the rotten wood (also) cannot be cut; if you keep carving (if you don't stop), you can carve (successfully) on gold and stone. Earthworms do not have sharp claws or strong bones, but they can eat soil and drink underground water because of their single-mindedness. The crab (has) six legs and two crab claws (but) without snakes and eel holes (there is) no (place) to place (the body), (this is) impetuous (not specific).