Albert Einstein (1879- 1955), a world-famous German-American scientist, is the pioneer and founder of modern physics.

Einstein/Kloc-graduated from Zurich University of Technology in 0/900, and began to teach in this university in 0/909. 19 14 was the director of the Royal William Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin. He was forced to immigrate to the United States and became an American citizen on 1940.

/kloc-the late 0/9th century is a period of change in physics. Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics from the experimental facts and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics-stellar atmosphere theory is based on quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass and solved the long-standing problem of stellar energy. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later.

Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmology. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and infinite self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmology principle and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy.

Einstein's contribution

The law of material immortality refers to the immortality of material quality; The law of conservation of energy is about the conservation of energy of matter.

Although these two laws have been discovered one after another, people think that they are two unrelated laws, each of which explains different natural laws. Some people even think that the law of immortality of matter is a chemical law, and the law of conservation of energy is a physical law, belonging to different scientific categories.

Einstein thought that the mass of matter is a measure of inertia and energy is a measure of motion. Energy and mass are not isolated from each other, but are interrelated and inseparable. The change of the mass of the object will change the energy accordingly; And the change of the energy of the object will change the mass accordingly.

In the special theory of relativity, Einstein put forward the famous formula of mass and energy: e = mc2.

(here e stands for the energy of the object, m stands for the mass of the object, and c stands for the speed of light, that is, 300 thousand kilometers per second. )

According to Einstein's theory, if water with a temperature of 1g of 0℃ is heated to 100℃, the water will absorb 100 calories, and the quality of water will increase accordingly. According to the mass-energy relationship, the mass of 1g water increased by 0.0000465g ..

Einstein's theory was initially opposed by many people, and even some famous physicists at that time expressed doubts about this young man's paper. However, with the development of science, a large number of scientific experiments have proved that Einstein's theory is correct. Einstein has become a world-famous scientist and one of the greatest scientists in the world in the 20th century.

Einstein's formula of mass-energy relationship correctly explains all kinds of nuclear reactions: take helium 4 as an example, its nucleus consists of two protons and two neutrons. In principle, the mass of helium 4 nucleus is equal to the sum of the masses of two protons and two neutrons. In fact, this arithmetic doesn't hold water. The mass of helium nucleus is 0.0302 atomic mass unit less than the sum of the mass of two protons and two neutrons [57]! Why is this? Because when two deuterium [dao] nuclei (each deuterium contains 1 proton and 1 neutron) are polymerized into 1 helium 4 nuclei, a large amount of atomic energy is released. When 1 g helium 4 atom is generated, about 27000000000000 joules of atomic energy are released. Because of this, the mass of helium 4 nucleus decreases.

This example vividly shows that when two deuterons are polymerized into 1 helium 4 nucleus, it seems that the mass is not conserved, that is, the mass of helium 4 nucleus is not equal to the sum of the two deuterons. However, calculated by the formula of mass-energy relationship, the mass lost by helium 4 nucleus is exactly equal to the mass reduced by releasing atomic energy during the reaction!

In this way, Einstein expounded the essence of the law of immortality of matter and the law of conservation of energy from a newer height, pointed out the close relationship between these two laws, and deepened human understanding of nature.

There is no mystery in nature that human beings cannot understand; But the mystery of nature is endless. Man will never fully understand nature, and never fully understand its mystery. Only by never being satisfied can we keep moving forward.

The laws of immortality of matter and conservation of energy are great laws of nature. It comes from objective reality and is tested in it. Over the years, these two laws have stood the test of thousands of times, shining with dazzling light like a gem that can withstand wind and rain.

The law of immortality of matter and the law of conservation of energy have become the cornerstones of modern natural science. At the same time, they also dealt a fatal blow to religious idealism. Because matter can't be produced out of thin air and can't be destroyed out of thin air, no one believes in the anti-scientific fallacy that God created everything and God created the world. In addition, it also eloquently shows that there will never be a perpetual motion machine in the world. It is impossible to get energy from nature without labor.

The law exists objectively. Although people can't "create" laws and "transform" laws, they can find them, master them and make use of them. Now, the declaration of immortality of matter and conservation of energy has been mastered by millions of people. People are using the law of immortality of matter and the law of conservation of energy to conquer, transform and uncover the secrets of nature!

work

An enlightening view of the generation and transformation of light.

A New Method for Determining Molecular Size

The motion of suspended particles in still liquid required by the theory of thermomolecular motion, about the electrodynamics of moving objects.

Is the inertia of an object related to the energy it contains? 》

restricted theory of relativity

general theory of relativity