Techniques for reading and answering argumentative essays
1. Argument (what to prove) The argument should be a complete expression of the author’s opinion, in form a complete, concise and clear sentence. Viewed from the full text, it must be able to unify the entire text. The expression form is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, which is a clear statement of attitude.
A． Grasp the argument of the article. There is only one central argument (to command the sub-arguments) ⑴Clearly: There can be N sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument)
⑵Method ①Find from the position: such as title, opening, middle, and end. ②Analyze the arguments of the article. (Can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③Excerpt method (only sub-arguments, but no central argument)
B. Analyze how arguments are presented: ① Present the facts and reason and conclude the points; ② Get straight to the point and put forward the central argument; ③ Put forward a topic based on the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central argument through analysis and discussion; ④ Narrate an experience of the author , summarize the central argument; ⑤The author raises questions from the story, then analyzes and infers step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
2. Arguments (what to prove) ⑴ Types of arguments: ① Factual arguments (summary after examples, summary of arguments should be closely linked to the arguments); ② Logical arguments (quotes of famous quotes should be analyzed).
⑵The arguments must be true, reliable, and typical (discipline, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ⑶Sequence arrangement (corresponding to the arguments); ⑷Judge whether the arguments can prove the arguments; ⑸Supplementary arguments (must be able to prove the arguments).
3. Argument (how to prove)
⑴ Argument method (must be four words) ① Demonstration with examples (exemplification method) Factual argument description ② Logical argument (citation method and reasoning) Discussing theoretical arguments
③ Comparative argument (it can also be an argument by example and a logical argument) ④ Metaphorical argument Metaphors are metaphors in expository texts and metaphors in prose.
⑵ Analyze the argumentation process: ① How the argument is put forward; ② How the argument is proved (what principles and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analytical reasoning); ③ Connect the structure of the full text, Is there a summary?
⑶ Completeness of the argument (Answer: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete to avoid misunderstandings)
⑷ Analyze the role of the argument: prove the argument of this paragraph.
4. The structure of an argumentative essay ⑴General form: ①Introduction (raising a question)--②Thesis (analyzing the problem)--③Conclusion (solving the problem).
⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total fraction type ③ Total fraction type ④ Point total type ⑤ Progressive type.
6. Reading of refuting papers
⑴What is the wrong view that the author wants to refute? ⑵ How did the author criticize, and what principles and arguments did he use? ⑶ From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
7. Common test points
① Test points for arguments in argumentative essays: First, distinguish the issue discussed and the author’s views on this issue (that is, distinguish the topic and argument). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the article:
(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called clear and straightforward writing method.
(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called summary of the whole text, highlighting the topic at the end of the article, and revealing the central writing method. This kind of writing is mostly used when clearly expressing arguments. So, in a word, therefore, all in all, in the final analysis and other summarizing words.
Third, distinguish the central argument and sub-argument: The sub-argument is usually located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.
Fourth, pay attention to the content of the argument Form of presentation: Sometimes the title is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.
Fifth, use arguments to deduce arguments: Arguments serve to prove arguments. By analyzing the arguments, you can see what they prove, affirm, and support. This is the argument.
②. Argumentative essay test points: Arguments are the basis for arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1. Use facts as arguments. The examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, be able to reveal the essence of things and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative essays, the description of the examples cited should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying arguments, you must not only know where in the article the factual arguments are used, but also be able to summarize the factual arguments. When summarizing, to be accurate, you must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument based on the argument, and then express it in precise language. 2. Speeches used as arguments should have a certain degree of authority. When quoted directly, they should be copied from the original text and verified with truth. They should not be quoted out of context; when quoted indirectly, they should not be misinterpreted.
③. Structure and hierarchical test points of argumentative essays: Structures include: parallel structure, comparative structure, hierarchical structure, and total fraction structure.
Basic form of this test: How does the author prove his argument?
ü The idea of ??answering the question is: in order to prove... the point of view, the author first used... arguments, and then how he analyzed the arguments of..., thus proving the point of view of... The key is to make the hierarchy of the proof process clear.
④. Test points for argumentative essay argumentation methods
Argumentation method refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments. It is the link between arguments and logical relationships. It is required to master the high school entrance examination. There are the following four types:
1. Demonstration with examples: It is a method of citing conclusive, sufficient, and representative examples to prove the argument. Because "facts speak louder than words", citing solid and typical facts to prove your argument can enhance the persuasiveness of your article.
2. Logical argument: It is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove an argument. Therefore, this method is used appropriately and has strong argumentative power. To analyze the role of the citation method, we should first find out whose words are cited and what they are trying to prove, and then grasp the special role of the citation method - it is authoritative and the argument is strong.
3. Metaphoric argument: It is a method of proving arguments through vivid metaphors. This method can explain the truth in a simple and easy-to-understand way, making it easy for people to accept.
4. Comparative argument: It is a method of using positive and negative facts and truths to make a clear comparison to prove the argument. Analyze and compare the role of argumentation methods, and compare the two aspects to make right and wrong more clear, and the correct point of view is easier to be accepted by readers.
ü Answering ideas: (1) Use logical arguments to increase the authority of the arguments. (2) Factual evidence, from which angle to prove the argument. (3 Metaphorical argument, either vividly proves..., or proves in simple terms... (to be determined based on the relationship between the ontology and the metaphor). (4) Comparative argument, comparing two aspects to make it right or wrong It is more clear and the correct views are easier to be accepted by readers.
⑤. Test points for the language characteristics of the argumentative essay: Analyze the language characteristics of the argumentative essay: ①. Analyze the accuracy of the wording from a logical perspective. Rigorous: ②. Analyze the generality and conciseness of its narrative from the perspective of reasoning: ③. Analyze the vividness, vividness and emotional color of its words from the perspective of rhetoric. Let’s explain it from different angles:
A. Accurate language is manifested in: ① Accurate use of concepts, ② Appropriate modifiers such as attributives and adverbials.
B. Rigorous language is manifested in: rigorous judgment and reasoning, thorough language expression, and strong logic.
C. The distinctive expression of language is: clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, appropriate use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.
D. The conciseness of language summary is manifested in the fact that the factual description in the argumentative essay is not detailed and more general. The purpose of using argumentative essays is to convince people with reason. Not suitable for detailed narrative. Otherwise, it will overwhelm the guest. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won’t give examples.
ü Answering ideas: What is the effect of adding some words? Ideas: (1) Determine and answer the (surface) meaning of the words in the context; (2) The (deep, metaphorical or extended) role of the words in expressing the center or clarifying the point; this type of questions mainly tests the accuracy and thoroughness of the language and Image vividness. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed?
ü Answering ideas: (1) Explain the meaning of the words; (2) Clarify the time or sequence of events between the words, emphasizing the sequence or hierarchy.
⑥. Test points for the referent object of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of test question is relatively common in reading in various styles. Basically, there are two situations: one needs to be summarized in connection with the context. The second is to find the referent content in the original text. In this case, the referent content usually appears before the pronoun. After it is found, it can be used to replace the pronoun. Read the sentence through and check whether the meaning of the sentence has changed to check whether it is correct or incorrect.
⑦. Open-ended and expanded questions test points
This type of question generally tests students’ emotional experience or rational thinking after reading an article. When solving the problem, you need to combine your personal insights from reading with the article. Answering method: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay, with arguments and arguments. Note that you must quote famous quotes or famous anecdotes to prove your point of view or understanding.
⑧. Test points for non-argumentative components in argumentative essays
Answer ideas: The non-argumentative components in argumentative essays all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions. It depends on the use of non-argumentative components. (Determine the purpose of the argumentative components)
1. Knowledge reserve:
1. The three elements of the argumentative essay: argument, argument, and demonstration.
2. Argument methods: logical argument, example argument, comparative argument, quotation argument, metaphor argument.
3. Argument method: establishing argument and refuting argument. (Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: establishing thesis and refuting thesis based on this standard.)
2. Common question types and answering techniques.
1. Identification of argumentation methods:
Examples (including generalized examples) -------Example arguments
Quote famous quotes and make sense-- -----Logical argument
Use metaphors to prove your point------Metaphorical argument
Compare positive and negative facts or truths-------Contrast Argument
2. Analyze the role of argumentation methods:
Sentence pattern: Use ×× argumentation method + prove ×× point of view + effect
①, examples Argument: Make the argument more concrete and convincing by giving specific examples.
Format: Use the argumentation method of example, enumerate... (summary examples) to prove... (if there are sub-arguments, write the sub-arguments it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus Make the argument more specific and convincing.
②. Reasonable argument: Prove the argument in a reasonable way to make the argument more general and in-depth.
Format: The argumentation method of logical argument is used to demonstrate the point of view, thereby making the argument more general and in-depth.
③. Metaphoric argument: Prove through metaphors to make the argument vivid and easy to understand.
Format: Use the argumentation method of metaphorical argument, compare... to..., prove the point of view of..., thus explaining the abstract and profound truth vividly, easily and understandably.
④. Comparative argument: The function of contrastive argument is to highlight.
Format: Use the argumentation method of contrastive argument, compare... with..., and highlight the point of view of....
⑤. Citation argument: Citation argument is more complicated, which is related to the specific citation materials. There are various situations such as quoting famous quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of famous people, jokes and anecdotes. Its function is to Specific analysis. For example, quoting celebrity quotes, aphorisms, and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; quoting celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read on.
Format: The argument method of citation argument is used to prove the point of view by citing... to make the argument more convincing. (Or more interesting to stimulate readers' interest in reading)
3. Analyze the types and functions of arguments:
Arguments can be divided into two types: rational arguments and factual arguments
There are two key points in answering the question: (1) Clarify the type of argument; (2) Analyze the role in detail.
The essence of this question is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments. Whether it is the relationship between sub-arguments and central arguments or the relationship between arguments and arguments, it is the relationship between proof and being proved. Therefore, normativeness The answer format is as follows:
This is... an argument, which plays a role in proving... (argument, if there are sub-arguments, write the sub-arguments it proves, otherwise write the central argument.)
Supplementary arguments are becoming popular as a new type of question. When doing this type of question, pay attention to the following two aspects: (1) Make it clear what type of argument is required, that is, whether it is a famous quote or an example; ( 2) When supplementing celebrity examples, please pay attention to the word limit. Of course, as a test preparation, you can prepare famous examples and famous quotes on common themes such as "diligence" and "conduct". The number of words in the famous quotes should be small, and the things should be familiar. Do not prepare longer quotes or unfamiliar celebrity examples just for the sake of novelty.
4. The way the article presents the central argument:
①. The title of the article points out the central argument;
②. The central argument is presented at the beginning of the article;
③. Summarize the central argument at the end of the article;
④. Use a sentence in the middle of the article to put forward the central argument.
⑤. The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but always discusses...
6. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article
First of all, you should understand the structure of a general argumentative essay: raising a question (introduction) - analyzing the problem (thesis) - solving the problem (conclusion) .
Analyzing the argumentative thinking of argumentative essays is actually to add some relationships such as "first", "then", "continued" and "last" to the paragraph level to express inheritance, opening and closing relationships. words. When doing this question, pay special attention to the statements at the beginning and end.
The content at the beginning is:
(1) Propose the central argument; (2) Lead the topic; in the above two aspects, you must specifically answer the question of proposing the central argument or introducing the topic. Specific methods include: some are through famous quotes, some are through celebrity anecdotes, and some are through anecdotes and jokes.
Conclusion at the end:
(1) Deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of...;
(2) Emphasize the central argument of...;
(3), issued a call for... or hoped that people...;
(4), supplemented the argument.... (The function is to make the argument more rigorous.)
This topic is to concretely state the introduction, main body, and conclusion of the article. For example, in the article "The Nobility of Man Lies in the Soul", we can express it like this: First, we quote the famous saying of the French thinker Pascal "Man is a reed with thoughts" to put forward the central argument "The nobility of man lies in the soul", and then cite Archimedes, Wilde The example proves that "treasure the inner spiritual wealth more than the outer material wealth". Finally, taking a girl studying on the train as an example, she advises people that "people should maintain pure spiritual pursuits."
7. Analysis of argumentative essay topics:
1. Function analysis: 1 point out the argument, 2 point out the topic, 3 point out the starting point of the argument
Method: subject and predicate Phrases and verb-object phrases are generally arguments, such as: cherish ××, learn ××, continue to maintain the style of hard work
Parallel phrases generally discuss the relationship between things, such as thinking and doing, success and failure
Those with talk, argument, talk, and discussion in the title are generally thesis topics.
2. Effect analysis: clarify the content of the article and clarify the argument of the article
Use metaphors to vividly present arguments, etc.
8. The role of the beginning of an argumentative essay:
1. Get straight to the point and put forward the central argument.
2. Analyze a certain phenomenon (or example or viewpoint) in reality, and then put forward an argument (or propose a topic), which is highly targeted
3. Quote famous quotes Put forward an argument or topic, and at the same time, famous quotes are evidence to prove the argument.
4. A story or example leads to an argument or topic. At the same time, stories and examples are also arguments to prove the argument.
5. Present wrong arguments and arguments to set a target for subsequent criticism.
6. Use vivid metaphors or stories (such as fables) to introduce arguments, which can not only stimulate readers' interest in reading, but also visualize abstract principles to facilitate readers' acceptance.
9. The role of the end of an argumentative essay:
(1) Deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of...;
(2) Emphasize... The central argument;
(3), issued a call for... or hoped that people...;
(4), supplemented the argument.... (The function is to make the argument more rigorous.)
(5). Summarize the full text and draw the central argument.
(6) Raise questions, make people think deeply, and make people think. Pay attention to or think about a certain issue
10. Analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays:
The angle of analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays is relatively fixed, with only two angles:
(1) Language characteristics: concise and plain, vivid, humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent, etc.
(2) Style characteristics. The characteristic of language style is to grasp the four words of strict logic and make a fuss.
One thing that should be paid special attention to is that this type of question must be supported by specific sentences, that is, use specific examples in the article as examples for analysis.
Commonly used sentence patterns: This word reflects the rigor of argumentative language.
11. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative essay writing
There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative essay writing, such as rhetorical techniques, argumentation methods, writing techniques, etc.
(1 ), Rhetoric:
Metaphor: compare ×× to ××, vividly, visualize abstract principles, and powerfully discuss ××’s arguments, making it easier for readers to understand and accept;
Parallelism enhances the momentum of the article's argumentation, and enhances the persuasiveness and appeal of the article;
Quotation, quoting ancient poems and articles, makes the article full of literary talent and effectively proves ××'s argument.
Quoting famous quotes effectively proves ××’s argument.
Rhetorical questions: enhance the tone and make people think
Asked questions: inspire readers to think and emphasize a certain point of view
(2) Argumentation method: refer to the argumentation method Talk about its role.
(3). The writing techniques are relatively fixed. The common ones are: (1) Combining examples and arguments with theoretical arguments (narratives and arguments); (2) Mainly using... argumentation methods. (3) Analyzing situations in life with strong pertinence. Similarly, this type of questions must be supported by specific sentences, that is, use specific examples in the article as examples for analysis.
12. The function of paragraph structure:
(1) Lead to the following (full) text; (2) Summarize the previous (full) text; (3) Connect the previous and the following.
As an argumentative paragraph, specific answers must be added based on stylistic features.
If the opening paragraph often plays the role of introducing the central argument (thesis), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer standard formats to use or use them in a modified way:
①. Begin by writing an example of... to present the central argument... (or a thesis that leads to...).
②. At the beginning, put forward the central argument... (or the topic that leads to...) by quoting famous quotes.
③ At the beginning, by quoting anecdotes about famous people (or anecdotes about...), the central argument... (or a topic that leads to...) is put forward, which also attracts readers to read on and enhances the power of the argument. Fun.
For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 8: "The function of the ending" answer.
13. Questions that inspire thinking:
First, the point of view must be in line with the mainstream ideology, and second, just explain the center of the article from another angle. 3. Pay attention to the fact that questions must be related to reality.
14. Commonly used sayings:
Hardship Proverb: Difficulties are the textbook of life.
An old saying: Since ancient times, heroes have suffered many hardships, but dandies have always had few great men.
Benevolence Lyrics: As long as everyone gives a little love, the world will become a beautiful world.
Love is the most beautiful language of mankind
Pursuit Qu Yuan: The road is long and long, and I will search up and down.
Strong Beethoven: I want to seize fate by the throat.
Ideal Tolstoy: The ideal is the guiding light.
Value Sima Qian: Everyone is destined to die, and it may be heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.
Morality Confucius: The beauty of a gentleman is the beauty of an adult, but the evil of a gentleman is not.
Humility Wang Yangming: Modesty benefits, but fullness harms.
Xu Beihong: People cannot be arrogant, but they cannot be arrogant.
Kindness Liu Bei: Don’t do evil because it’s small, and don’t do good because it’s small.
Difficulties Mao Yisheng: Difficulties can only scare cowards and lazy people.
Rich and Poverty Mencius: Wealth and honor cannot be lascivious, poverty and lowliness cannot be moved, and power cannot bend.
Opportunity Dickens: Opportunity does not come looking for people, only people look for opportunities.
Friend Fu Xuan: If you are close to Zhu, it will be red; if you are close to ink, it will be black.
Tolerance Wei Zheng: A gentleman praises others’ good deeds, while a villain remembers their faults.
Credit Confucius: Once a word is spoken, it is difficult to follow it.
Jealousy Ai Qing: Jealousy is a tumor in the soul.
How to Live: The Analects of Confucius: Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you.
Unity Lyrics: Unity is strength.
Cao Xueqin: A single thread cannot make a thread, and a single tree cannot make a forest.
Knowledge Bacon: Knowledge is power.
Shakespeare: Knowledge is the wings on which we fly to heaven.
Diligence Han Yu: Diligence is better than playfulness. There are roads in the mountain of books, and diligence is the path, and there is no limit to the sea of ??learning, and hard work is the boat.
Will Ban Gu: The rope cuts the wood, and the water drops penetrate the stone.
Fan Ye: Where there is sincerity, gold and stone will be opened.
Self-examination Confucius: I examine myself three times a day.
Criticism Proverb: Good medicine tastes bitter but is good for the disease.
Self-improvement The Book of Changes: Heaven moves in a healthy direction, and a gentleman strives for self-improvement.
Qu Yuan: The road is long and long, and I will search up and down.
Interest Interest is the best teacher.
Beauty Confucius: Everyone has the love of beauty.
Rodin: Beauty is everywhere. For our eyes, it is not a lack of beauty, but a lack of discovery.