1. Thesis

An article style that uses argumentation as the main mode of expression and directly expresses one's views and opinions by presenting facts and reasoning.

① Must have a correct view of the issue being discussed;

② Use sufficient and convincing arguments;

③ Be reasonable and logical.

2. Refutation of thesis

Argument is to refute the other party’s point of view and explain one’s own point of view while refuting

① Put forward arguments;

②Prove the argument;

③Summary the argument.

The combination of refutation and argumentation: first point out the essence of the other party's error, then refute the pointed out erroneous arguments, and at the same time or after the refutation, put forward your own correct point of view to demonstrate.

Extended information

Three methods of "argumentation" in argumentative essays

1. Inductive method

The so-called "inductive method" refers to A method of applying incomplete inductive reasoning in formal logic to argumentative argumentation. "Incomplete inductive reasoning" refers to the conclusion that all objects of this type have or do not have certain attributes based on the attributes that some objects have or do not have.

For example, Comrade Liu Shaoqi said it well: "Fortunately, history is written by the people." Countless facts in history have proven that anyone who engages in restoration and retrogression will definitely not end well. After Qin Hui's death, Jin Zhangzong (1203) claimed that Qin Hui had committed the crime of harming the country. This was the official opinion of the court.

But among the people, Qin Hui has been cast aside for thousands of years. In Yue Fei's hometown, the people of Henan built Yue Fei's tomb in memory of him. Next to the tomb is a statue of Yue Fei standing majestically. This is the public opinion of the people.

Zhang Xun was restored to power, led five thousand troops into Beijing, and restored the Xuantong reign. As a result, the scandal ended in only twelve days. Sheng Shikai restored the monarchy and only served as emperor for eighty-three days. Under the condemnation of domestic and foreign public opinion, and in the storm of the national protection movement, this dream ended, and he himself died.

The analysis of this article adopts the method of inductive argument. In order to prove the point of view that "whoever engages in restoration or retrogression will not end well", the author lists three typical examples of Qin Hui, Zhang Xun, and Yuan Shikai, which are closely linked to the argument and persuasive.

It can be seen that the advantage of inductive argumentation is that facts speak louder than words and is highly persuasive. However, the selection of examples must be carefully analyzed and screened. The examples must be typical and appropriate, and at the same time, attention must be paid to the combination of examples and factual analysis. Use, otherwise it will be difficult to connect arguments and arguments.

2. Deductive method

The so-called "deductive method" or "deductive reasoning" means that people use a certain theoretical understanding that reflects objective laws as the basis, and follow this understanding. The thinking method of inferring the unknown parts of things from the known parts, that is, the method of understanding from the general to the individual.

In deductive argumentation, the general conclusion is the basis, and the individual conclusion is the argument.

Deductive reasoning is the opposite of inductive reasoning. It reflects the general to specific logical relationship between arguments and arguments.

For example, Mao Zedong had a famous statement in his article "Serving the People": "People always have to die, but the meaning of death is different. In ancient China, a writer named Sima Qian said: 'Everyone is destined to die, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather. '

To die for the interests of the people is heavier than Mount Tai; to work for the fascists and die for those who exploit and oppress the people. It is lighter than a feather. Comrade Zhang Side died for the interests of the people, and his death was heavier than Mount Tai.”

This passage contains a complete deductive argument. "To die for the interests of the people is more important than Mount Tai" is a universal principle, an argument, and the "major premise"; "Comrade Zhang Side died for the interests of the people" is a known judgment and the "minor premise" "; and "His death is heavier than Mount Tai" is the conclusion and argument.

It can be seen that deductive argument is characterized by closely linked links, thorough reasoning, and strong logic. It is a basic argument that guides readers to think deeply and combines abstract theory with practice. method.

3. Analogy method

Argument by analogy refers to the use of analogical reasoning to demonstrate arguments. Specifically, it is to compare two types (or two) of things with the same or similar attributes. Put them together for comparison to draw relevant conclusions, that is, the thinking process of deducing individual conclusions from individual premises.

Argument by analogy, on the surface, is from one thing to another, from particular to particular. In fact, this cognitive process is to abstract general understanding from the individual things that have been recognized. (Characteristics of similar things) are then compared with the general knowledge abstracted from another thing (Characteristics of similar things) to determine whether their essences are the same.

This kind of argumentation process is not only a cognitive process from the individual to the individual, but also from the individual to the general and from the general to the individual.

For example, Comrade Deng Xiaoping once said this: "Information is very important now. If people who do management work do not have information, their noses are blocked and their ears are not working."

Analysis of this passage The argument method used is the "analogy method". The argument is "people who do management work must understand information." The argument is "people who do management work have no information, but their noses are blocked and their ears are not working." The argument method is to use "nose" "Ignorant, deaf ears" is used as an analogy to describe the dangers of not understanding information to people doing management work.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Argumentative Papers