"In suspicious and not suspicious, never learn; Knowledge is in doubt. " Zhang zai ③

Learning is based on facts and evidence. There are two sources of facts and basis: one is what I saw with my own eyes, and the other is what I heard from others. For example, when the country is in danger, there must be a lot of oral news from all over the country, no matter how dangerous, it is the legend of others and not necessarily reliable; To understand the actual situation, we must observe it by ourselves. The same is true of learning, the most important and reliable material is the factual basis that I have seen with my own eyes; But sometimes such evidence can't be seen with your own eyes, and you can only rely on other people's legends.

(1) from the popular theory. Gu Jiegang (1893— 1980), a native of Wuxian, Jiangsu, is a historian.

② Cheng Yi (1033— 1 107) was a philosopher and educator in the northern song dynasty.

③ Zhang Zai (1020— 1077), a philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty.

We should think about the legendary words and not believe them casually. We believe it because it is; Don't believe it, because it's not. This attitude of thinking ahead and not believing casually is the spirit of doubt. This is the basic condition for doing all learning. We heard that there were three emperors and five emperors in ancient China, so we have to ask: Who said that? In which book did you first read it? Who wrote the book you saw when? How did the author know? We have also heard that "rotten grass is a firefly", so we have to ask: How can a dead plant become a flying beetle? What is the scientific basis? If we can ask this question, all wrong theories will be broken.

No matter what kind of books and knowledge we have, we must experience our own doubts: think because of doubts, and distinguish right from wrong because of thinking; After three steps of "doubt", "thinking" and "discrimination", that book is your own book, and that kind of learning is your own knowledge. Otherwise, it is blind superstition. Mencius said that "it is better to believe in books than to have no books", that is, to teach us a little skepticism, not to follow blindly and not to be superstitious.

(1) 【 Huang San, five emperors 】 the legendary ancient tribal leaders. There are different legends about who it refers to. Some people say that Huang San refers to Fuxi, Nuwa and Shennong. The five emperors in Historical Records refer to the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun.

(2) 【 rotten grass for fireflies 】 This is the words in the Book of Rites.

Doubt is not only a necessary step to distinguish truth from falsehood, but also a basic condition to establish new theories and inspire new inventions from the front. It is ideological laziness to admit what others say without thinking or discount. Such a brain is always passive and can never learn. Only the brain that often doubts and asks questions has problems, and if there are problems, it wants to find answers. In constant questioning and solving, all knowledge will rise. Many great thinkers and philosophers in universities are cultivated from doubts. Dai Zhen, a scholar in a university in the Qing Dynasty, read Zhu's "University Chapters and Sentences" when he was a child and asked when the university wrote it and when Zhu came. Su Shi told him that Da Xue was a book of Zhou Dynasty and Zhu was a great scholar of Song Dynasty. He asked how the Song people more than 1000 years ago knew what the author meant. All scholars, not only for popular legends, but also for the theories of scholars of past dynasties, often argue with the theories in the book, often judge the theories in the book, and often revise the theories in the book: only in this way can newer and better theories be produced. Throughout the ages, new inventions in science, new theories in philosophy and new styles in art have all come into being in this way. If later scholars stick to the old sayings of predecessors, there will be no new problems, no new inventions, all academics will stagnate and human culture will not progress.

(1) [University Chapter] "University" is an article in the Book of Rites. Zhu divided it into chapters and sentences, with annotations, and compiled it into a book, University Chapters and Sentences.

(2) [scholar] is used to refer to a famous scholar with profound knowledge.

(3) [custom] refers to the general habits.

practise

Read the text silently carefully and find out the central argument and two sub-arguments of this article.

Second, to demonstrate with examples is to give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; The argument of truth is to prove the argument with recognized theorem formulas and famous sayings and aphorisms of famous people at home and abroad. Try to give an example and a reason used in this article.

Third, talk with my classmates for two or three minutes on the topic "I have tasted the sweetness of doubt". These examples are needed to illustrate this point.

There is also an essay on Doubt and Learning below. Read them and answer the questions.

Reading is expensive and doubtful. Zhu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "Those who learn without doubt will be taught to have doubts, and those who have doubts will have no doubts. Only here can they make progress. " Chen Xianzhang, an Amin scholar, said: "The predecessors said that learning is expensive and there are doubts, small doubts mean small progress, and big doubts mean great progress. Skeptics have a chance to realize. Some enlightenment, some progress. "

Doubt can break superstition. Blind superstition of books is a taboo for reading. Mencius said, "It is better to believe in books than to have no books." Therefore, in order to break the superstition of books and avoid falling into blindness, we must be bold and skeptical when reading. Everything in the book is not necessarily beyond reproach. Xu Xiake, a famous geographer in Ming Dynasty, questioned the statement that "Minshan territorial waters" in the book when reading Yu Gong. Later, through on-the-spot investigation, he finally came to a new conclusion that the Jinsha River is the source of the Yangtze River, which is a step forward from the traditional view in history books.

Doubt can enhance interest. If you can read with questions, your reading will be endless. The great scientist Einstein was interested in reading all his life. One of the important reasons is that he always reads with questions.

Doubt is often the forerunner to gain true knowledge and the key to open the treasure house of knowledge. Li Siguang, a famous scientist, famously said, "Without doubt, you can't see the truth". This sentence is quite meaningful. Generally speaking, bold doubts and scientific doubts are often linked. Questions raised in doubts are bound to be solved in in-depth research, and solving problems is the beginning of gaining insights. Hua, a famous mathematician, has made outstanding achievements in the field of mathematics because he can boldly doubt and scientifically solve the existing formulas, theorems and conclusions in books. His first step to climb the peak of mathematics began here.

Reading is doubtful, and its value lies in emancipating the mind, thinking independently, and daring to explore and pursue. However, advocating reading with questions is not a wild guess that is not based on objective reality and violates scientific principles. We should be correct in doubt, make progress in doubt and be good at doubt. Otherwise, don't doubt if you doubt. If you doubt improperly, you will not get any knowledge and progress, but you will also lead your thoughts astray. This is definitely not the attitude we should adopt in academic research.