Niels henrik david bohr (1885~ 1962) is a Danish physicist. 19 13 years, he took a revolutionary step in the problem of atomic structure and put forward the steady-state hypothesis and the law of frequency, thus laying the foundation for this research direction. Bohr pointed out that there is a so-called "steady state" in the virtual state of (1) atomic system. In these States, although the motion of particles obeys the laws of classical mechanics to a great extent, the stability of these States cannot be explained by classical mechanics, and every change of atomic system can only be completely transferred from one stable state to another. (2) Contrary to the classical electromagnetic theory, stable atoms do not produce electromagnetic radiation, but only when they transition between two stationary states. The characteristics of radiation are equivalent to the radiation generated by charged particles resonating at a constant frequency according to the classical law, but the relationship between frequency u and atomic motion is not single, but h = E'-E "is determined by the following relationship. This is Bohr's atomic energy. Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark on1October 7. His father is an open-minded professor of physiology. In order to make their two sons love natural science since childhood, they often have interesting discussions with their friends on science, philosophy, culture and politics, so that Taupol and his younger brother Khalid are edified. In addition, Bohr's father also attached great importance to the physique of his two sons and cultivated their interest in sports. Therefore, Bohr and his younger brother became famous football players when they were young. When he grew up, his younger brother joined the national football team, and Bohr also had lifelong hobbies such as ice skating, sailing and skiing. Bohr was a slow-moving and attentive child in his childhood. He is good at all subjects at school, especially physics and mathematics. He also loves literature, but his mother tongue is difficult to learn. He spent his whole life trying to overcome this difficulty and spent a lot of time copying manuscripts over and over again, whether it was scientific papers, speeches at conferences or letters to friends. This reflects Bohr's urgent need for accuracy and his strong desire to convey as much information as possible in his works. In order to cultivate Bohr's practical ability, his father bought him lathes and tools. The ingenious Bohr quickly mastered the metalworking technology and dared to repair anything that was damaged. The clock or bike at home is broken, and Bohr repairs it himself. In middle school, Bohr was the first in his class, but he was never vain, and even never strived for the first place. He was very quick-thinking, naturally and freely developed his talents, unswervingly chose his own path and became a physicist. 1903, Bohr successfully graduated from middle school and entered the natural science department of Copenhagen University. At first, he liked to do experiments in the university laboratory. In the second grade, he decided to take part in the excellent thesis competition organized by the Royal Danish Science Association, and measured it with the jet vibration method proposed by the Swiss magazine 1873? Supported by the Cashburg Foundation, he had the opportunity to go to Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University in England to study under the most authoritative physicist J.J. Thomas. But Bohr and J.J. Thomson don't get along well, because Bohr and J.J. Thomson pointed out some mistakes in one of J.J. Thomson's papers when they first met. So, in the spring of 19 12, I transferred to the Rutherford Laboratory of Manchester University. There are many outstanding young talents discovered and attracted by Rutherford in the laboratory, such as Geiger, Markova, marsden, Evans, Rachel, Fajens, Mohanlai, Seabirds, Chaduk and Darwin. Bohr got along well with them and became lifelong friends with most of them. One of the best relationships, except Rutherford, is seabirds. The Hungarian physicist is a very clever and lovely conversation partner, and he has always been the center of the group. He helped Bohr understand the most concerned problems in the laboratory at present, and was familiar with every member of the laboratory. Seabirds were also proficient in chemistry, and Bohr needed this knowledge very much. Bohr worked in Rutherford's laboratory for more than four months and returned to China at the end of July on 19 12, because he was going to hold a wedding in August on 1 2008. Bohr gained a lot in four multi-functional jobs in Rutherford Laboratory. He sincerely respected Rutherford, who was his role model in life and study. The profound and simple friendship between the two great physicists began in this way and lasted for a quarter of a century until Rutherford died prematurely. 1912 In September, Bohr went to the University of Copenhagen as a part-time associate professor to teach the mechanical basis of thermodynamics. Bohr showed the extraordinary talents of teachers in his lectures. No matter how difficult it is, he speaks clearly and cheerfully. While attending class, Bohr continued to explore in theory. 19 13 years, he published a famous paper "The Structure of Atoms and Molecules", which became his great beginning to the kingdom of strict science. 19 14 10 In June, Bohr was invited to the University of Manchester in England as an associate professor, giving lectures on thermodynamics, kinematics, electromagnetism and electronic theory, continuing his experimental research, atomic structure theory and charged particle braking theory, and achieved fruitful results. As Bohr became more and more famous, the University of Copenhagen decided to set up a professor position of theoretical physics for Bohr, so Bohr returned to China in the summer of 19 16 and became a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Copenhagen. The following year, he was elected as a member of the Royal Danish Science Association. 19L8 1 1 After the First World War, Rutherford invited Bohr to be the doctor of philosophy they set up recently, but Bohr declined politely in order to develop Danish physics research. 1920 In September, with Bohr's unremitting efforts, the University of Copenhagen finally established the Institute of Theoretical Physics, which became a white center to attract young and promising theorists and experimental physicists to study atomic and micro-world issues. Many outstanding physicists, such as Heisenberg, Clara Myers, Dirac, Pauli, Kheveshi, Hartley, Landau and Pagus, have worked here successively. In the institute, Bohr gave full play to the talent and originality of every young person, never led by administrative means, and did not like to use instructions or orders, so he was full of collectivism and friendly spirit. The environment is unrestrained and the work is brainstorming, which has solved many of the most profound topics in modern physics and formed the famous Copenhagen School. Bohr became the leader of this university school. When asked what is the secret of his school's success, Bohr replied, "I'm never afraid to make a fool of myself in front of young people. "Bohr was packed with work every day. Even in his later years, he was as energetic as when he was young, which surprised many people. He is not used to using a timetable, never works according to a work plan, and often works on holidays. Even when he came back from skiing in Norway, he brought back his suddenly mature ideas more than once. When he sailed by boat, he never stopped working. Therefore, not everyone can be Bohr's assistant. To be his assistant, you must not only have a strong nervous system, but also give up almost all personal freedom. Because this tutor may come to you at any time within 24 hours a day to talk about the complexity of the current main problem, or an idea that suddenly occurred to him, or ask you to help him correct some opinions. 1922, Bohr won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his great contribution to the study of atomic structure and atomic radiation. To this end, the whole of Denmark is immersed in joy and the whole country celebrates. Bohr became the most famous Danish citizen. In order to support justice and peace, Bohr donated his Nobel Gold Medal to the Finnish War. Later, people raised gold for him and recast one, which will be displayed in the Danish museum forever. 1In June, 924, Bohr was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science by Cambridge University and Manchester University, accepted as a full member by the Cambridge Philosophy Society, and was elected as an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences in February, 65438+. At the beginning of 1927, Heisenberg, Born, Iordan, Schrodinger, Dirac and others successfully established a new theoretical quantum mechanics of atomic internal processes, and Bohr played a great role in promoting the establishment of quantum mechanics. 1In September, 927, Bohr put forward the "complementary principle" for the first time, which laid the foundation for the Copenhagen School to explain quantum mechanics, and since then, he has been arguing with Einstein about the significance of quantum mechanics for many years. Einstein put forward one imaginary experiment after another, trying to prove the contradictions and mistakes of the new theory, but Bohr cleverly refuted Einstein's opposition every time. This long-term debate has improved Bohr's viewpoint in many ways, enabling him to apply the complementary principle not only to physics, but also to other disciplines in the future. 1933, Hitler seized power and Germany became a fascist country, which is a dangerous neighbor for Denmark. Bohr is not a man who cares nothing. He cares about current political affairs, national life and international affairs. He was deeply saddened and angry at the racial persecution and political persecution carried out by the fascist regime at that time. He actively founded and participated in the Danish Immigration Rescue Committee, and gave the greatest support and help to scientists and other refugees who fled from Germany to Copenhagen. 1940 In April, Germany invaded Denmark, and the Danish government announced its surrender. Universities in America, Britain and many other countries telegraphed Bohr and invited his family to take refuge and work there. Bohr was very upset, and his friendly concern and anxiety about fate touched his heart. However, all this failed to shake his determination to stay in the post of Copenhagen Institute of Theoretical Physics. Bohr believes that all this is temporary and will soon pass. Therefore, instead of falling into depression, we should persist in our work, resist the invaders and make contributions to the common struggle. In the following period of time, Bohr became thinner and thinner, but he persevered bravely and uncompromisingly. Bohr made no secret of his likes and dislikes, refused to cooperate with the invaders, and did not associate with those who supported them. 1943 In September, Hitler's regime prepared to arrest Bohr. In order to avoid persecution, Bohr fled to Sweden at great risk with the help of participants in the resistance movement. In Sweden, he helped arrange for almost all Danish Jews to escape from Hitler's gas chamber. Soon after, Lin Deman sent a telegram inviting Bohr to work in England. Bohr almost died of lack of oxygen on his way to England by small plane. After staying in Britain for two months, according to the Quebec agreement signed by American President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, American and British physicists should cooperate closely. So Bohr was appointed as a British consultant and went to the United States with a group of British atomic physicists, such as chadwick, and participated in the Manhattan Project to build an atomic bomb. Bohr was worried that Germany's first atomic bomb would pose a greater threat to the world, so like Einstein, he actively promoted the development of the atomic bomb as a scientific consultant. However, he resolutely opposed the use of atomic bombs in the war against Japan, and resolutely opposed the use of atomic bombs in future wars, and always adhered to the view of peaceful use of atomic energy. He actively contacted national activists in the United States and Britain to participate in the struggle against nuclear testing and for peace, democracy and national unity. He felt very guilty about the huge losses caused by the atomic bomb to Japan, and published two articles, Science and Civilization and the Call of Civilization, calling on scientists from all countries to strengthen cooperation, make equal use of atomic energy, conduct international supervision on any steps that may threaten world security, and strive for the carefree development of their own science and culture in the future. 1On August 20th, 945, Bohr returned to Denmark, where he continued to serve as the director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics and was re-elected as the chairman of the Royal Danish Science Association. In the later days, Bohr not only actively participated in and led the theoretical research of atomic physics, but also continued to devote himself to the peaceful use of atomic energy. With the passage of time, Bohr's deeds of fighting for peace and international cooperation are widely known, his prestige is getting higher and higher, and his influence is getting bigger and bigger. Therefore, in 1957, he was awarded the first "peaceful use of atomic energy" award. Bohr became the pride of Denmark, and activities to celebrate his 60th and 70th birthdays were widely held all over the country. When celebrating his 60th birthday, an independent fund of 400,000 kroner was set up for him to encourage various research activities. On the occasion of his 70th birthday, the king awarded him the Danish First-Class Medal, and the government and scientific association decided to set up a Polkin Medal engraved with his head to reward modern physicists who made outstanding contributions. In his later years, Bohr still actively participated in organizational activities and social activities, and ran around to consolidate the international cooperation of scientists from all over the world until 1962+065438+ 10/8 died. Since then, people have lost a talented scientist and thinker, a soldier of world peace and mutual understanding among people of all countries, and a simple, honest, kind and approachable friend of all mankind. Many countries in the world have sent countless information and letters about relevant institutions to the Royal Danish Science Association to mourn this scientific giant. 65438+February 65438+April 4th, a grand conference was held in memory of Bohr. The king and his wife, Bohr's wife, son, daughter-in-law and many Bohr's friends and colleagues attended the meeting. The conference report introduced Bohr's immortal contribution to the development of physics and philosophy, and the great significance of his activities to the Royal Society of Science. In the evening, everyone spontaneously got together and talked about the memory of Bohr. In memory of Bohr, the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the University of Copenhagen was named niels bohr Institute.