Li Shangyin, whose real name is Shan, was born in Yushang and Pannan. Originally from Hanoi, Huaizhou (including Biyang, Henan). Born in Yuanhe, Tang Xianzong in August (Kloc-0/3), he died in Dazhong, Xuanzong, Tang Dynasty in December (858), aged 47. Li Shangyin lived in the late Tang Dynasty and experienced six dynasties: Xianzong, Mu Zong, Jing Zong, Wenzong, Wuzong and Xuanzong. His main activities were in Wenwu and Xuanzong.
As far as content is concerned, Li Shangyin's poems include political poems, epic poems, landscape poems and love poems. Li Shangyin expressed his enterprising spirit in his political poems. His epic is ingenious in conception, euphemistic in wording and profound in meaning; The realm of chanting things and writing scenery is desolate and solemn, with implicit meaning; His love poems are widely read. ? Li Shangyin's poems widely absorbed the strengths of predecessors, inherited the depression and frustration of Du Fu's Seven Laws, integrated the magnificence and richness of Qi Liang's poems, and imitated the fantasy of Li He's poems, forming his affectionate, lingering, aesthetic and delicate style. ?
Wang Anshi once said, "Yishan was the only one who learned from Lao Du in the Tang Dynasty." Li Shangyin's political poem "A White Rhyme in the Western Suburb" truly describes the situation of war, drought and people's poverty three years after the change of Ganlu, traces back to a series of major changes in the country in the past hundred years, and seeks a political way out by comparing the past and the present, worrying about the country and the people, which is quite similar to Du Fu's "Northern Expedition". ?
Li He is good at writing dreams, and Li Shangyin is also influenced by it. Life is like a dream, dreams are like life. In Li Shangyin's poems, these two realms are integrated, such as "I am a colored pen in my dream, and I want to send flowers and leaves to the clouds" in Peony, and the famous sentence "Ten years of dreaming of Chinese wisdom" in Dong Gui. ?
Li Shangyin's poems are profound and profound, winning the essence and beautiful imagination of Du Fu, and his language directly benefits from Li He. At the same time, Li Shangyin is also good at using allusions and using appropriate historical analogies to express hidden and unspeakable meanings. ?
Li Shangyin seems to have always been regarded as the originator of "Kunxi Style" in Song Dynasty, but the money from Ming and Qing Dynasties only gives people a morbid feeling, because they only learned rhetoric mechanically and failed to get the essence of Li's poems. Li Shangyin is good at using very morbid materials and setting off beautiful words with morbid materials. He used gorgeous colors with morbid materials, which is impossible in reality. Only when reading his poems will he unconsciously embark on a strange artistic conception that only exists in imagination to meet aesthetic needs. Li Shangyin's technique is morbid, his subject matter is morbid, and even the nature in his poems is morbid. Although Li Shangyin's poems are morbid, they are not decadent. There is something hidden under his morbid condition, which perfectly matches his words and his morbid materials, making him even morbid, a powerful morbid and expressive morbid condition. Li Shangyin used morbid techniques and themes to write about his non-morbid psychology, which may be caused by an unspeakable disappointment. Any outstanding poet must have a rebellious spirit. Li Shangyin buried this strong temperament in erotic poems. Beauty always spreads on the dark surface of the inner world, quietly facing life, and the deep potential is often pious and silent loneliness and fear, which can also be regarded as the nature of Li Shangyin's poems. Li Shangyin's poems are vivid and tortuous. He refuted all worldly preconceptions and directly expressed his thoughts, which had a great influence on later generations. In Ba Jin's Riptide Trilogy, when Cousin Mei was dying, she saw Chueh-hsin who loved each other but could not get married. She drew a white silk thread from under the pillow with a weak hand and wrote, "The silkworm in spring will weave until it dies, and the candle will cry the wick away every night." Sister Lin in a Dream of Red Mansions also likes Li Shangyin. Mr. Qin Xue wrote "Leave the withered lotus to listen to the rain" and "Leave the residual lotus to listen to the rain". Although the word "can" is elegant, it is not as good as the sound of "withered lotus". It is said that I love three Li: Li Bai, Li He and Li Shangyin. Among the ancient poets in China, Li Shangyin's poems may not be accurate, but he, like Qingwen in A Dream of Red Mansions, will always be favored by future generations, although he can't be the official book of the twelve women in Jinling. Because his poems are like wonderful flowers in a poetic garden, his prose is like different flowers.
Based on Li Shangyin's life background in three periods, this paper analyzes his main works and characteristics. ?
( 1)
Li Shangyin's youth was from 8 13 to 838, and there was a period of time before he got involved in court battles after he entered the Jinshi. Li Shangyin was born in Huojia, and his father was a county magistrate, so Yishan's childhood was not too difficult. Soon, my father went to work in Zhejiang, and the whole family moved to Shaoxing with my father. During his six years in Shaoxing, Li Shangyin was enlightened by his father. However, the death of his father forced his eldest son, Li Shangyin, who was only 10 years old, to help his mother shoulder the heavy responsibility of bringing home the bacon. When the family was extremely difficult, they moved to Luoyang. These changes prompted Li Shangyin to study hard and determined to promote his career and revitalize his family business in order to fulfill his eldest son's responsibility. ?
Later, Li Shangyin was educated by a highly educated uncle. Under his strict requirements, coupled with Li Shangyin's cleverness and eagerness to learn, he has made achievements in ancient prose, poetry and calligraphy. At the age of 65,438+06, he was famous for his two ancient essays Cai Lun and On Sound. Later, he showed his outstanding talent with an ancient poem Untitled:
The eight-year-old girl likes to look in the mirror secretly and has been able to raise her eyebrows. ?
At the age of ten, I went for an outing and imagined the clothes that Lotus made for myself. ?
I began to learn to play the guzheng at the age of twelve, and the silver nail on my finger has never been pulled out. ?
At the age of fourteen, she avoided seeing men, even the closest ones. At this time, she may be thinking about when to get married. ?
The fifteenth spring breeze, under the swing on the back. ?
This poem is about a beautiful and noble girl, who is unhappy because of her wasted youth and uncertain future, in order to express the poet's desire to enter the WTO. The language style is fresh and clear, depicting the girl's modality vividly and vividly. The chronological parallelism is obviously influenced by folk songs, and the writing style of expressing political ambition under the guise of love is divorced from the tradition of literati poetry. From this early poem, the poet's various literary qualities have initially appeared, including unresolved ideological contradictions in his later years. Because of Li Shangyin's good writing, he won the appreciation of Ling Huchu, a senior envoy of Taiping Army at that time, and asked him to learn modern poetry with his son. Soon, Li Shangyin will be able to write modern style with superb skills. This strengthened his determination to join the WTO. ?
Li Shangyin was promoted twice from the seventh year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (833), and was promoted only after the recommendation of the son of Ling Huchu, 26. This period belongs to the most creative period of Li Shangyin's youth. The work mainly tells the ideal of young people's wet body experience, their understanding of major events at that time, their melancholy when they are not satisfied, and their tenderness for the pursuit of the opposite sex. Some of these works are eye-catching, such as Qujiang: At ordinary times, green chariots pass by, and the midnight ghost of Kong Wen laments. ?
Today has not returned to the whole city, and the Jade Palace still divides Yuan Bo. ?
When I am dead, I still remember the smell of Huating crane, and I am always worried about the crying bronze camel of the royal family. ?
Although eternal change of heart is broken, it is not much more than hurting spring. ?
This poem was written for the "Ganlu Incident", that is, a major political issue that shocked the eunuchs in the ruling and opposition parties to imprison literati and slaughter literati at the end of the Daiwa period. Starting from the side of the incident, this poem shows its prosperity by taking advantage of the rise and fall of Qujiang, improvises to see the overall situation, thanks Qujiang for its eternal prosperity with ethereal meaning, and implies the disaster of "Ganlu Incident" and the replacement of national fortune in the Tang Dynasty. The whole article is full of lingering sadness, which embodies Li Shangyin's affectionate and gentle style. ?
After entering Jinshi, Li Shangyin's political life was very exciting because of his quick thinking. His political poem "Hundred Rhymes in the Western Suburb" was even rated as a political poem. This article is rich in content and extensive in style, and the tracing of history and the analysis of the real society are intertwined, which constitutes a picture of the history of the Tang Dynasty for a hundred years. Moreover, the writing technique and conception were obviously influenced by Du Fu's Northern Expedition, so it was considered as a model of political long poems. ?
From the third year of his official career (838), Li Shangyin embarked on his official career and was involved in another stage of the party struggle, which was also another period of his poetry, thoughts and feelings. ?
(2)
In the third year, that is, the fifth year of Li Shangyin's scholarship, he embarked on his official career and was innocently involved in the dispute between the two sides. The following year, she married the youngest daughter of Wang Maoyuan, the envoy of the Song Dynasty. His move was accused by his son Mao of "murder for money". In the second year of Huichang, Li Shangyin was elected as the provincial secretary. In the same year, his mother died and he left for three years. After returning to the DPRK, the world changed and Xuanzong acceded to the throne. The situation of the political factions in the DPRK and China has changed greatly, and his career has become more difficult. During this period, his poetry became more and more mature in artistic expression skills and gradually formed its own style. ?
The following song "Ding An Tie Tower" was written after the author got married. He should have failed in the examination of erudite poems, and went upstairs to express his feelings on his way back to Jingyuan.
There are tall buildings on the high wall, which are shoals in the water outside the children. ?
Jia Sheng cried when he was young, but RoyceWong went further for a spring outing. ?
I often yearn for the freedom of the old people in the rivers and lakes after retirement, and I want to travel to a different world. ?
I don't know that a rotten death of a mouse has become delicious, and I don't know that a proud love has become suspicion. ?
"Always remember the white hair in the Jianghu, want to go back to heaven and earth and board a boat", which shows the poet's noble personality cultivation-"retire after success". It shows that the author still has a positive heart of "joining the WTO", hoping to retire with white hair after making achievements and never covet wealth. When the author expresses his ambition, a cruel scene of reality emerges in his mind: "I don't know the taste of corruption, but I guess I haven't stopped." The author used Zhuangzi's fable to express himself, and his fame and fortune were lost. Where is it worth nostalgia? The author calls himself a young bird, saying that he is highly interested and never falls in love with this field; Rats are suspicious, which makes them excluded from the election. Harmonious unity of the contradiction between "entering the WTO" and "being born" in poetry. The poet's dilemma is like Li Bai's feeling of climbing in the dream of Tianmu Mountain. Reading through the whole poem, a young poet excited complex emotions, including rational thinking, and had to be admired!
"Li Shangyin's love poems are serious but not frivolous, beautiful but not superficial, and have real feelings and experiences. From these poems, we can understand the author's attitude towards love and his skills in artistic expression. " (Sister Liu's History of China Literature Development) Like the following "Yaochi":
The Queen Mother of the West opened the window on the Yaochi; The voice of bamboo songs is very sad. ?
Eight-horse car, traveling three thousand miles a day; Zhou Muwang, why didn't the default come again? ?
Open the window and wait for Mu Wang to come back, but I can't wait to see it. I heard the lamentation of "yellow bamboos" on earth. Why did Mu Wang, who was eight horses and three times a day in Wan Li, disappear? This poem is short in words, but it's really not easy to understand. A large number of allusions are a major feature of Li Shangyin's works. This song "Yaochi" shows incisively and vividly, and also highlights the hazy characteristics of the work. Like Jinse, no one can understand whether it is a love poem or not.
Or political poetry, whether it's expressing longing for a lover or satirizing the monarch. But as far as modern people feel about poetry, they are more willing to interpret and taste this poem as a love poem. Just 28 words put this seemingly dominant immortal in a state of being at a loss, helpless and worried. The date of this poem is unknown, and many people think that it was written by the poet to express his feelings for his wife after her death. The poet is like Yaochi's grandmother waiting for the return of her sweetheart, and the poet and his wife are separated. How can they meet again? How can Mu Wang come back? But at the end of the poem, the poet ends with a question, showing helpless comfort to himself, more like desperate masturbation. ?
(3)
In the first year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (847), after Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne, Li Party was demoted as prime minister and opposed the political measures of the Wuzong period. Because Li Shangyin was regarded as "ungrateful", he was often dismissed and went to Guizhou, Xuzhou, Zhangzhou and three shogunates. After five years of high school (85 1), Li Shangyin's wife Wang died, which made him heartbroken and suffered a heavy mental blow. In memory of his dead wife, he wrote a song in his room:
Rose dew, such as cold in a crying hut, green tendrils, such as small money. Jiao stood in the sky like a floating cloud, embracing the western sky until dawn. ?
Pillow is the stone of Dragon Palace, which can share the color of eyes. Yuchan lost her tender skin, but she saw Monroe. ?
Recalling the previous spring, I wanted to spend it with my sadness. We can't meet again when we return, only Jinse lies on the ground. ?
Today is like a pine with a sharp bottom, and tomorrow is like a phellodendron amurense on a hill. I am afraid that when the earth turns upside down, we will never meet again. ?
The whole poem is sad and moving. First of all, it writes about Joule's grief at the loss of his mother. Then I saw my wife's relics, which caused the feeling of "things are different"; Then I recalled the scene when I left home, and when I came back, I couldn't see anyone, which was even more sad. Finally, imagine the afterlife, even if you want to see it, you don't know each other, and you can only cherish endless regrets forever. Each of the four poems has its own ending, and it goes back and forth, expressing the poet's confused and sobbing mood. ?
In the next few years, the poet lived a gloomy life, and he was sickly and began to have the idea of becoming a monk. But this stage is the most mature period of Li Shangyin's poetry creation, and a large number of love poems and untitled poems are produced during this period. ?
Even with a short poem "Tianya", the expression is also very distinctive:
One after another, the spring scenery is unique in the world, and the red is growing westward. ?
Beautiful oriole, if you have tears, please sprinkle me on the beautiful flower on the highest branch. ?
This quatrain is "extremely sad in meaning and extremely colorful in language". The combination of "spring day" and "Tianya" interweaves charming spring scenery with the melancholy of travel. The more beautiful the spring day is, the more melancholy the poets who are lonely and far away from the world are. The poet's empathy for things makes the oriole cry, and the flowers wet with tears are naturally stained with tears and sad. All the good things in the world are easily destroyed, and this talented and ambitious person will eventually fall into poverty.
How similar are the fates of natural poets! The poet is deeply desperate for the future of the country and the individual. The shortness of life and the emptiness of life make the sad atmosphere in the poem even heavier. The poet's grief and indignation are deeply saturated with the pain of life contusion and disillusionment. This beautiful and sad quatrain can be said to be not only an elegy of spring, but also an elegy of life, and an elegy of the poet's time. ?
Li Shangyin's masterpiece "Jinse" has been widely read.
I want to know why my Jinse has fifty strings, and each string has a youthful interval. ?
Zhuangzi daydreaming, a saint, was bewitched by butterflies, and cuckoo crowed in the imperial spring. ?
Mermaids shed pearl-like tears on the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathed their jade to the sun. ?
A moment that should last forever has come and gone before I know it. ?
Jin Qin's complicated strings and plaintive songs made the poet feel infinite sadness and unspeakable resentment. If you smell the sadness of the cuckoo, send it back to spring. The poet's wonderful pen and strange feelings reached a climax in the water. The two words of the bow tie show an extremely beautiful ideal scenery, but they can't be grasped and approached. The coexistence of Lantian Warm Day and Haiyue is in sharp contrast. The poet pays attention to words, and his talent and skill can also be seen. The couplet is a masterpiece of the whole article, and clearly puts forward the word "this feeling", which echoes the beginning of "China Year". The brush gesture does not flash, showing a few twists and turns, which are just to illustrate the feeling of disappointment and pain.
Li Shangyin's untitled poems often focus on describing the protagonist's psychological activities, and the description of events and scenes often breaks a certain time and space order and is intertwined with the flow of psychological activities. Several of his untitled poems have been praised as the swan song of describing love since ancient times, and they are touching with their hazy artistic conception, such as the following one:
It was a long time ago that I met her, but since we separated, the time has become longer, the east wind is blowing, and a hundred flowers are blooming. ?
Silkworms in spring will weave until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night. ?
In the morning, she saw her hair cloud changing in the mirror, but she bravely faced the cold of the moonlight with her evening song. ?
There are not many roads to Pengshan. Oh, Bluebird, listen! -Give me what she said! . ?
The word "no" in the first sentence is the whole poem. Human nature, happy and reluctant to leave; Tears from pavilions and river bridges. There is an ancient idiom "Don't be easy, it will be difficult". When I left, I had to say "Take care", and Wan Li has been everywhere since then. What a "weak east wind", just this sentence, has put people in a painful and beautiful state of "carefree sorrow for a thousand years" and "spending a full moon, like water flowing". When it comes to couplets, the more brushwork, the better. Spring silkworms bind themselves, full of affection, fried with crimson wax and filled with tears. With this infatuation and bitterness, they almost died without regret, so they can make such amazing and strange remarks. The word "change" in the next sentence was made after a long struggle from the perspective of poetic originality, but from the perspective of deep feelings, it was made after thousands of turns. Youth is gone forever, and so is Dong Chang. How can I not lose my heart quietly, for fear that Ronghua will have the slightest retreat? The connection intention of this article is beautiful. Pengshan Wan Li, a bluebird is hard to rely on-can you find him and bring back the news? With infinite hope, but also know that this is just a wish and prayer. Only this, silkworm and crimson wax are looking forward to their whole lives. ?
Let's look at another famous poem, untitled:
The stars were bright last night, but there was a cool breeze at midnight. Our banquet is on the side of Hualou Temple and the east of the county. ?
Without Cai Feng's wings, it is impossible to be Qi Fei in fly with me; The heart is like a soul, and the feelings are the same. ?
Guessing and intrigue, wine warms the heart; This group of people came to the bet of drinking friends, and a win-lose red in candlelight. ?
Alas, it's time to call the roll in the morning when you hear the drums of the fifth watch; Riding to Lantai is like the wind in the wind. ?
This is an untitled poem in which the author appeared directly, expressing his deep nostalgia for Mr. Right who was in the spring breeze last night. The poet didn't specifically describe last night's events, but with the help of the touch of the stars, the blowing of the good wind, and the foil of the painting building and the Guitang, he set off a gentle, charming and suggestive environmental atmosphere, forming a style full of singing and sighing. Then, by recalling last night and returning to reality, we can express the distance between today and the complicated and subtle psychology it caused. What the poet wants to express is not the simple depression of love interval and the joy of spiritual fit, but the joy of interval fit and depression. Although the joy of this fit is hard to avoid bitterness, it is precious because it is blocked. ?
In the ninth year of Xuanzong (855), Li Shangyin returned to Beijing. The following year, he was promoted to Salt Iron and went south to Jiangzuo. Two years later, he resigned and returned to Zhengzhou to live in seclusion, and wrote the last book "Winter Sunset in Seclusion":
When the wings destroy the sun, the suburban gardens are lonely. ?
The morning chicken scares the tree and the snow, and the cold bird keeps the ice pool. ?
In a hurry, the old bed has declined. ?
How to divide countries, not with the heart period
It is cold to write poems about seclusion in winter dusk, but it is not blindly depressed. "Chickens crow and dogs steal trees and snow, and cold birds guard the ice pool" reveals the spirit of sticking to integrity and not forgetting to make progress from the bleak and lonely picture. The last two sentences contain endless grief and indignation in a sigh, showing a fiery heart under the cold and depression. This is the poet's summary confession of his tragic career of "wanting to forget his heart" and "leaving the country without a door". Of course, his enthusiasm for serving the country did not erupt directly like early poems, nor did he show the voice of dissatisfaction and radical stagnation like mid-term poems, but was more hidden and condensed in a quiet and peaceful style, reflecting the changes of poetic style before and after. ?
In the 20th year of Xuanzong (858), 47-year-old Li Shangyin was full of ambition to serve his country and left his life in grief and loneliness. ?
Early summer is approaching, the spring is full, and the flowers are falling. A gust of wind has passed, and the fragrant mist is sprayed with beads. Lao Zhang's home in the painting hall is full of dreams, and the curtain comes at dawn. Drink deeply. I used to remember visiting Frant Gwo in Chang 'an. If a snail is like a cup, how can heroism be born? Naoki made a series of titles, but he returned to communist party and made an appointment with Akamatsu Weng.