A: This passage was written by Edmund, the British political thinker Burke said. The meaning can be summarized as: Freedom is not abstract freedom, but freedom in society, which illustrates the sociality of freedom. The sociality of freedom means that freedom is a mutual obligation and responsibility, which exists in the relationship between individuals and society and is related to other people and groups in society. At the same time, individual freedom is not interfered and harassed by the freedom of other people, groups and people.
3. The basic content and characteristics of Augustine's view of state.
Basic content: the state is a necessary source of evil, fear, pain and death. He expounded that the value of the country lies in establishing a supreme and absolute ethical standard and laying the significance of morality to political activities by religious means, but it has the imperfection and functional limitations of the country.
Features: It is divided into the city of God and the secular city. He uses Christian ethics to explain the country.
4. The basic characteristics of Thomas Aquinas' theological political theory and its concrete expression in the theory of state.
Basic features:
On the premise of adhering to Christian belief, reconciling the contradiction between belief and reason as the theoretical basis of his political thought is the basic feature of Aquinas' theocratic political thought.
Specific performance:
The relationship between church and state is the main content of Aquinas' theocratic political thought, and its core is to demonstrate that religious power is higher than secular power and maintain the theocratic rule of Christian church. Regarding the relationship between the church and the state, Aquinas acknowledged the reasonable existence of the state, and on this basis demonstrated that religious rights are higher than secular rights. The purpose of the state is to realize the requirements of human reason for social life, while the purpose of the church is to realize the highest requirements of human reason, so the church is higher than the state and the Pope is higher than the secular rulers. Furthermore, since it is God's arrangement that secular rulers obey church rulers, any monarch who does not obey the church and the Pope is a "tyrant", and this is only to limit and depose the power of a "tyrant".
On the premise of insisting that religious power is higher than secular power, Aquinas acknowledged and demonstrated the rationality and necessity of secular state. At the same time, it is an important content of Aquinas' theocratic political thought to demonstrate that the church law is superior to the national law and to safeguard the judicial privilege of the church, that is, to demonstrate that the church power is superior to the secular power from the legal aspect.