“The mortal heart is in danger of mountains and rivers” – Zhuangzi said this more than 2,000 years ago. No wonder the Chinese only have the heart to explore people, not the natural mountains and rivers.
“Those who steal (thieves) hooks (hooks) will be punished, and those who steal the country are princes. In the gates of princes, benevolence and righteousness exist.” ––––––––Chinese people have no sense of truth and can only be loyal to the emperor. Awareness of "righteousness", and a sense of power, which can monopolize truth.
“Original (exploring) the beauty of heaven and earth, reaching (clarifying) the principles of all things” ––––––––In fact, the Chinese are only interested in “original beauty of heaven and earth” and are not interested in the relationship between the world and the world. Outsiders are not interested.
“Wandering beyond the dirt (mundane world), carefree in idle pursuits” –––––––––––Intellectuals like Zhuangzi are divorced from productive labor, and what they study is too clear. Although his personal achievements are great, they are a tragedy for the nation.
“Only (alone) communicate with the spirit of heaven and earth, but do not be arrogant (arrogant and contemptuous) to all things” ––––––––Chinese people only have a spiritual communication relationship with the universe and nature, and do not conquer it. The desire to explore.
“Working at sunrise, resting at sundown, and carefree between heaven and earth” – a picture of small-scale peasant economy.
“If you don’t enjoy longevity, you won’t mourn your death, you won’t be prosperous and prosperous, you won’t be ugly and poor.” Zhuangzi means not taking joy in longevity and not taking sorrow in early death. , Don’t be proud of being knowledgeable, and don’t be ashamed of being poor. The Chinese people have lost their enterprising spirit by being content with the situation and knowing their destiny.
“Beside (rely on) the sun and the moon, hold (hold) the universe, and swim beyond the dust (secular)” – the thought of retreating into the world makes Chinese people often lack the sense of “I have the ability to enter the world” Courage, I will bear all the pain and joy in the lower world." The courage.
“Heaven and earth coexist with me, and all things are one with me.” The idea of ??the unity of man and nature cannot produce the concept of exploring nature, nor can it produce modern science.
“It is praised by the whole world without admonishing it, and it is not discouraged by the whole world’s criticism.” (It is not proud of being praised by the whole world, and it is not depressed when it is criticized by the whole world.) ––––––––Chinese people give It has been averaged, standardized, and moderated, and there are very few independent people like Zhuangzi.
“The perfect person has no self, the god has no achievements, and the saint has no name.” (The person with the highest realm does not feel his own existence, the god does not pursue meritorious service, and the saint does not seek fame) ––––––China People attach great importance to fame and fortune, so some people stand up against fame and fortune.
"The wren nests in the deep forest, but it only takes up one branch; the mole drinks from the river, but its belly is full." (The wren builds its nest in the deep forest, but it only occupies the space of one branch. Why does it need to own the entire forest? Mole Rats drink water by the river, but only when their stomachs are full. Why do they need to occupy the entire river?) Contentment is the common thought of Confucianism and Taoism, and it is also a reflection of agricultural society.
"In the mountain of Miaogushe, there is a god and man living there. His skin is like ice and snow, and he is as graceful as a virgin. He does not eat grains, but breathes wind and drinks dew. He rides on the clouds, rides on flying dragons, and swims across the four seas." (In the distant Gushe Mountain, there is a god-man living. His skin is as white as ice and snow, and his grace is as graceful as a virgin. He does not eat the grains of the world, but eats the wind and drinks the dew. He soars in the clouds and rides the mist, drives the sun and the moon, and runs and swims outside the universe) – ––––––Chinese society is too dark, so there are secular people who are complicit in the evil, and there are also pure hermits, but there are no warriors who dare to join the world, challenge society, and fight.
“The body (body) can be as solid as a dead tree (dead wood), and the heart can be as solid as ashes of death.” – Retreating from the world to the death of a dead tree is like the Nirvana of Buddhahood in Buddhism. This is Maybe it’s the pessimism of Easterners?
“Don’t be sad if you work all your life and don’t see your success, and you are exhausted and don’t know where you are going!” , so sad) ––––––––Zhuangzi is against working hard for fame and fortune, but is it okay for ordinary people to not tire of working hard to make ends meet?
“This is also the other, and the other is also the same.
"That is also right and wrong, and this is also right and wrong." (This is that, and that is this, there is no difference between right and wrong, and there is no difference between right and wrong here.) -------: Chinese people do not have much concept of right and wrong, or awareness of truth. All schools of thought teach people to confuse right and wrong, not to distinguish between good and evil, or to regard evil as good (for example, Confucianism regards restraining people's evil virtues as good virtues, and Legalism regards violence and trickery as good deeds).
"Heaven and earth are one finger, and all things are one horse." (Heaven and earth have only one element, and all things are of one type.) In response to the famous scholar's argument that a white horse is not a horse, Zhuangzi "equalizes all things" and believes that all things are one horse. Under the guidance of this kind of chaosism and relativism, it is certainly impossible for China to produce Plato’s soul-body dualism, Aristotle’s plant classification, and physical exploration.
“Beyond the Liuhe, the sage exists and does not care. "Within Liuhe, the sage discusses but does not discuss it." (For things outside the human world, the sage temporarily suspends them without discussing them; for matters within the human world, the sage states them but does not judge them subjectively)------For Chinese people have no desire to explore things outside the world, outside the world, and metaphysics. Therefore, technology cannot be separated from immediate practicality, and philosophy only has the idea of ??secularism.
“In the past, Zhuang Zhou dreamed of being a butterfly. A lifelike butterfly. …I don’t know that Zhou’s dream is a butterfly, and the butterfly’s dream is Zhou.” (In the past, I, Zhuang Zhou, dreamed of butterflies, vividly flying butterflies.… But after I woke up, I couldn’t tell whether it was me, Zhuang Zhou, who dreamed of butterflies, or whether it was Zhuang Zhou who dreamed of butterflies, or whether it was Zhuang Zhou who dreamed of butterflies. The butterfly dreamed of me (Zhuang Zhou) - The thoughts of Chinese philosophers are also as vague as dreams, haphazard and haphazard, without rigorous thinking.
"My life also has a limit, and "Knowledge has no limit, and if there is no limit, then there will be no limit." (Our lives are limited, but knowledge is infinite. If we use the limited to deal with the infinite, we will inevitably get into trouble) - Zhuangzi also advocated "not learning", in order to Keep your mind calm and deal with the boundlessness of knowledge. Probably, knowledge is of little use to the interpersonal relationships that Chinese people discuss. Only experience is enough when Westerners focus on the natural world. Only then can the usefulness of knowledge be demonstrated. There is a famous saying in the West: Knowledge is power.
“There is no short name for doing good, and there is no short punishment for doing evil. Yuan Du believes that sutras can protect one's body, whole life, support relatives, and extend one's life." (Don't be famous for doing good deeds, and don't violate criminal laws for doing bad things. Live by following the rules and tricks. In this way, you can always maintain good health and save your life. , you can take care of your loved ones and enjoy your life to the end of your life) – Zhuangzi is not only opposed to the use of strategy, but he is also a great strategist, and he can also be said to be a philistine, and he is good at making a living. The idea of ??survival is forced by reality.
“Everyone knows the use of useful things, but no one knows the use of useless things.”–––––– -Zhuangzi discovered the use of futility, which is to stay away from officialdom, fame and fortune, to exalt oneself, and at the same time to abandon social responsibilities and allow tyranny to run amok.
“Life and death, poverty and poverty, virtuous and unworthy, reputation and reputation. Hunger, thirst, cold and heat, things change, fate changes.” – Both Confucianism and Taoism have a strong belief in fate. Therefore, in the spirit of Ah Q, we identify with the ruler’s tyranny, corruption and One's own poverty and abuse.
"Don't hurt your body internally with your likes and dislikes, always follow nature" - take Heaven as your teacher, follow nature, and protect yourself and live long. This is a typical example. Chinese thought. Zhuangzi also fell into the secular world.
“The real person in ancient times sleeps without dreaming, wakes up without worries, and eats without being satisfied with the taste. ), its breath (breathing) is deep” – Zhuangzi asked to forget the self (“no self”), forget the misfortune, shrink into the tortoise shell.
“The real person in ancient times did not know how to enjoy life. (If you don’t feel happy to be alive), you don’t know how to hate death (if you don’t worry about death)” ––––––In troubled times, there is no guarantee of life, so we have no choice but to follow Ah Q’s spirit and not care about life and death.
“If you don’t donate to the Tao with your heart ( Not using the subjective to change the objective), not using people to help nature (not using people to hinder nature), this is what is called a real person” – being a disciple of heaven, not changing nature, you can become a real person, but you cannot change nature. The great man.
“The sage’s use of troops is to subjugate the country without losing the hearts of the people.” – Winning the hearts of the people by fighting and subjugating the people without fighting is the highest state of China’s military use.
"It is better to forget each other in the rivers and lakes than to moisten each other with spit; it is better to forget each other than to praise Yao instead of Jie." (Instead of moistening each other with saliva and struggling to survive, it is better for fish to forget each other and swim in the rivers and lakes. in nature; instead of praising the wise kings Yao and Shun and criticizing the tyrant Jie and Zhou, it is better to forget right and wrong and return to the way of nature) - Forgetting right and wrong is the same as good and evil. It is very beneficial to the cultivation of realm, but it is very harmful to social progress.
“The earth carries my body, makes me work hard, makes me live happily, and makes me old, and makes me old.” Death gives me rest) – Zhuangzi has a deep sense of sadness here, which is rare among Chinese people.
“Be born as a burden and die as a wart, and die as a wart and carbuncle.” (Be born as a burden, die as a relief) – Living in China is too painful.
“Fish forget each other in rivers and lakes, people forget each other in Taoism” (fish forget their feelings in rivers and lakes, people forget their feelings in the way of freedom) – Chinese people can only forget worldly pain and enter Imaginary freedom instead of fighting for and winning real freedom.
"Lost limbs, deprived of intelligence, separated from form to know, the same as the great road, this is called sitting and forgetfulness" (stop running around and working hard, remove intelligence, forget the body, abandon knowledge, to achieve the state of unity between nature and man) , this is called sitting and forgetting) – the word “forgetting” is a unique way for Chinese people to deal with crises in life.
“Riding on a bird of uncertainty, we can go beyond the six extremes and travel to a land where there is nothing, and we can live in the vast wilderness.” Wandering in the realm of nothingness, wandering in the infinite wilderness) – This is imaginary freedom, spiritual freedom, which is different from modern Western liberalism – social freedom, political freedom, Realistic freedom.
“The heart of a perfect person is like a mirror. He does not meet or greet things, responds without hiding, so he can conquer things without hurting them.” Make do with things, don’t flatter yourself, don’t hide your feelings, so he can despise foreign objects and not be hurt by his intentions) – Spiritually detached, not wronging yourself, and being superior to foreign objects, this is the easiest thing for Chinese people to do .
“The benevolent people in this world are concerned about the world’s troubles.” , Unfortunately, the result of his worries was not resistance, but escape.
“Unkind people, greedy (greedy for) wealth and honor at the expense of life and passion (referring to indulgence of desires)” – gluttony for wealth and honor in troubled times, this kind of people only care about immediate enjoyment and do not care about future life and death. Short-term behavior is most common among Chinese people.
“Everyone in the world uses things (foreign objects) to change (change) their nature (nature). The villain sacrifices his life for small gains, and the scholar (knowledge) sacrifices his life for small gains. The husband sacrifices his life for the family, and the saint sacrifices his life for the world. Therefore, those who have several sons have different careers and different reputations. They sacrifice their bodies for harming their nature. "Things), one thing" - Zhuang Zhou has a keen eye, sees through villains and saints, and advocates preserving human nature. However, in reality, vulgar people who are obsessed with fame and fortune are like crucian carp crossing the river. It is too early for the Chinese people to oppose alienation. If material civilization is not yet developed, anti-material civilization will only lead to poverty and backwardness.
"They live together with the beasts, and their clans merge with all things. It is evil to know that a gentleman is a villain, and it is the same as ignorance. Its virtue is inseparable, and it is the same as having no desires. This is called simplicity, simplicity and the nature of the people." (Survive with the beasts and grow with all things. Regardless of the gentleman or the villain, everyone is ignorant; the true humanity can be maintained, and everyone has no desires. This is called returning to nature. Returning to nature, then people can preserve their nature) –––––––Returning to one’s original nature should be personal and psychological, and should not involve being in the wilderness.
"If you abandon wisdom, great thieves will stop; if you pluck pearls and destroy jade, petty thieves will not be able to survive; if you burn talismans and break seals, the people will be simple and humble; if you abandon fighting and balance, the people will not fight." (Abandoning benevolence and sage Knowledge will prevent thieves from stealing the country; destroy pearls and jade, so petty theft will not occur; burn contracts and smash jade seals, and the people will naturally be simple and have no desires; break containers and break scales, and the people will naturally not fight) –– –––––Anti-knowledge, anti-civilization, and anti-competition, this is the origin of Chinese culture.
“Many men (boys) lead to many fears (worries); wealth means many affairs; longevity (longevity) means many humiliations” – Zhuangzi is quite reasonable. He looks at people’s worldly behavior from the negative side. ,Ah Q Hu? Zhuangzi is Ah Q’s spiritual mentor.
“Forgetting things and heaven is called forgetting oneself (forgetting oneself). People who forget themselves are said to have entered heaven (the unity of heaven and man)”––––– –Chinese people forget themselves, have no self, and forget themselves, while Westerners emphasize human subjectivity, personality, and self.
“In a world of great governance, there is no respect for talents and no use of capable people. The ruler is like a branch and the people are like wild deer.” (The highest state of governance is that there is no respect for talents and no emphasis on capable people. The branches are careless, and the people are as unrestrained as wild deer) –––––––The era of ignorance was Zhuangzi’s ideal society. Why didn’t he devote himself to building a new free society? Do Chinese people lack creativity?
"Those who know the joy of heaven have no complaints from heaven, no one is wrong, no burdens, and no blame from ghosts." Interference) ––––––The Chinese are optimists and non-theistic determinists (not atheists). Some people say that a nation without a sense of tragedy is shallow.
“The readers of the king are the dregs of the ancients.” – Books are the essence of human civilization, but Zhuangzi denies the role of books and believes that they cannot record wordless, heartfelt, and spiritual stories. The truth of intuition, understanding. Zhuang Zhou had both gains and losses.
"The Yellow Emperor ruled the world so that the people's hearts were unified (simple), and the people had their own relatives (relatives) who would not cry even if they died." - Being optimistic and optimistic, he despised death. Unlike Westerners who create an afterlife world—heaven and hell—Chinese people treat death purely secularly, but saints can transcend fear.
“Life is like floating, and death is like resting. No thinking, no premeditation” – The leisure and indifference of Chinese intellectuals are always incompatible with the reality of working people.
“Therefore, the so-called hermit does not mean that he hides himself without being seen, does not shut up his words but does not speak out (keeps his mouth silent), and does not hide his knowledge without speaking out. (To eliminate wisdom and use it)” – China’s thinking is to linger on the secular world and live in seclusion in the secular world, while Indian thinking is to completely transcend the secular world and escape into religion.
“Don’t be ambitious for the sake of high status, and don’t follow the vulgar for the sake of poverty.” (Don’t be arrogant because of your high official position, don’t be arrogant because of your poverty and poverty) – Such a noble person , can only admire, not learn.
“Those who hold a white blade in front of them and regard death as if they were alive are the courage of a martyr; those who know that there is a destiny for poverty, know that there is a time for prosperity, and are not afraid in the face of great difficulties, are the courage of a saint. ”––––––Su Shi distinguished between the courage of ordinary men and great courage, and Zhuang Zhou distinguished between the courage of martyrs and the courage of saints. China either produces ordinary people, or it produces saints - people who are unattainable, and only one takes hundreds of years. Such as Liu Ji in the Ming Dynasty and Zeng Guofan in the Qing Dynasty.
"Zhuangzi and Huizi were swimming on Haoliang (a small bridge over Haoshui River). Zhuangzi said: Minnows come and go easily, which is the joy of fish. Huizi said: "You are not a fish, you are not a fish." How do you know (how do you know) the joy of fish? Zhuangzi said: You are not me, how can you know that I don’t know the joy of fish?” – Zhuangzi is an intuitionist (divine encounter), Huizi is a famous logician, Of course their way of thinking is different.
“The straight trees are cut down first, and the sweet wells are exhausted first” (the straight trees are cut down first, and the sweet wells are exhausted first) – Zhuang Zhou attributed all the disasters to subjective reasons and his own reasons. .
“Don’t mess with the beasts and don’t mess with the birds, and don’t mess with the birds” (living with the wild animals without disturbing the flock; roosting with the birds without disturbing the birds) –––– ––It is typical Chinese wisdom to keep secrets, make deep plans, and not draw attention to others.
“In life, if a white horse jumps across the gap (a white horse jumps across the gap), it will just pass by in a flash” – Westerners believe in heaven, Indians believe in recycling, and Chinese people only We believe in this world, so we often lament that life is short.
“People in ancient times were externalized but not internalized (obedient to the world on the outside, independent and unruly on the inside)” ––––––––Zhuang Zhou was one of the very few people with personality in China, but his personality Dare not speak out.
“If you don’t know something and then know it, the question you ask cannot have a limit, but it cannot be endless.” (Not knowing and then asking for knowledge, learning is endless, but there is an end) ––––––––Zhuang Zhou advocated that knowledge and learning should be limited and the emphasis should be on improving one's realm. Chinese thought does not seek knowledge, only realm.
“Today’s worldly gentlemen often endanger their bodies and sacrifice their lives in order to sacrifice themselves to external objects. Isn’t it sad?” ––––––––– Zhuang Zhou Advocating "things but not things in things" (controlling external things without being controlled by them), his ideas transcended the times. The West only had similar ideas in modern times.
“The sage respects the truth (takes nature as the law and values ??the true nature), and is not bound by the vulgar (not stuck in the world)” ––––––In ancient times, through the imperial examination, even the working people Once their children win the election and enter the officialdom, they are separated from the life of working people. These people then want to become "saints", return to simplicity and truth, be transcendent and refined, and no longer want to participate in what is considered menial labor.