Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. (2) description.
Description is an expression that describes the appearance and form of an object and reproduces it to readers. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation.
It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. If the description is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get a strong artistic infection from it.
(3) lyric. Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings.
It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives. (4) discussion.
Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth.
In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works. (5) description.
Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.
Grasp the characteristics, use the method of comparative description to grasp the characteristics of scenery, carry out static and dynamic description, express feelings by combining scenery description with direct expression, fully express thoughts and feelings through emotional scenery description and associative discussion, grasp the main characteristics of things by using the expression method of summarizing first and then describing concretely, and explain the truth through the analysis and summary of specific cases. By using the methods of comparison, contrast and suggestion, the ideological quality of the characters is expressed through their psychological activities, and the narrative method of summarizing first and then concrete is used to speak with images, forming a distinct artistic conception with a series of things.
2. Grasp the role and significance of stylistic knowledge in writing. I don't know if your question is because you want to know or the teacher assigned homework (strange, get to the point)
Before we know the knowledge of style, first of all, different styles have different functions and effects in writing. For example, argumentative writing and prose, the former tends to expound arguments and express opinions, while the latter focuses on lyricism or revealing some philosophies. According to the purpose of writing, you should choose the style you think is suitable before writing, so that you can express it better.
Then, we should deeply understand the relevant knowledge of a style, such as common expressions, the most common language features of a style, structural arrangements and so on.
Such as argumentative writing. I used to find the form of "students' stereotyped writing" taught by junior high school teachers very annoying. However, later, the teachers in senior two and senior three kept infiltrating the knowledge of style in the classroom, and argumentative essays made me begin to understand. It turns out that "putting forward arguments-analyzing arguments" is necessary in both old and new argumentative essays, because it conforms to people's thinking and is persuasive; It turns out that I used to think it was very important to make an argument, commonly known as "making suggestions." Even many times "standing" is more important than "breaking", and the value of many argumentative papers lies in "standing".
This is a simple fact. My writing in the last two years of high school began with understanding the relevant stylistic knowledge.
Besides, it is argumentative, and stylistic knowledge also includes structural models. If you know a variety of structural patterns and their effects, you can choose a better structural form to interpret the article after determining your ideas.
I don't know if I can make it clear, just let it be.
3. Chinese stylistic common sense Stylistic knowledge Literary genres include ancient stylistic common sense and modern stylistic common sense.
Ancient prose: Ancient prose can be roughly divided into verse, parallel prose and prose, including historical biography. Rhyme is a rhyming style, including poems, words, poems and inscriptions.
Prose, including historical biographies, argumentative essays, essays, practical essays, etc. Parallel prose is a style between poetry and prose.
Let's focus on it. 1, classical poetry, modern poetry in the Tang Dynasty, metrical poems and quatrains prevailing in the Tang Dynasty are called modern poetry, and poems with loose metrical patterns and free forms before the Tang Dynasty are called classical poetry.
Now metrical poems and quatrains are generally called modern poems, while others are collectively called ancient poems. There are four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words in ancient poetry. The Book of Songs and Yuefu are also ancient poems.
Modern poetry can be divided into metrical poems and quatrains, and there are also five words and seven words. There are eight sentences in Rhyme * * *, which are divided into four parts: one or two sentences are head couplet, three or four sentences are parallel couplet, five or six sentences are neck couplet, seven or eight sentences are tail couplet, and even sentences are flat couplet. Pay attention to the antithesis of the upper and lower sentences in the middle two couplets.
The metrical requirements of quatrains are generally the same as those of metrical poems, but the antithesis requirements of the upper and lower sentences are not very strict. 2. Ci, Fu and Parallel Prose are all Chuci and belong to poetry.
Long and short sentences, uneven sentence patterns, free form, commonly used the word "Xi", mainly lyrical, with a strong romantic color, represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao. Fu, which originated in the late Warring States period, is a style between poetry and prose. Generally speaking, its rhyme is neat and prose sentences are mixed.
The representative figure is Sima Xiangru. Parallel prose originated in Han and Wei Dynasties and was formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The whole article is basically composed of antithetical sentences, paying attention to the use of allusions and flowery rhetoric. Because four sentences and six sentences are often used, it is also called "four-six-character prose", which is also a style between poetry and prose.
"Zhu Shu" and "Epang Palace Fu" studied in senior high school are such styles. 3. Ci and Qu Ci sprouted in the Southern Dynasties, formed in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the Song Dynasty.
It is the development of poetry, so it is called "poetry surplus". It has various aphorisms, and each aphorism has its own fixed format, including the number of words and sentences, as well as the rhyme of flat and even words.
Its sentence patterns vary in length, also known as long and short sentences. According to the number of words, it can be divided into long tones (above 9 1 word), middle tones (59 to 90 words) and short tones (below 58 words).
Qu was popular in the Yuan Dynasty, so it was called "Yuanqu", and it was also a poem with music. Including Sanqu and Zaju.
Sanqu is a oratorio, while Zaju is a performance. Sanqu can be divided into two categories: poetry and divertimento, in which poetry consists of one song and divertimento is also called divertimento, which consists of many songs.
Zaju has a complete storyline, and its structure is four folds (equivalent to four acts) plus a wedge (prologue), which is composed of subject (action description of characters and stage effect) and object (dialogue and monologue, etc.). ) and lyrics, the roles are Dan (female role), Mei (male role), Jing (painted face), Wai (old man) and Ugly. There are qupai in the song, which stipulates the fixed format of its word number, sentence number, level tone and rhyme.
Gongdiao indicates the volume of the tune. Shi Wenchuan belongs to historical prose, including chronological style (such as Zuo Zhuan and Zi Tongzhi Jian), national style (such as Guoyu and Warring States Policy), biographical style (such as Historical Records, Hanshu and Twenty-four History) and chronological style (such as Hanshu and Descendants).
5. Ancient essays developed from quotations of various schools, and formed several kinds in the process of development: "On" discussing things; "Say" and apply for the truth. 6. Essays include travel notes of scenic spots and landscapes.
Miscellaneous notes on painting and calligraphy, miscellaneous notes on personnel. Miscellaneous notes cover a wide range, and some topics have the word "Ji".
Historical events, anecdotes, scientific materials, textual research and other articles are included. 7. Practical writing includes four categories: recitation, epitaph, eulogy and preface.
Modern style: Modern style mainly refers to novels, poems, essays, dramas, reportage, children's literature, folk literature and essays. In addition, there are practical essays, including narrative essays, expository essays, argumentative essays and practical essays.
1. The six elements of narrative refer to the time, place, person, cause, process and result of written events. 2. According to the needs, the narrative can use the first person (I, we), the second person (you, you) and the third person (he, they). Generally speaking, the first person and the third person are often used.
3. The central idea of narrative is to express the main views on life by writing people, notes, scenes and things. The central idea must be clear and concentrated.
4. Material is the flesh and blood of the article, which is used to express the central idea; The central idea is the soul of the article, which controls the material. 5. The main materials that can highlight the central idea should be written in detail; The secondary materials that play a certain role in expressing the central idea should be written in a general, concise and detailed way, which can make the article clear and focused.
6. The order of narration generally includes direct narration, flashback and insertion. 7. Clues refer to the context that runs through all the materials in the article.
8. Explanatory texts can be divided into explanatory texts and explanatory texts. 9. Explain that things must grasp the characteristics of things.
The so-called "feature" is the main symbol that distinguishes this thing from other things. Grasping the characteristics also grasps the essence of things.
10, the order of explanation mainly includes chronological order, spatial order and logical order. There are mainly six logical sequences: from whole to part, from generalization to concreteness, from phenomenon to essence, from general to special, from main to secondary, from cause to result.
1 1. Common interpretation methods include definition, classification, number of columns, examples, comparisons, analogies, quotations, charts, etc. 12, in order to explain the characteristics and essence of the object more vividly, or make the article more vivid and interesting, you can describe and narrate it appropriately in the explanation.
13, the three elements of argumentative writing are argument, argument and argumentation. Argumentative writing is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing.
An argumentative paper generally has only one central argument, and some argumentative papers also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument to supplement and prove the central argument. 14. The position of the central argument directly put forward in this paper is either at the beginning, in the middle or at the end.
4. Knowledge of Chinese style Part I: Argument, argument and argument (clear argument, conclusive argument and rigorous argument) 1. Characteristics of the argument: ① Correct ② The method of summarizing the argument clearly: 1, topic 2, beginning 3, ending 4, middle: ① By summarizing the similarity of the argument, the conclusion of the argument is drawn; ② Summative expression. I think; In short ...) (3) First find out the theme of the article, then find out the repeated similar judgment words in the article according to the theme, merge similar items, and finally draw a conclusion.
Note: The sentence of inductive argument must be a complete and clear sentence of affirmative judgment. Second, arguments factual arguments (such as real events, historical facts, statistical data, specific figures, etc.). Theoretical argumentation: (including people's recognized principles, formulas, definitions, laws, laws, famous sayings and aphorisms, etc. )
Summarize the main points of the argument: * * people+how to do it (closely related to the argument)+results Note: There may be some specific facts in the quotation, which belong to the factual argument. Three. Argumentation method and its function: Example argumentation (case argumentation), citation argumentation (truth argumentation), metaphor argumentation, contrast argumentation (positive and negative contrast argumentation) 1, and example argumentation (setting facts): a specific and sufficient proof of an argument.
2. Quote (reasoning): What is quoted to demonstrate an argument and make it convincing. 3. Metaphor (reasoning): Illustrate an argument in an image to make reasoning easier to understand.
4. Contrast method (reasoning): through comparison, highlight an argument and make reasoning more vivid. Fourth, analyze the argumentative expression 1. The narrative in argumentative essays is often very general, and its function is to prove a point or proposition with facts.
2. Sometimes there are vivid descriptions in argumentative essays. Function: Prove a point more vividly. 3. Lyricism in the discussion will make the discussion more infectious and deeply rooted in people's hearts.
Verb (verb's abbreviation) The linguistic features of argumentative writing: preciseness and accuracy; Argumentation methods of intransitive verbs: argumentation and refutation; Seven. Argumentation structure: raising questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (thesis)-solving problems (conclusion) Part II Narrative 1 Common narrative clue 1, character clue: characters experience or deeds 2. Item clue: something of special significance. 3. Emotional clues: the ideological and emotional changes of the author or the main characters in the works.
4, event clues: central events 5, time clues 6, location change clues to find clues: ① article title ② recurring events in each paragraph ③ lyrical statements in the article ④ the author's thoughts and feelings (changes) ⑤ the experience and feelings of a certain character: the orderly combination of the content of the article, the ideological character of the character, the ins and outs of things. Second, the narrative order is 1. Sequential narration: that is, writing according to the sequence of occurrence, development and ending (in chronological order): making the context of the article clear, beginning and ending, giving people a distinct impression.
2. Flashback: Write what happened later in front, and then describe it in order. Function: avoid straightforward narration, enhance the vividness and fascination of the article.
3. Interpolation: In the narrative process, due to the need of content, interrupt the narrative of the original plot, insert relevant plots or events, and then continue the original narrative. Function (such as recalling the past): supplement and set off the central content (people or events) of the article, enrich the plot and deepen the theme.
Third, the description method of people 1, portrait (appearance) description [including expression description] (describing appearance, clothing, expression, posture, etc. ): Explain the identity, status, situation, experience, mental state and ideological character of the characters. 2. Language (dialogue) description 3. Action (action) description: the image vividly shows the * * psychology (emotion) of the character, and embodies the * * personality characteristics or * * spiritual quality of the character.
Sometimes it also promotes the development of the plot. 4. Psychological description: The image vividly reflects the * * thoughts of the characters and reveals the * * character or * * quality of the characters.
4. Description of environment: Description of natural environment and social environment (description of weather, seasons, mountains, lakes and seas, etc.): Render the atmosphere of environment, set off the emotions of the characters, predict their fate and promote the development of the story. Social environment (describing the social situation or the scenes of people's activities and the layout and furnishings around (indoors)): explain the background of the * * era in which the story took place and render the * * environmental atmosphere.
Meaning analysis of words or sentences in verb (verb's abbreviation) narrative 1 Analyze the meaning of words in combination with specific contexts (that is, specific sentences, paragraphs, articles and contexts). 2. Pay attention to the meaning of words (positive, negative and neutral) and understand the original meaning, extended meaning, figurative meaning and polysemy of words.
3. Pay attention to tone or intonation. 4. The key point is the collocation between words.
5. Pay attention to the size and severity of semantic scope. 6. Pay attention to the meaning (for example, dig out the symbolic meaning of ontology or things in figurative sentences and express them in plain language) 6. The function of narrative opening sentence is 1, and the opening point is * *; 2. The full text of the general manager; 3, causing the following, paving the way for the following.
4. Set suspense to arouse the reader's interest or thinking. 5. Pave the way for the following * * 7. The role of the middle sentence in narrative 1, which is a transitional role between the preceding and the following; 2, the end of the paragraph plays a summary role; (Summarize the above; Lead to the following) 3. Pave the way for the following * * 4. Pave the way for the following * * plot 5. Promote the development of the plot 8. The function of the sentence at the end of the narrative is 1, and the title at the end of the article is * *; 2. Summarize the full text and deepen the * * center; 3. Echo from beginning to end; 4. Point out the center of * * and sublimate the theme; 5. Thought-provoking, inspiring and unforgettable.
6. Point 7. Care before and after. 8. Respond from beginning to end. 9. The function of sentences in expressing feelings 1. Render the atmosphere 2. Set off the character's * * personality (emotion) 3. Point out the center (reveal the theme) 4. Highlight the theme (deepening center) 10. Summarize the central meaning of the narrative. A lyrical argumentative essay at the beginning and end of a paragraph. 2. Coherent the theme of the main paragraphs of the article, summarize them comprehensively, and then point out the thoughts, feelings and attitudes expressed by the author.
(especially in lyric prose) 3. It can also be analyzed from the background of the times. 4. From the author's attitude towards people or things.
Xi。 Abstract paragraph meanIng (1) Abstract grammar: in.
5. What are the characteristics of several common writing styles? Narrative is mainly narrative, but it is often described, lyrical and discussed, and it is impossible to have a clear division.
This is a style with flexible form and diverse writing style as much as possible. Narrative is a style with narration as its main form and description of characters experience and the development and changes of things as its main content.
Explanatory writing is an article genre that takes explanation as the main expression and gives people knowledge by explaining things and clarifying things. It explains the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts.
The characteristic of expository writing is "saying", which has certain knowledge. This kind of knowledge, whether it comes from relevant scientific research materials or from personal practice, investigation and investigation, is strictly scientific.
If we want to make things clear, we must grasp the characteristics of things and then reveal the essential attributes of things, that is, we must explain not only "what" but also "why". Generally speaking, the application of explanatory text only needs to explain the characteristics of things, and explanatory text must reveal the origin and essence of the problem.
Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, with the purpose of giving people knowledge: or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are illustrated, which are not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure.
Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and clarifying things are two types of expository writing.
In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying, enumerating data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, making metaphors, imitating appearances and so on.
The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice.
Whether to adopt a certain interpretation method or a variety of interpretation methods, whether to adopt this interpretation method or that interpretation method, can be flexible, not fixed. The instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the contents of the instructions orderly.
The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration.
Spatial order, we should pay special attention to the location of space, pay attention to the location and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order, usually expressed by reasoning process.
What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects expounded by the author. Explain the development and changes of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly.
It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. Explain things in logical order, so as to reflect the internal relations of things.
The accuracy and scientificity of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy.
The explanation is very practical, and a slight mistake is a drop in the bucket. On the premise of accuracy, the explanation language is famous for its simplicity and vividness.
Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the language of explanation is also varied: either general or specific; Or concise, or plump; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic. Reading discourse and writing discourse can be linked.
The four points mentioned above should be grasped, and attention should be paid to reading and writing, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality. Argumentative writing is a style that analyzes and comments on a certain issue or thing and shows one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and propositions.
Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument. The basic requirements of an argumentative essay are: correct viewpoints, serious generalization, practical significance, and proper comprehensive use of various expressions; The basic requirements of argumentation are: true and reliable, fully typical; The basic requirement of argument is that reasoning must be logical.
When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. You can put forward a general argument first, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions.
This way of writing is called total score, which is commonly used by middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step, which is a difficult way to write.
It also requires the author to compare two different things in the opposite way, and then draw a conclusion, which is comparative writing. Argumentative writing is a style that uses logic, reasoning and proof to explain the author's position and viewpoint.
This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes other people's wrong views. Comments in newspapers, essays or feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative essays.
Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition.
Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic. The three elements of argumentative writing explain in detail the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument, argument: it is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed and the soul of argumentative writing.
1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave. 2. How to find the central argument?
Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers.
6. What are the writing styles, including narrative, argumentative, expository and practical?
The genre of the article includes narrative, expository, argumentative and practical. Style is divided into article genre and literary genre. Among them, literary genres include poetry, novel, drama and prose.
Style refers to an independent text genre (or style, system), a norm and mode of text composition, a unique cultural phenomenon and a product of long-term accumulation of certain historical content. It reflects the overall characteristics of the text from content to form and belongs to the category of form. In addition, style is also a general term for entertainment and sports.
Extended data:
Rhetorical methods commonly used in style;
1, metaphor: vividly wrote the * * characteristics of things; When it is used in argumentative writing, it can concretize abstract truth and make abstruse truth easy to understand.
2. personification (making things have human demeanor, movements, language, psychology, etc. ): Its function is to make the written "things" vivid, vivid and rich in meaning.
3. Exaggeration: reveal the essence of things, set off the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and arouse readers' strong * * *.
Parallelism: it can enhance the momentum of language. Accustomed to reasoning, can explain the truth more closely and thoroughly;