Russian Latin alphabet is written as Baykal Skoye augeraud or augeraud Baykal, also known as augeraud Baykal. Southern East Siberia, located in Buryatia) * * and Irkutsk. The deepest lake in the world, with the deepest point reaching 1 0,620 meters (53 14 feet). It is 636 kilometers (395 miles) long, with an average width of 48 kilometers (30 miles) and an area of 365,438+0,500 square kilometers (65,438+0.22 million square miles). The lake has a capacity of 23,000 cubic kilometers (5,500 cubic miles), accounting for about 1/5 of the total fresh water on the earth's surface. There are 336 streams flowing into it, the largest of which are Selenga, Barguzin, Upper Angara, Turka and Snezhnaya.
Lake Baikal is long and narrow, like a crescent moon, so it is also called "Moon Lake". It is 636 kilometers long, with an average width of 48 kilometers and a maximum width of 79.4 kilometers, with an area of 3 1.5 million square kilometers, an average depth of 744 meters, the deepest point 1.680 meters and a lake surface of 456 meters. Lake Baikal is crystal clear, stable and transparent (transparency reaches 40.8m), ranking second in the world. Its total storage capacity is 23,600 cubic kilometers, which is equivalent to the total storage capacity of the Great Lakes in North America, and occupies about 1/5 of the total unfrozen fresh water resources. Suppose Lake Baikal is the only water source in the world, with enough water for 5 billion people to use for half a century. The secret of the huge size of Lake Baikal lies in its depth. The average water depth of the lake is 730m, with the deepest point of1620m, surrounded by cliffs of1000 ~ 2000m on both sides. If the four tallest buildings in the world are stacked one by one in the deepest part of the lake, the TV mast on the fourth roof is still 58 meters below the lake. If the tall Mount Tai is placed in the deepest part of the lake, the top of the mountain is still 100 meters from the water surface.
The lake is 456 meters above sea level. Around Lake Baikal, there are 336 rivers, the largest of which is the Selenger River, and only the Angara River flows out of the lake, with an average annual flow of only 1.870 cubic meters per second. The place where the lake flows into the Angara River is about 1000 meters wide, and the white waves are sky-high.
The lake is oval, like a crescent moon embedded in the southern edge of Siberia. The scenery is beautiful and unforgettable. Chekhov, a great Russian writer, once wrote: "The lake is clear and transparent, just like air passing through the water, everything is lifelike, and the gentle and green water color is pleasing to the eye ..."
Among many natural landscapes in Russia, Lake Baikal is listed in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List for the first time. 1996 is listed in the world cultural heritage list.
The unique natural landscape and picturesque scenery of Lake Baikal provide unique possibilities for eco-tourism to develop into extreme tourism. There are 130 tourist bases and rest bases along the coast of Lake Baikal, with passenger traffic of 12000 people.
The largest island in Lake Baikal is Olyhonda Island (7 1.7 km long, 0/5 km wide and 730 km2).
A large number of warm water bays and exotic Olkhon Island in Lake Baikal attract a large number of tourists to visit here. Coupled with the relatively suitable climate, beautiful scenery, a large number of natural and archaeological sites, different kinds of biota, fresh air, original ecological environment and unique leisure resources, Lake Baikal has super high tourism and leisure potential. Olkhon Island is the largest center of ancient culture in the 6th 6- 10/0th century, and is considered as the religious center of Shamanism. The national traditions, customs and unique national characteristics here have been completely preserved.
Lake Baikal is a bright pearl placed by nature in Irkutsk region in southeastern Russia. Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in Eurasia. It is 640 kilometers long and 50 kilometers wide on average. It is the seventh largest lake in the world and the deepest lake in the world. It contains one-fifth of all the fresh water of the earth (it should refer to the fresh water of rivers and lakes). It is equivalent to the total water volume of the Great Lakes in North America. The lake is a treasure house with beautiful scenery, peculiar landscape and rich species. There are more animals and plants in the lake than any freshwater lake in the world, among which 1083 species are unique and unique to the world. What interests scientists most is the antiquity of organisms, among which there are many extinct species in other freshwater lakes in Siberia. The lake is also one of the main fishing grounds in Russia. Lake Baikal is shaped like a crescent moon, so it is also called "Moon Lake". Its average width is about 48 kilometers, its length from north to south is about 636 kilometers, its circumference is 2000 kilometers, and its total area is about 3 15000 square kilometers. In terms of area, Lake Baikal is only the ninth in the world, but it is one of the oldest lakes in the world (it has stood the test of 25 million years). It is said that the fresh water in Lake Baikal is enough for human consumption 100 years.
Lake Baikal is located in a deep tectonic valley, surrounded by mountains, some of which are 2000 meters (6560 feet) higher than the lake. The sediment at the bottom of the lake is 6 100 m (20,000 ft) thick. There are extinct volcano sites on the shore. Crustal movement continues, with occasional strong earthquakes; 1862 An earthquake flooded an area of about 200 square kilometers (77 square miles) in the northern part of the Serenger River Delta, and a new bay named Proval appeared in Lake Baikal. New hot mineral springs are constantly emerging at the crustal fracture.
The topography on both sides of the lake and valley is asymmetric, with steep slope on the west bank and gentle slope on the east bank. 8% of the lake bottom is very shallow, only 50 meters (160 feet) deep. The total length of the winding coastline is 2 100 km (1300 miles), and there are large depressions in Balguzin Bay, Chivyakowski Bay and Proval Bay, as well as Ayaya Port and Frauli Port. On the east coast, there is a peninsula extending into the lake named Svyatoy Nos. There are 27 islands in the lake, the largest of which is Olkhon, with an area of 725 square kilometers (280 square miles), and the Great Ushkani, with an area of 8 square kilometers (3 square miles). Lake water basically comes from various rivers, mainly Selenger River. Most of the lake water is discharged from Angara River, a tributary of Yenisei River.
The climate is much milder than the surrounding areas. 1? The average temperature in February is-19℃ (-2 F), and the average temperature in August is11℃ (52 F). The lake freezes in June and thaws in May. In August, the surface water temperature was about 65438 03℃ (55 F), reaching 20℃ (68 F) in the shallow part of the lake. Waves can reach up to 4.6 meters (15 feet). The lake is clear, with a water depth of 40m (130ft) and little mineral and salt content. There are many kinds of animals and plants in the lake. There are more than 65,438+0,200 species of animals at different depths, and about 600 species of plants on or near the water surface. About 3/4 of them are unique to Lake Baikal. There are about 50 species of fish belonging to 7 families. Most of them are 25 species of cotton moth family. The catch of salmon is very large; There are also many fennel fish, herring white fish and sturgeon. The only mammal is the Baikal seal. There is a special lake fish named golomyanka in Lake Baikal, which belongs to the family Blackhead Fly, and its larvae are directly produced by the mother fish. There are more than 320 species of birds in Lake Baikal.
There are mining (mica and marble), fiber processing, paper making, shipbuilding, fishing and timber industries. There are many mineral springs, and tourists often go to Goryachinsk and Khakusy in Goryatia because the mineral water there has medical properties.
1966, a pulp and paper mill was built on the south bank of Lake Baikal. Because its wastewater polluted the lake environment, it caused strong protests from Soviet scientists and writers. 197 1 year, the Soviet government passed and implemented a law to protect lakes from pollution. The Institute of Limnology and Baikal Sanatorium of Siberian Branch of China Academy of Sciences are located in Listvyanka town, and the Research Station of Fluid Biology of Irkutsk State University is located in Bolshiye Koty. Buffon (1707 ~ 1788), also translated by Buffon,18th century French naturalist and writer. Born in a lawyer's family in Mombasa, his original name was George Louis Leclerc, but he changed his surname to De Buffon because of inheritance. When I was a teenager, I loved science, especially math. 1728 studied medicine for two years after graduation. 1730, I met a young British duke and traveled to the south of France, Switzerland and Italy together. Under the influence of the Duke's tutor and German scholar Sinkman, he studied hard on natural history. From 65438 to 0733, he joined the French Academy of Sciences as an assistant researcher, published a report on forestry, and translated the botany works of British scholars and Newton's calculus. 1739 became an associate researcher and was appointed as the manager of the royal garden and the royal study until his death. After Buffon became the general manager, in addition to expanding the Imperial Garden, he also established the organization "Correspondents of French Imperial Garden and Natural History Research Office", which attracted many famous experts, scholars and travelers at home and abroad and collected a large number of samples and specimens of animals, plants and minerals. Taking advantage of this superior condition, Buffon devoted himself to the study of natural history all his life, and worked hard every day for forty years, and finally wrote a 36-volume masterpiece Natural History. This is a natural history, including earth history, human history, animal history, bird history and mineral history. It synthesizes numerous factual materials, gives an accurate, detailed and scientific description and explanation of nature, and puts forward many valuable viewpoints. It is Buffon's great contribution to modern science to get rid of all kinds of religious superstitions and ignorant rumors and expel God from the universe. He insisted on explaining the formation of the earth and the origin of human beings from the materialistic point of view, pointing out that the earth has many similarities with the sun, and the earth is a cool little sun; The material evolution on the earth produced plants and animals, and finally human beings; The evolution of human beings is not that Adam and Eve, the ancestor of human beings, ate the forbidden fruit to gain wisdom, but that they gained knowledge and increased their talents in social practice. Buffon observed and studied the earth, mountains, rivers and oceans, looking for the root causes of ground changes, and created a precedent for modern geology. Especially in the Origin of Species, he advocated the theory of biotransformation, pointing out that species mutate due to the influence of environment, climate and nutrition, which had a direct impact on the later evolution theory. Darwin called him "the first person to treat this problem scientifically in modern times" (Introduction to the Origin of Species). The literary value of natural history is also very high, among which the description of animal activity patterns is especially artistic. On the basis of scientific observation, the author sketched the portraits of various animals with vivid language, and also reflected the anti-feudal democratic ideological tendency to some extent through anthropomorphism. 1749, three volumes of natural prehistory were published, which caused a sensation in European academic circles. Because it explained the origin of the world from a materialistic point of view, it was accused by the theological fortress of the theological seminary of Paris University as "deviant" and demanded "religious sanctions". Buffon was forced to write to the seminary to declare that he "had no intention of refuting the Bible" and promised to publish this letter at the forefront when the fourth volume of natural history was published in the future. Later, in natural history, in order to hide the eyes and ears of theologians, he often carried out the name of God. But he whispered to people, "just change the name and put it on the force of nature." In fact, he still sticks to his materialistic stance. The successive publication of various volumes of natural history has brought Buffon a greater reputation. 1753 was elected as an academician of the French Academy. On the Style is a famous speech delivered at the time of admission, and it is a classic literary theory. In view of the fashion of pursuing beauty and exquisiteness in the literary world at that time, he called for articles to be meaningful and approachable, and put forward the famous saying that "style is people", emphasizing the decisive role of ideological content in artistic form. 1777, the French government built a bronze statue for him in the imperial garden, which read in Latin: "For a genius as great as nature". This is Buffon's highest honor before his death. Buffon's main work, Natural History, is a natural history, including the history of earth formation, animal history, human history, bird history, reptile history and various stages of nature, and gives a materialistic explanation of nature. He inferred from a large number of physical specimens, opposed the assumption of "authority" and put forward many valuable ideas to guide later scientists. He explained that there is no place for God in the universe, and the master of the universe is not God, but man. Man is the center of nature and determines everything around him. As a scientist, Buffon was vilified, but as a writer, he was universally praised. His natural history is full of emotions, and the performance of nature is an epic. His hunting of lions, tigers, leopards, wolves, dogs and foxes, and his creation of beavers are vivid and still loved by people today. In his speech "On Style" at the entrance ceremony of the French Academy, Buffon pointed out that a writer must write his own thoughts into immortal words in order to be immortal and not be plundered by others. Thought is public property, while writing (that is, style) belongs to the writer himself. Science is progressing constantly, and scientific arguments are bound to be surpassed by new research results, but the style of the article is irreplaceable by future generations. In French, it is generally said that "writing is like a person" or "writing is like a person", which comes from Buffon's famous saying that "style belongs to individuals". Evaluation of Buffon in the History of French Literature Buffon is famous for his voluminous natural history. According to secondary reasons such as temperament and personality, bourgeois literary historians regard Buffon as a writer who is "completely different" from the Enlightenment writer and "divorced from18th century". Buffon's materialistic world outlook, which emphasizes ideological literary thoughts, belongs to the social and political ideal of humanistic tradition and is completely in tune with the Enlightenment in18th century. Although he worked in his own way in the field of natural science, his contribution was integrated into the mainstream of the spirit of the times, namely the Enlightenment. His natural history, basic materialism and large scale are somewhat similar to the encyclopedia edited by Diderot. Of course, its combativeness is far from that of an encyclopedia. He enthusiastically sang the ode of mankind: with his wisdom, many animals were domesticated, harnessed and tamed and forced to obey him forever; Under his labor, swamps were drained, rivers were stopped, rapids were eliminated, forests were developed and wasteland was reclaimed; Use his thinking to calculate time, measure space and see through the movement of celestial bodies; With the technology produced by his science, he crossed the ocean and mountains, shortened the distance between people everywhere, and discovered the new continent. Qian Qian, an absolutely isolated land, was under his control; In short, the whole surface of the earth today is marked with human strength ... The reason why nature can develop in an all-round way and gradually reach the perfection and glory we see today is entirely due to our hands. This enthusiastic praise reflected the enterprising spirit of the emerging bourgeoisie at that time. The description of animals is of literary value and high artistry in natural history. Buffon did not introduce these animals with a completely objective attitude, but described them with friendly feelings and vivid language, thus describing them vividly, concretely and interestingly. In his works, the little squirrel is kind and lovely, the elephant is gentle and honest, and the pigeon couple love each other. Buffon also tends to personify animals and give them some personality. Horses are brave and loyal warriors, and dogs are loyal servants, all of which are highly respected by Buffon. Woodpeckers work as hard as hard workers and get the sympathy of the author; Beaver is peaceful, without fighting, which aroused his yearning; He compared the wolf to a "worthless" cruel and cowardly tyrant and described the swan as a peaceful and enlightened monarch. Buffon personified animals through bourgeois theory of human nature, which reflected his social and political views, showed his dissatisfaction with feudal autocratic politics, and entrusted his historical idealistic ideal of "enlightened monarch". His animal portraits have allegorical significance, and their implications are permeated with bourgeois positions and viewpoints.
Buffon's swan
In any society, whether animal society or human society, violence in the past led to hegemony, but now it is kindness that leads to virtuous people. Lions and tigers on the ground, eagles and ostriches in the air all rule the public with their bravado. The swan is not like this. It is the king of water, relying on all the virtues that can create a peaceful world, such as nobility, dignity, kindness and so on. It has power, strength and courage, but it also has the will not to abuse authority and the determination not to use force unless it is self-defense; It can fight and win, but it never attacks others. As a peace-loving monarch in waterfowl world, it dares to confront the air overlord; It waits for the eagle to attack, does not provoke it, but is not afraid of it. Its powerful wings are its shields. It uses the tenacity of feathers and the frequent flapping of wings to deal with the eagle's mouth and claws and repel the eagle's attack. The result of its struggle is often victory. And it is just a proud enemy, and all other warlike birds don't respect it. It is at peace with the whole nature: among all kinds of waterfowl, it regards it as a friend rather than a monarch, and those waterfowl seem to be obedient to it. It is only the leader and chief resident of a peaceful country. It only asks for what it gives others, and all it wants is peace and freedom. For such a head of state, the citizens of the country are naturally fearless.
Swan's elegant face and beautiful appearance are just commensurate with its docile nature. It is pleasing to everyone. Everywhere I went, it became the ornament of this place, beautifying this place; Everyone likes it, everyone welcomes it and everyone appreciates it. No bird deserves to be loved so much; It turns out that nature has not given any bird so much noble and gentle beauty, which makes us realize that its creation can reach such a beautiful level. Handsome figure, rounded appearance, graceful lines, bright white, tactfully vivid movements, sometimes full of enthusiasm, and sometimes carefree posture. In a word, everything about the swan is scattered with the comfort and intoxication we feel when we appreciate elegance and beauty, which makes people feel that it is different from ordinary people and depicts it as a love birds. The ancient myth says that this charming bird is the father of the most beautiful woman in the world, and everything proves that this brilliant and ridiculous myth is well-founded.
We have to admit that it is not only the first sailor of the feather family, but also the most beautiful sailing model provided by nature. Yes, its neck is very high, and its chest is straight and round, as if it were the bow of the boat breaking the waves; Its broad belly is like the bottom of a boat; Its body leans forward in order to accelerate, the more it stands back, and finally stands up like a ship; The tail is an authentic rudder; Feet are broad paddles; Its big wings spread out and bulged slightly in the first half of the wind. This is a sail. They push the live boat and push it with the driver.
The swan knows that it is noble, so it is proud, and it also knows that it is beautiful, so it is very good. It seems to deliberately put all its advantages out; It seems to have won people's praise and attracted people's attention. In fact, it is really insatiable. Whether we look at it from a distance in the vast smoke waves, it swims freely like a winged fleet, or it responds to the call sign, leaves the fleet alone and swims near the shore, showing its beauty and charm with various gentle, euphemistic and charming actions for people to appreciate carefully.
Swan has both natural beauty and freedom; Not among the slaves we forced or imprisoned. It lives freely in our pond. If it can't enjoy enough independence, it won't stay there or settle there. It will wander freely on the surface of the water, or go ashore, or swim offshore to the center of the water, or along the water's edge, come to live at the foot of the mountain, hide in rushes, drill into the most remote bay, and then leave its seclusion and return to inhabited places to enjoy getting along with people-it seems to like tyrants very much.
Swan is superior to domestic goose in all aspects. Goose only eats weeds and seed materials, but swan will find a more exquisite and extraordinary food. It keeps catching fish with clever tricks; It makes countless different gestures to capture its success and make the best use of its dexterity and strength. It will avoid or resist its enemy: an old swan is in the water, and it is not even afraid of the best dog; It can break people's legs with a blow of its wings, and its rapidity and violence can be imagined. In a word, the swan seems not afraid of any plot or attack, because it is as brave as its dexterity and strength.
The usual cry of swan training is not as loud as voiced sound: it is a gasp, much like the saying "cats curse the sky", which was expressed by the ancient Romans with a homophonic word "all cold three" Listening to that tone, it feels like a threat or anger; The reason why the ancients can describe those powerful swans and make them so praised is obviously not based on some nearly dumb swans like us. We feel that the wild swan has well preserved its natural beauty, and has a feeling of full freedom and a tone of full freedom. Yes, we can hear a rhythmic and tortuous song in its singing, or rather, in its humming. Its voice is as loud as a horn, but this sharp and rarely changing tone can't reach the gentle, harmonious and melodious change of our songbirds.
In addition, the ancients not only described the swan as a magical singer, but also thought that among all creatures who felt something at the end of life, only Tian Hao would sing at the end of life, with a harmonious voice as a prelude to his last sigh. According to them, the swan makes such a soft and touching tone because it wants to make a sad and affectionate farewell to life when it is about to die; This tone, like complaining, formed its own funeral song in a deep, sad and gloomy way. They also said that people could hear this kind of singing at the beginning of the dynasty when the wind and waves were calm; Some people even saw many swans singing their elegies and dying in music. There is no fabricated story in natural history, and there is no fable that is praised, restated and believed more than this legend in ancient society. It controlled the lively and sensitive imagination of the ancient Greeks: poets, orators and even philosophers accepted the legend and thought it was too beautiful to doubt at all. We should forgive them for writing such fables; These fables are really lovely and touching, and their value is far above those sad and boring historical facts; For sensitive hearts, these are comforting metaphors. There is no doubt that swans will not sing about their own death; However, whenever it comes to the last flight and brilliant performance made by a great genius before his death, people will always think of such a touching idiom with infinite emotion: "This is a swan song!" "
[Appreciation]
Brief introduction of French scientist and writer Buffon (1707 ~ 1788). Animals written by the author are often endowed with humanity and some kind of political ideal. Swan is one of the representative works.
This essay is beautifully written, and the author praises the beautiful swan, which shows his praise for the beautiful ideals such as peace and rationality. This is also the mystery of this work becoming a masterpiece.
Swan's love
An old man has been observing swans by the lake for more than 30 years. He likes these beautiful big birds and even worships them. Every winter, when swans want to migrate, he will silently dance on the lake and see them off. The next spring, they came one after another, and my uncle always sprinkled a lot of food to celebrate their return intact. Especially when two swans originally flying alone finally flew side by side, he was even more excited than his own marriage, and often took his wife with him to bless their union.
Asked why he loves these swans so much, he has no interest at all. He said with a smile, how can animals who are more loyal and persistent than people not be liked and admired? I don't understand. My uncle told me in detail that it took him 30 years to finally find a belief that almost all swans will follow love.
When two swans began to fall in love, there was no other swan in their eyes. They will not waver in front of many excellent candidates, or even give a little love to many individuals at the same time like human beings. Once they decide to start a love, only two people are allowed to walk together on this road of love. When the migration season comes every year, their love begins an important test period. They are not sure whether the other person will be lovers for life, so they choose to test this love with time. They gave up the warmth of being together every day, just to be together and love each other for a longer time. So they followed their respective teams and turned and flew away without hesitation.
In this separation, they have to get rid of the torture of loneliness and missing, and may also face the test of life and death, as well as the love signals sent by other swans. However, all this is insignificant because it is far from the other half of the world. When people are in two places, they can keep close contact with each other by means of convenient communication. But they have nothing but love and tenderness, loyalty and persistence buried in their hearts. But these are far more lasting and eternal than the developed communication tools of human beings. Next spring, if one of them doesn't have an accident, they will continue this love and dance on the lake with abundant water and grass.
Such a test will take a long three years. In these three years, they have only loved this one, and they have only kept this love in their hearts. At the end of the three-year probation period, if two swans feel that they can't continue to fall in love, they will break up amicably. But if they still love each other, one of them will resolutely break away from the team they have followed for many years and fly to the other half. Moreover, from then on, we will never part or betray each other until death.
Every pair of swans in the old man's memory has almost passed such a long test. They decided that only such love could be cherished and possessed. Uncle said, compared with human beings who often break up coldly because of trivial matters, isn't swan reached a supreme state in love? Can this loyalty and belief be compared with what it calls the most emotional human being?
I think of many women I know who are not satisfied with being hugged by a love ring. They always compare their own half with others', only to be disappointed. Because there will always be a man who is richer, more handsome and more considerate than his boyfriend, who will appear on the road of love. They pick and choose, and in the end, they often find that the one they lost at the beginning is their favorite. Even if the two people are combined, the love that was originally determined to last forever is often separated by trivial matters, work and personality, and eventually becomes riddled with holes and cannot be cleaned up.
Therefore, we often complain that love is too fragile. Don't you know that what is really fragile is actually ourselves? Our hearts are like fragile porcelain, which will be broken after a slight bump on the road of love. And the plants of love kept in porcelain bottles will wither and die.
So we should cultivate love on solid land. Only land can make the roots of love work hard again and again. No matter how far apart we are, no matter how long the time is, the roots of love will always be full of vitality and perseverance.
What can travel through time is the eternal love that is most worthy of our life together.