Guan Hanqing galloped in the world of drama, displaying his mind and talent. He created a large number of zaju with female themes. Among Guan Hanqing's existing 18 plays, there are 12 plays featuring women. In the feudal society centered on male power, it is especially valuable. The female images in Guan Hanqing's works are distinctive, energetic and radiant. In his works, a series of female images, such as girls, ladies, prostitutes, good wives and mothers, widows, constitute a colorful character gallery. However, most of the actresses in zaju are sluts, and some of them are so-called "tangzhu", that is, professional geisha. Such as Guan Hanqing's Song and Zhao. The female characters in zaju all have the characteristics of "infatuation", "wave" and "spicy". The successful shaping of female images has become a beautiful landscape in the history of China ancient literature. Most of Guan Hanqing's works reflect the tragic experiences of women, and they have infinite sympathy and deep concern for their life experiences. Guan Hanqing lived in the early Yuan Dynasty and had a clear understanding of the darkness and contradictions of the society at that time, which seemed natural and natural.

First, the classification of female images in Guan Hanqing's works.

In Guan Hanqing's zaju, Dan Ben is more than the last one. He created a large number of female images with distinct personalities and devoted his feelings to them. These characters he created have profound ideological concentration and distinctive fighting spirit. The female characters in his works can be divided into three types: one is the "spice girls" group; Second, a group of women who are both rigid and flexible; Third, the weak and humble female group.

1, "Spice Girls"

This kind of female characters are bold, bold and brave, which has three characteristics: first, they have a strong sense of autonomy and a clear purpose of behavior, and they all show an unconscious dominant tendency towards love, marriage and friends; Secondly, their essential spirit pays more attention to the truth and delusion of feelings besides romantic talent; Third, in order to realize their own needs and values, they all have fearless fighting spirit, courage, knowledge and means. In a word, burning is their personality tendency. The heroine's role in Tempering the Moon, Saving the Wind and Dust, and Wang Jiangge is typical of this kind. Yan Yan, the heroine in The Tempered Moon, is a beautiful, intelligent, simple, diligent and earnest girl. Although she is a handmaid, she has a strong sense of autonomy and can safeguard her own interests and personal dignity. When Hanazono Sakura tried to flirt with her, she refused, showing a girl's self-esteem and self-love. When she gradually accepted the love of Hanazono Sakura households and Hanazono Sakura households reneged on Miss Yingying, she didn't submit to humiliation because of her humble position. Instead, she held a big wedding and said, "The guests are coming, and the mulberry men are going to get together." This female image reflects the cruel reality that women suffered from ethnic discrimination and class oppression in Yuan Dynasty, and at the same time, this female image contains a strong rebellious spirit. She dared to resist and showed great wisdom and courage in her resistance. Therefore, compared with the previous female images, Guan Hanqing's rebellious thoughts formed in the cruel reality are more intense and sharp. The reality she reflects is more profound. Zhao in Save the Dust is a witty, intelligent and chivalrous woman. With her wit, she bravely won the struggle to save her sisters who had fallen into the dust by laughing and slapping in the brothel. In this struggle with this rich boy, Zhao's image is very prominent. As a prostitute, she is well aware of her own situation, and her long-term dusty life has made her have a very clear understanding of the hearts and nature of those well-dressed rich children. She also thought about giving up prostitutes to be good, but all the rich children are sanctimonious with them, and it is their commonality to take part in accidental amusement. She knows this very well. So, when she heard that Song was going to marry, she tried her best to persuade her. When Song had difficulty in asking her for help, she stepped forward again, regardless of personal safety and dealing with it. As a prostitute, she has neither money nor power. She has only beauty and wisdom. Under her careful planning, she finally won the struggle. In the struggle, she always occupied the dominant position, took the initiative to attack, and successively won, while Zhou She, a rich boy, could only follow suit, got into the trap set by her and was led by her. The humble little people won through struggle, which undoubtedly inspired the people at the bottom of feudal society at that time. Zhao's spirit of struggle is also the common feature of female images in Guan Hanqing's works. Although the degree of resistance is different and the ways of resistance are different, they are all expressed in different degrees in the female characters created by Guan Hanqing. "Wangjiang Pavilion" also created the image that Tangier dared to fight against evil forces and went through fire and water for his happy marriage.

These women are weak women who are unarmed and humble, but they have a strong sense of subjectivity. Facing the powerful and vicious evil forces, relying on his own wisdom and indomitable spirit of struggle, he wrote a song of self-help. In this kind of works, the author often praises the frankness and sincerity of human feelings with a lively style.

2. A group of women who are soft and tough.

These characters have the traditional virtues of women in China. Their men show goodwill. In moral culture, they are kind, filial, loyal, bear the burden of humiliation and compromise. Ideological and emotional tolerance, emphasis on dedication and sacrifice; In life, I work hard. However, when she encountered misfortune, she was able to face up to the miserable life and showed a vigorous enterprising spirit of inner strength that dared to resist. Wang in Yuan and Butterfly Dream are typical representatives.

Dou E is a familiar tragic figure. She was a woman who was oppressed by feudal forces and suffered a lot. In her character, there is both a kind and gentle side and a strong will. At the age of seven, she was forced to be a child bride because of paying her debts, and her husband died soon after she got married. She has no high demands on life. It can be said that Dou E treated life with a resigned attitude at this time. When Zhang Donkey's plot to seize it failed, he took him to court. Zhang Luer bribed the satrap, and under the torture, Dou E's fantasy was shattered, and the cruel reality awakened her, and her rebellious spirit and struggle character gradually developed. She not only pointed the finger at corrupt officials like Taishou: "These officials have no intention to correct the law, leaving the people speechless", but also pointed the finger at the supreme authoritative world of feudal society. Dou E's three vows before execution are also a way of resistance. In front of the fatuous officials, she was speechless and had to prove her innocence in this way. Her wronged officials can't understand, but they can feel it. The realization of the three vows proves her injustice, and it is also a strong protest and challenge to the dark society, showing Dou E's strong rebellious character. In the fourth scene, the author arranges for the ghost of Dou E to appear and tell Dou about his grievances. Dou E was not afraid of violence, but she did not give up the struggle after her death, and finally the unjust case was rehabilitated. Justice finally prevailed over evil. The king in Butterfly Dream is even more virtuous and lovely. The three sons avenged their father and killed the powerful Ge Biao. When Bao Gong first asked a son to pay for his life, she resolutely decided to sacrifice her son and keep the son born to her husband and ex-wife. "I hope you two, I am willing to die." Compared with the dirty soul of the powerful, this stepmother image living at the bottom is so touching! Guan Hanqing tried to eulogize the beauty of human nature that they had the courage to dedicate and sacrifice in the extraordinary struggle to safeguard human dignity and the right to subsistence, which added a touch of bright color to the filthy living environment and made people have hope and longing for life.

3. Humble and weak female groups

The dominant factor of this female character is cowardice. They have love and hate, but they are played. They dare not resist and can't control their own destiny, so they have to succumb to fate and endure unwilling mental torture. Xie Tianxiang in Xie Tianxiang and Song in Saving the Wind and Dust are the representatives of this kind of characters. Song in "Saving the Wind and Dust" was deceived by a romantic veteran and was lured into a trap to marry his family. Song's sisters tried their best to persuade her. Song was fascinated by his sweet words and insincerity, and insisted on getting married. The man who married Song returned to Zhengzhou. I hit her fifty times as soon as I entered the door and killed her. Then I scolded her day and night and almost tortured her to death. Zhou She even said, "A husband should not pay for killing his little wife." The wife of Zhang Gui, an official of Lu Zhailang, was sent to Lu Zhailang's mansion by her weak husband under the threat of the flower girl Lu Zhailang, and became the tragic protagonist of "the wife is separated and the husband is the matchmaker". Xie Tianxiang in Xie Tianxiang loves Liu Yong, a scholar in Qiantang County, but because of his humble status, he can't stay in a spacious house with Liu Yong. Tianxiang couldn't help feeling at the parrot in the cage: "Parrots can listen and sing, and they are smart and cute. However, the clever bird has no freedom and is kept in a cage at the mercy of others. Just as they can sing and dance, they can only have frequent entertainment in various occasions and have no freedom. " She thought, the smarter she is, the more appreciated by her boss, and the more inseparable from fireworks books. She will only come to an unfortunate end, and it is better to be as free as those poor people who can't sing. Telling their own sadness and sadness, this is also the voice of women living at the bottom of society in feudal society. Zhou She and Qian Ke in "Xie Tianxiang" and "Saving the Wind and Dust" don't treat women as human beings, but only treat women as playthings on call. What's the difference between this and the famous saying of Taishou, "People are bitches, you can't recruit without fighting"? After describing those women who dare to do things, Guan Hanqing still pays attention to the fate of other weak women who dare not bow their heads under the eaves. He sympathized with them, but more "mourned their misfortune and angered them." Through the true description of these characters' psychology and personality, it provides the audience with a perspective to observe women.

Second, the basic characteristics of female characters in Guan Hanqing's works.

1, resistance

In Guan Hanqing's works, the feudal ethical concepts of "men are superior to women" and "three obedience and four virtues" are abandoned, and those women who are brave in independence are affirmed. They are either fierce and bitter, unyielding to death, or witty and optimistic, bold and confident, admit their existence as human beings, think about their spiritual affiliation, affirm women's subjective consciousness, summon people's self-awakening, and greatly appreciate their courage to fight evil forces.

Feudal society made many rules for women. Since the emergence of hierarchical society, women in China have been discriminated against and enslaved, and have been in an oppressed position. But in Guan Hanqing's works, women are masculine and aggressive, and widows can remarry freely. Suffering from feudal oppression, Yuan Zhong became a moving female image in Yuan Zaju. In order to save her mother-in-law, she confessed the crime of killing Zhang Donkey's father with drugs, and realized the reality that "the pot never shines". She protested boldly: "What do you mean, are you a good person or a bad person? God, you are wrong! " She will show her grievances with blood flying, snow falling in June and three years of drought, and she will not forget to take revenge when she turns into a ghost. She is shockingly strong and touching in kindness. Tangier, who is also a widow, hopes to "marry someone who values me as much as my man." When she married Bai Shizhong, she cherished her hard-won happiness. Facing the official's son Yang, who came to destroy their marriage with a potential sword gold medal in her hand, she made a decisive decision and took the initiative to attack until she won. Such women are rare in previous works. Guan Hanqing despises the concept of hierarchy. He described many fallen women and found that they all had shining souls. In Save the Wind and Dust, Zhao is bold and provocative. She has rich social experience, and she strongly advises Song not to marry her younger brother. Song didn't listen to advice, so he asked her for help when he met with difficulties after marriage. She didn't forget to become sworn brothers. "I used to be a part-time guest." She boldly went. "How can I be a heavy smoker if I'm not talkative?" She won a divorce from Zhou She. Its courage and confidence are admirable. At the same time, Guan Hanqing's works praise women for breaking through the traditional marriage concept of "parents' orders and matchmakers' words", and appreciate women's active pursuit of a happy life and their search for a happy emotional home. Wang Ruilan is the heroine in Worship the Moon Pavilion, one of the four great love tragedies in Yuan Dynasty. In the process of leaving the troubled times, she met the poor scholar Jiang Shilong, deepened their understanding, established feelings, and got married independently in the inn. She was dissatisfied with her father: "How can you be so cruel?" It is said that the father of Shangshu, who separated their husband and wife, was a "tiger and wolf", which shocked the code of ethics. She values the truth. "I can also see the jade bead curtain and the painting hall." Wang Runxiang in A Dream of Escape ignored the opposition of his father, Mr. Wang, and did not dislike Qing 'an's poverty. He offered: "I will wrap a bag of gold beads for you tonight, and I will change hands as your bride price money." You can marry me. " Yan Yan, the handmaid in "Windy Moon", married Yingying because thousands of people broke their vows, so they held a big wedding to fight for their own interests. Du Ruiniang, a prostitute in Qiantang, thought that Mr. Han had another love and didn't want to see him: "Please hold another willow branch beside Zhangtai Road." Although she is a wretched prostitute, she is stubborn, self-respecting, hates fraud and never refuses to feel inferior. And Han He really loves each other. "I live with you and die with you" has no hierarchical prejudice. The same life, the same feelings, let these down-and-out literati and these dusty women fall in love at first sight.

2, there are traditional virtues and wisdom.

First of all, Guan Hanqing wrote women as the embodiment of truth, goodness and beauty. They never care about being poor and loving being rich. Guan Hanqing has great respect for women with traditional virtues: kindness, tenacity, deep understanding of righteousness, not greedy for money, and courage to sacrifice themselves ... This can be seen from the images of two mothers in Guan Hanqing's works.

Mu Chen is the traditional mother of Mu Chen. She is committed to "training children to attack books", but she is not a senior official. "I don't want gold and jade, I hope that future generations will be wise." Repeatedly reminded: "One day, children will wear gold and purple clothes, so don't forget the piano and sword." After winning the first prize in the left middle school, the third son, Chen Liang, accepted the folk "children's brocade" worth thousands of dollars and wanted to make clothes for his mother. Mother Chen severely reprimanded him: "You are such a good boy! I have never been an official, but I have already received money from ordinary people, and I have to be happy when I lie down! " It shows that Chen's mother understands the righteousness and distinguishes between right and wrong. The king in Butterfly Dream is even more virtuous and lovely. Between her own son and her adopted son, she resolutely chose to save her adopted son's life. How noble this quality is!

In addition, the heroines portrayed in Guan Hanqing's works are all brilliant and ambitious, and those courageous, knowledgeable and scheming women will certainly appreciate their wit and courage. The typical image is Zhao in Wangjiang Pavilion.

Zhao's fighting courage, optimism and tact are all manifested in the face-to-face struggle with cunning hooligans. In order to rescue Song, the sister of a businessman who married the wrong man, Zhao used the characteristics of lewdness to trick her into getting married, so that her companion had a narrow escape. Tan's extraordinary courage is also reflected in her thrilling plot of stealing the gold medal of Yang's official's son's right sword in Wangjiangge. She became a young widow and remarried to Bai Shizhong. In order to maintain the happiness of his family, he stole the gold medal in a face-to-face contest with Yang Yanzi. Yang Yanzi tried to take her as a concubine and kill Bai, which foiled Yang Yanzi's plot. These two characters, one is a sophisticated prostitute, cleverly plotting to save her companions, showing chivalry; One is weather-beaten, in order to protect their own happiness, subdued the prestige. They are sophisticated and knowledgeable, and have a clear understanding of the world and human sentiment.

Zhao knows that "marriage is not easy". When Song was puzzled by his performance, he pointed out that he was a disciple of Huajie, and predicted that he would "marry his family for half a year" and advised Song not to marry by mistake. Tan Jill married Bai. Although Bai tried to persuade her, her careful observation and thinking played a decisive role. These two characters are witty, brave and clever. They all dare to face powerful opponents without fear. What kind of wisdom and courage is needed to overcome prestige! What an optimistic fighting spirit is needed!

At the same time, Guan Hanqing ignored the prejudice that "women are virtuous without talent" and advocated that women are versatile and love those smart and talented women.

Thanks to her versatility and intelligence, Xie Tianxiang in Xie Tianxiang finally achieved her marriage with Liu Yong. Liu learned to play the piano in Jade Mirror Platform, and Teacher Wen praised her beyond words. And Han Qiongying, who returned from Pei Du, was brilliant and was called "ambitious" by Li Gongzi of the imperial court. This woman has the strength of a husband. These women's practices are quite different from the tradition, and Guan Hanqing's portrayal of female characters in his works has brought unprecedented challenges to Yuan Zaju.

3. infatuation

The heroine in Guan Hanqing's works is not too poor to love rich people, but has sincere feelings that transcend emotions. His works affirm women's pursuit of their own happy life and boldly pursue their favorite lovers.

Wang Ruilan in the Moon Pavilion fell in love with Jiang Shilong in her escape life. She pays attention to the sincere feelings between the two, not to the wealth officials. In the face of his father's bullying, he dared to resist, express his feelings and attack the norms of ethics. Du Ruiniang is to Korea, Xie Tianxiang is to Liu Yong, and Tan Jieer is to Bai Shizhong. At that time, Guan Hanqing held high the banner of "love" and created a large number of images of spoony women in his works, which undoubtedly added some humanistic care to his works.

4. The multi-faceted performance of the character.

The women in Guan Hanqing's works are called typical types, which is also reflected in many aspects of the characters' personalities. Dou E hated, resisted and rebelled against Zhang Lver's father and son, denied heaven and earth, and made a vow, showing the dominant side of his personality-strong resistance; She is filial to her mother-in-law, waits on her mother-in-law and makes excuses for her mother-in-law. Before she died, she was afraid that her mother-in-law would be sad and tried every means to prevent her mother-in-law from meeting. After seeing her, she comforted her mother-in-law in many ways, which clearly showed the other side of her mother-in-law's personality-filial piety, kindness and integrity. Her kindness, resistance and integrity are often linked. The author did not simplify the character at all, but carefully wrote the process of serving her mother-in-law and persuading her not to be beaten, wronged or killed. At the same time, she is filial to her mother-in-law, not blindly following, but insists on persuading her mother-in-law not to bow to evil forces. This insistence on the truth is consistent with her unyielding action against the bullying of Zhang Maolv and the darkness of the government, so that she made three vows. This excellent description makes the women in her works present colorful personality characteristics. As a prostitute, Xie Tianxiang's intelligence is somewhat arrogant. Song's simplicity and innocence, Zhao's wit and sophistication all have different distinct personalities, just like life itself has complex factors, which are natural and natural.

To sum up, Guan Hanqing, a great mixed-race writer, has created one vivid female image after another, which is excellent, which not only adds a splendid stroke to the figure gallery in the history of China ancient literature, but also provides a reference for future writers to shape the figure.