2. Politics: The third scientific and technological revolution, the two world wars, the formation of monopoly capitalism and the victory of the October Revolution in Russia have all profoundly influenced people's way of life and thinking, changed people's spiritual life, and opened up a broader world for the development of literature and art in this period
2. World literature
1. The representative work of European realist writer romain rolland and its historical position
. Born on January 29th, 1866 in the small town of Clancy on the plateau in central France. At the age of 15, he moved to Paris with his parents. In 1899, romain rolland graduated from Paris Normal School, and passed the examination to obtain the qualification of tenure as a middle school teacher. Later, he entered the French Archaeological School in Rome as a graduate student. After returning to China, he taught art history in Paris Normal School and Paris University, and engaged in literary and artistic creation.
at the beginning of the 2th century, his creation entered a brand-new stage. Roland wrote several biographies of famous people in succession, such as Beethoven (193), Michelangelo (196) and Tolstoy (1911), in order to let the world "breathe the breath of heroes" and set up a monument for heroes with great spiritual strength. At the same time, he published his masterpiece "John Christophe", which won the literary prize of the French Academy in 1913. This work is also known as the first great realistic literary work in the 2th century, and he himself is also called "a bridge between two centuries of culture". From this, Roman Roland is considered as the most important writer in contemporary France. In 1915, Roland was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in recognition of "the noble ideals in his literary works and his sympathy and love for truth in depicting different types of characters".
between the two world wars, Roman Roland's creation reached its climax again. In 1919, he published the novella "Gora Breugnon" written in 1913, in 192, he published two anti-war novels "Glehen Wave" and "Pierre and Ruth", and in 1922-1933, he published another masterpiece "The Soul of Xin Shuo". During this period, Beethoven's Great Creation Period (1928-1943), an important work of music theory and music history, was published, as well as works of various genres such as poetry, literary criticism, diaries and memoirs.
Roman Roland's artistic achievement mainly lies in his bold and simple writing style, which depicts the image of intellectuals who are bravely advancing in pursuit of justice and light in the stormy times. When talking about artistic style, Roman Roland said that he didn't want others to recognize his other advantages except the word "sincerity". He is a writer with wide international influence and a famous social activist. He has waged an unyielding struggle for human freedom, democracy and light all his life.
2. The representative figures, historical position and representative works of American literature in the early 2th century
Hemingway (1899-1961), an American writer, won the Nobel Prize in Literature Prize in 1954. Hemingway is a legend. He was born into a doctor's family in Chicago in 1899. After graduating from high school in 1917, he became a newspaper reporter and went to the Italian front. He likes skiing, bullfighting and hunting, which are often the background of his works. In the 194s, he came to China to report on War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. He has participated in two world wars, so many characters in his works are warriors who despise death. The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls all express the author's strong anti-war sentiment and become famous works describing the two world wars. His masterpiece The Old Man and the Sea shows the social reality at that time by describing the hard struggle between man and nature, and contains the author's views on life. This creative technique is called "iceberg principle".
Hemingway moved to Cuba after World War II and wrote the novella The Old Man and the Sea. The theme of The Old Man and the Sea is that people should face failure bravely. Santiago, a fisherman in the novel, failed in the struggle against the shark symbolizing bad luck, but he persevered and won in the manner of dealing with failure. There is a famous saying in the novel: "A man is not born to be defeated. You can destroy him as much as you can, but you can't beat him." He walked into the ring at the age of 14, covered with blood, but he refused to fall down; At the age of 19, he went to the battlefield, and more than 2 shrapnel were embedded in his body, which failed to make him fall; Numerous hardships in writing, numerous rejections, and numerous failures still failed to defeat him; Until his later years, he stood up from the fire after two consecutive plane crashes; Finally, unwilling to be an incompetent weak person, he shot himself. This is the tough guy Hemingway. Hemingway hoped that his life would be full of drama, and he hoped that everyone would remember him at the curtain call. He wants to put an end to his life with people's endless applause, so that all the latecomers know that he is a real man and how heroic and fearless he is when he dies as a man. From Hemingway's life experience to his final destination, he realized this important life appeal. After the Cuban revolution, he returned to the United States. In 1961, he committed suicide because of depression.
3. The characteristics, representatives and achievements of Asian, African and Latin American literature at the end of 19th century and the beginning of 2th century.
The literature of Asia, Africa and Latin America, on the basis of retaining national characteristics, has been integrated with European and American literature, and gradually gained world recognition, with the emergence of famous writers such as Tagore and Yasunari Kawabata.
Tagore (1861—1941) was an Indian Bengali poet, writer, artist and social activist. Born in Calcutta, a family with profound cultural upbringing, his father was a famous religious reformer and social activist, and his six brothers also devoted themselves to social reform and Renaissance. Tagore hated formal school education since childhood, and spent his youth by family education and hard self-study. In 1878, he went to England to study law, and then transferred to London University to study English literature and study western music. The poem "Gitanjali" is profound, fresh and beautiful, which made Tagore the first Nobel Prize in Literature winner in Asia in 1913. The other works, such as Crescent Moon and Birds, are world-famous poems. In April 1941, this prodigy, the founder of modern Indian literature, wrote his last words, The Crisis of Civilization. On August 7th of the same year, Tagore died in his ancestral home in Kolkata.
Friendship is one of the most sacred things, which is not only highly respected, but also worthy of eternal praise. It is the most virtuous mother of generosity and honor; Is grateful and kind sister, is the sworn enemy of hatred and greed; It is always ready to sacrifice itself for others, and it is entirely voluntary and does not need to be begged by others. -Tagore
4. The historical position, representative works, contents and characteristics of Gorky, a proletarian writer.
(1) Historical position-Maxim Gorky (1868-1936) was born in a carpenter's family on the Volga River in 1868. As his parents died early, he went out to make a living and wandered around when he was ten years old. He was an apprentice in a shoe store, washed dishes on a ship, moved goods on the dock, and supported rich farmers for a living. He also worked as a railway worker, a baker, a janitor and a gardener. In the life of hunger and cold, Gorky mastered the knowledge of European classical literature, philosophy and natural science through tenacious self-study. Gorky, who only attended primary school for two years, published his first work at the age of 24.
Gorky is known as "the greatest representative of proletarian art", the founder of socialist realistic literature and the mentor of proletarian revolutionary literature. The prose poem Haiyan has created a brave image of Haiyan and inspired people to meet the great battle. It is an immortal battle talk and ode of proletarian revolution. Mother created the heroic images of the first batch of proletarian revolutionaries who consciously fought for socialism in the history of world literature. It was recognized as the foundation work of socialist realistic literature and praised by Lenin as "a very timely book". The autobiographical trilogy (Childhood, On Earth and My University) not only reflects the writer's own life experience and the process of ideological exploration, but also broadly summarizes the Russian society from 197s to 198s, describes the miserable life and experiences of working people and praises their excellent qualities. Gorky is not only an excellent writer, but also actively engaged in the great cause of defending world peace and the proletariat. His excellent literary works and his name will be remembered by people all over the world.
(2) representative works and their contents and characteristics.
The prose poem Haiyan has created a brave image of Haiyan, inspiring people to meet great battles, and it is an immortal battle talk and ode of the proletarian revolution. Mother created the heroic images of the first batch of proletarian revolutionaries who consciously fought for socialism in the history of world literature. It was recognized as the foundation work of socialist realistic literature and praised by Lenin as "a very timely book". The autobiographical trilogy (Childhood, On Earth and My University) not only reflects the writer's own life experience and the process of ideological exploration, but also broadly summarizes the Russian society from 197s to 198s, describes the miserable life and experiences of working people and praises their excellent qualities.
5. Lu Xun's representative works, their historical position and his literary characteristics.
(1) representative works and their historical position.
Lu Xun (1881-1936), formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. In 1918, Lu Xun published Diary of a Madman, which was the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China. This novel reveals the cannibalism nature of the family system and feudal ethics through the mouth of a madman. The novella The True Story of Ah Q is an immortal masterpiece in China's modern literary history. The author uses Ah Q to depict countless images of China people who are numb and ignorant. Ah Q's so-called "spiritual victory method" shows the hopeless mental illness of the oppressed. Lu Xun was the standard-bearer of the New Culture Movement in China, and made great contributions to the democratic revolution and modern literature, and left people with a rich and precious spiritual heritage. In his life, he translated nearly 1 million words, including 3 novels, 17 essays, 1 collection of prose poems, 1 collection of reminiscence essays, more than 1,4 letters, as well as diaries from May 5, 1912 to October 18, 1936 (of which 1922 was lost), as well as A Brief History of Chinese Novels and An Outline of the History of Chinese Literature. He also translated the literary works and literary theories of nearly 1 writers from 14 countries and printed them into 33 singles. In addition, 18 kinds of ancient books were compiled and collated. These works have been published in different versions, including 1 volumes of Lu Xun's Translated Works in 1959 and 16 volumes of Lu Xun's Complete Works in 1981. Lu Xun's works enrich the treasure house of world literature, and have been translated into more than 5 languages, including English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, French, German, Arabic and Esperanto, and have a wide audience all over the world.
(2) Literary features-Lu Xun hopes to urge people to reflect on themselves, eliminate ignorance and numbness, and arouse the courage and spirit of Chinese people's struggle by depicting these "silent souls".
Third, the variation of music
(1) Background
At the end of the 19th century, world music ushered in a new period of development. Musicians have broken away from the shackles of tradition and searched for a new breakthrough in music art. At that time, various styles and genres emerged one after another, and they existed in the mutual influence.
(II) Achievements
1. Impressionism: Debussy (France): Afternoon of the Faun, Nocturne and Moonlight
The French composer Debussy is the main representative of impressionist music, and is considered as a genius in the 2th century. Impressionist music, like impressionist painting, pursues a hazy effect. From Debussy's music, people can appreciate a hazy, elegant, illusory and quiet artistic conception. Debussy's symphonic poem Pastoral Afternoon, orchestral Nocturne and piano piece Moonlight are all representative works of impressionist music.
2. Expressionism: Schoenberg: Variations for Band and Violin Concerto
During this period, expressionist music focusing on expressing the inside and self also emerged, with Schoenberg as the representative. Schoenberg is an Austrian composer of Jewish descent. He completely abandoned the traditional concept of musical tonality, made his music in a state of atonality or atonality, and explored the law of atonal music-12-tone system, which had a great influence on the development of music in the 2th century. His important works include Variations for Band, Violin Concerto and Survivor of Warsaw.
3. Neoclassicism: Stravinsky: The prodigal son's journey and the sacrifice of spring
4. The rise and artistic characteristics of cubist painting
1. Background:
Cubism is a modern art school that rose in France after entering the 2th century. Cubist painters, contrary to the characteristics of traditional painting, divide the painting object into several geometric sections, and then subjectively juxtapose and overlap them to show the geometric space of the object. Because the picture destroys people's normal vision, they will feel fragmented.
2. Achievements
Picasso (1881-1973) was the most famous representative of cubism. Picasso was Spanish and later settled in Paris, France. He began to engage in artistic creation activities at the end of 19th century, and continued until 197s, becoming the most influential modern cubist painter. Picasso has been pursuing all his life, creating works of various artistic styles in different creative periods, and composing immortal songs of life with his own artistic pen.
creative stages, representative works and their artistic characteristics.
① Picasso's works before 197 were divided into "blue period" and "pink period" according to different colors.
② Around p>②197, influenced by African black art and Cezanne's paintings, he formed a "black period" in his creative career, and his masterpiece is Girl of Avignon, which is considered as the first painting of cubism. In the past, painters always looked at people or things from one angle, and painted only a three-dimensional side. Cubism is to show things in a brand-new way. They observe from several angles, observe from several angles that can't be seen from the front, and show several sides that can't be seen from the front in a parallel or overlapping way. In The Girl of Avignon, the tones of five naked women are set off by a blue background, and the background is arbitrarily divided, so there is no sense of distance, and the characters are composed of geometric shapes.
③ Later, Picasso further explored the possibility of cubism, and began the period of analytical cubism and comprehensive cubism in his artistic career, creating works such as Girl Playing Mandolin, Portrait of Girl and Still Life with Rattan Chair.
④ After the First World War, the turbulent and tragic years made Picasso rethink the classical world, and he entered the "neoclassicism period" of his creation.