(2) Political system: centralized monarchy has been strengthened unprecedentedly. Cultural policy: stereotyped writing for scholars has bound the minds of intellectuals. Foreign policy: The closed-door policy has hindered legal economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

(3) developing economy and further enhancing national strength; Adhere to the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and respect knowledge and talents; Adhere to the policy of reform and opening up.