once Zhu Yuanzhang and Liu Ji were discussing how to govern the world. Liu Ji told him to be lenient. Zhu Yuanzhang said, is forgiveness enough? Not enough, he said, "you can't give favors, but it's no good to be lenient." In my opinion, forgiveness must be the wealth of the people and cherish the power of the people. If you don't save money, the people will be exhausted. If you don't save service, the people will be trapped. If you don't educate, the people won't know the etiquette. If you can't help being greedy, you can't survive. If you are so lenient, you will have a name, but the people will not be bullied. "
Zhu Yuanzhang also educated the legal education at the grassroots level, so that the people could know the etiquette and the provisions of the law, and it was not illegal. Crack down on corrupt officials and clarify official management. At the same time, he also used severe punishment, to what extent?
Professor Mao Peiqi, doctoral supervisor of China Renmin University, will start a new historical journey with us, clearing the historical fog of Daming and seeking the truth.
(full text) (Zhu Yuanzhang, an ambitious founding emperor, initiated the rule of the Ming Dynasty for 277 years; Zhu Yuanzhang, a miracle emperor, changed him from a poor shepherd boy to a prominent emperor. So why did such a special emperor name his dynasty "Ming" after his success? Is there any special mystery hidden behind his strange eyes? How should Zhu Yuanzhang clean up the mess left by the warlord melee at the end of the Yuan Dynasty? Can the Daming Kingdom, which he has just established, stand the test of everything to be done? Professor Mao Peiqi, a doctoral supervisor in the history department of Renmin University of China, will reveal the mystery of the origin of this name, Zhu Yuanzhang's five ideals of governing the country, and truly reproduce the arduous course of the construction of this brand-new dynasty. The lecture room is broadcasting. )
Today we are going to talk about the mystery of the name of the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming dynasty, its country name was "Daming". How did this Daming come from? Obviously, it has a lot to do with xiao ming wang. Because Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, took part in the uprising of the Red Scarf Army at first, and the Lord of the Red Scarf Army was xiao ming wang Han Liner.
(Han Liner (? -1366) The son of Han Shantong, the leader of the Red Scarf Army in the late Yuan Dynasty. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, when politics was dark and people were in poverty, Han Shantong organized a secret religious group and contacted Liu Futong to prepare to rise up against the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. Since then, the Red Scarf Army uprising has been surging. Later, Liu Futong made Han Liner, the son of Han Shantong, the Ming king, in an attempt to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty and restore the Song Dynasty, and established the "Da Song" regime with the title of "Dragon and Phoenix". )
Later, they built Daming. These two "Ming" are one "Ming", so the "Ming" of "Daming" comes from xiao ming wang's "Ming". Then you will ask, where did xiao ming wang's "Ming" come from? Xiao ming wang's "Ming" comes from Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism, also known as Manichaeism, was founded by a Persian named Mani in the third century. Zoroastrianism absorbed the doctrinal factors of Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Christianity. Its classics include Two Classics and Three Classics. What is the propaganda? The propaganda is that darkness will be defeated by light, and finally the light will be defeated, and everyone will be free from suffering. When did Zoroastrianism spread to China? It was during the reign of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty. After it was introduced to China, Zoroastrianism experienced a long period of development, but it remained mysterious. Why? Because Zoroastrianism preaches "Maitreya was born, and the Ming king was born." Some people who resisted the imperial court often appealed to the masses with the help of Zoroastrianism, so Zoroastrianism was often banned, sometimes surfaced and sometimes sneaked into the ground. In order to protect itself, it has a relationship with Buddhism, with the White Lotus Sect of Buddhism, and finally forms the White Lotus Society. Therefore, from the Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, Zoroastrianism emerged from time to time and sneaked into the ground from time to time, but it was often used as a weapon against the imperial court.
Then why should the Red Scarf Army give priority to xiao ming wang? When the Red Scarf Army revolted, most people joined the army to improve their living conditions. Han Liner was established by Liu Futong, claiming to be the eighth grandson of Song Huizong. There are two slogans they put forward, "There is a Chinese land in the mountains and rivers, and the sun and the moon will reopen the great song days." What do you mean by "mountains and rivers have Chinese land"? The rule of the Yuan Dynasty was dominated by Mongolian nobles, who put the Han people and southerners in an oppressed position. Regaining the land of China will enable the Han people to live on an equal footing with the Mongols and restore China. "The sun and the moon reopen the Great Song Day", whose world is this in the Song Dynasty? It is a world where the Han people are the main body, or the Han people and all ethnic groups live on an equal footing. At that time, these hungry people joined the army, and in order to get a happy life, they faced two problems: one was serious class oppression, they were poor, cheated by the government and oppressed by the rich; One is the oppression of the nation, that is, they are inferior, and they cannot be treated equally with the Mongols and Semu people. Then xiao ming wang publicized that "Maitreya was born, and Ming Wang was born", which brought you a happy life after birth, so the Red Scarf Army gave priority to Xiao Ming and Wang Feng. In order to keep a low profile, Zhu Yuanzhang himself called on the army to seize the world under the banner of xiao ming wang in the Great Song Dynasty before the time was ripe. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang's devotion to the Red Scarf Army, giving priority to xiao ming wang, made an indissoluble bond with xiao ming wang, and also made an indissoluble bond with the word Ming Zoroastrianism.
(In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang's power grew stronger. So he sent Liao Yongzhong to take xiao ming wang and Han Liner to his base camp. However, xiao ming wang was mysteriously drowned on the water road when he came. There have been different opinions about the murderer of xiao ming wang in history, but it goes without saying that Zhu Yuanzhang was suspected in this. Strangely, however, Zhu Yuanzhang still followed the name of xiao ming wang and named the country "Daming". Is he trying to hide people's eyes and ears and avoid being suspected of killing xiao ming wang, or is there another reason? )
I think there are two problems here. First, why do so many people follow Zhu Yuanzhang to farmland? For the birth of a Ming king, I hope that a Ming king will be born. They hope that "Maitreya will be born, and the Ming king will be born" to change their life destiny. If you put this "Ming" aside now, are these people a little chilling? They lost their goal, we worked for a long time, and we greeted Ming Wang for the sake of success. Where is King Ming? Xiao ming wang is gone, is there a Ming king? They need a Ming king, so the slogan of "Ming" can't be thrown away. This slogan was in line with the wishes of many working people at that time. Although it was superstition, the ideological level of people at that time was just like this. However, among Zhu Yuanzhang's team, a considerable number of scholars and intellectuals came, who guided Zhu Yuanzhang's governance with Confucian concepts. One of the core values of Confucianism is that "Zi is not confused with Machamp". Confucianism is against Buddhism, Taoism and all Machamp's disorderly gods. So why do these Confucian intellectuals use the word "Ming" xiao ming wang? In fact, in the eyes of these intellectuals, "Ming" is no longer xiao ming wang's "Ming", and they have made their own interpretation of this word. Ming is the day and the month. In ancient China, the day and the month were always sacrificed to publicize the divine right of the imperial power. I am "Ming" and open. Second, China people believe in the five elements and believe in their theory. The five elements say that the north is water virtue and the south is fire virtue. The Mongols won by virtue of water, while Zhu Yuanzhang in the south won by virtue of fire. I, the fire, beat your water. Fire is light and light.
As you can recall, when Zhu Yuanzhang was born, there was often a legend that Zhu Yuanzhang was accompanied by a fire. When Zhu Yuanzhang was born, all the neighbors saw that Zhu Yuanzhang's house was red, and all the neighbors thought it was on fire. They came to put out the fire quickly, but when they saw no, they gave birth to a child. It is also said that Zhu Yuanzhang is in the temple, and this temple is also a red light. Everyone next to it thinks that this temple is on fire. If there is no fire, it turns out that Zhu Yuanzhang is in it. What does this mean? They promoted Zhu Yuanzhang's virtue of fire. Therefore, "Ming" in these people's words has given it a new meaning, which is different from Xiao Ming Wang's "Ming". There is another reason, after xiao ming wang's death, Zhu Yuanzhang must put this "Ming", this seat is occupied. Why? Because many people came here with the goal of "Ming Wang was born", xiao ming wang could publicize "Ming Wang was born" and finally overthrew the Yuan Dynasty. Is there anyone who wants to oppose the court? It is also publicized that "Ming Wang was born" and then the new court was overthrown. There will definitely be such problems. However, I can't let others use the Ming king against me. Zhu Yuanzhang himself is the Ming king. Therefore, he wants to occupy this position himself and does not allow others to use this position again. Who is Ming Wang? I'm Wang Ming. But I'm Wang Ming and I'm Daming. Ok, there is a problem here, and I want to explain it to you. We call ourselves "big" when we say that a person is in trouble and does something, but why is xiao ming wang "small"? In fact, xiao ming wang's "smallness" was added to him by Zhu Yuanzhang. He is the Ming king, and Zhu Yuanzhang himself is the emperor of Daming. He must make Han Liner, the Ming king, be called "xiao ming wang". Others can't be older than him. If xiao ming wang is called "Daming", where should Zhu Yuanzhang put it? So Zhu Yuanzhang gave him the name "xiao ming wang".
(The word "Ming" in the dynasty sounds really beautiful, but it is only Zhu Yuanzhang's wishful thinking. At this point, will the people who are already in dire straits buy Zhu Yuanzhang's account? Throughout the country, countless pairs of eyes are staring at Zhu Yuanzhang to see how he will clean up the riddled mess left over by the Yuan Dynasty. )
Zhu Yuanzhang became the Ming emperor, which, in the eyes of many people, should be "Maitreya was born, and the Ming king was born". The Ming emperor was already born, so the Ming king was already born. So what kind of life did the Ming king bring to the people? In other words, what kind of Ming kingdom does this Ming king want to build? What does Zhu Yuanzhang himself think? In the northern expedition campaign, Zhu Yuanzhang put forward his own program of founding the country, saying that it was "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing discipline by Chen Gang, and relieving the people". These words are very familiar. Dr. Sun Yat-sen once transformed them as a slogan of the Kuomintang, "Expel the Tatars and Restore China", which overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and the League. Zhu Yuanzhang put forward "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing discipline by Chen Gang, and relieving the people of Sri Lanka", which contains several meanings. "Expel the Tatars" and overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. Overthrowing the rule of the Yuan Dynasty does not mean that the Han people want to oppress other ethnic minorities. Zhu Yuanzhang once said, "All the people in the world are innocent", and everyone is treated equally. No one should bully or oppress anyone. This is a Confucian concept. The Yuan Dynasty divided people into four classes, but not in the Ming Dynasty. "But if you have talents, don't abandon them." As long as you have talents, I won't abandon them. No matter what nationality you are, you are equal. He proposed that "expelling the Tatars and restoring China" was to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty; "Chen Gang establishes discipline to relieve the people of Sri Lanka" is to rectify the order, establish the rule of law and achieve the purpose of relieving the people of Sri Lanka. Relieve the people, the lives of ordinary people are too bitter and in hot water, and save them from the hot water. This is the program of (Zhu Yuanzhang). We see that the first item of this program, overthrowing the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, has been realized; Second, we must start (do) to rectify social order; Third, it is not easy to save the people from the hot water. What did Zhu Yuanzhang do in the face of the broken situation after such a war just after the founding of the People's Republic of China? Zhu Yuanzhang once said such a passage, he said: "The world is at the beginning, and the people are in financial difficulties. Like a bird flying at first, don't pluck its feathers; The newly planted wood cannot shake its roots; Just resting in peace. Those who are honest can make an appointment with themselves and benefit others. " What do you mean? It is said that the world is just peaceful, and the people are all exhausted in money, strength and financial resources. If a bird flies at the beginning, don't pluck its feathers, just like a bird has just learned to fly, you can't pluck its feathers; Like a young tree just planted, you can't shake its roots; Be sure to live in peace. Only those who are honest, self-disciplined and love the people can bring benefits to the people. This is a passage he said to officials, which contains Zhu Yuanzhang's ideal of relieving the people of Sri Lanka.
(When Zhu Yuanzhang took such measures to get through the most difficult moment temporarily, he was finally able to let go of his hands and feet and do something big. But in the face of such a huge country and a huge population, Zhu Yuanzhang, who used to be just a shepherd boy, is his ability enough? Will he have any special means? )
the first one is to develop production and enrich the people. According to historical records, Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, showing to the world that agriculture, mulberry and schools were the first priority. What is the first thing to pay attention to? It's Nong Sang and the school, two. You see, what he is grasping is crucial. Agriculture and mulberry are the problems of eating, and schools are the problems of spiritual education, which are the first two. If a local official reports his work to the capital and the chief executive, he will not be qualified if there is no report on the figures and situation of the agricultural and mulberry schools. This official is unqualified. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang once gave special orders on how to plant crops, even trees, and even a few jujube trees and mulberry trees. It is said that jujube trees and mulberry trees are planted, and even if there is no food, these dates and mulberry trees can be eaten as food in famine years. Zhu Yuanzhang is very meticulous. He has lived a hard life and he knows what ordinary people need. There is no need to talk luxuriously, do not need things that are far away, things around the people, and problems that need to be solved. (Zhu Yuanzhang) proposed to enrich the wealth of the people and do a good job in agricultural production.
second, be thrifty and save people's financial resources. If you have wealth, you can't waste it or be extravagant! Luxury is like nothing. Zhu Yuanzhang had a hard life, so he hated the phenomenon of wasting people's money. He knows that all wealth is earned by the people bit by bit. Any goods of the government are derived from taxes of the people, and it is not easy for the people to contribute to the country bit by bit. Everyone knows Nanjing, where the weather is very hot and it is a stove in summer. Zhu Yuanzhang went to various yamen to inspect, and his clothes were often soaked with sweat. Someone next to him held several sets of clothes and changed them when they were wet. But the people next to him saw that none of his clothes were new. As the supreme ruler of a country, he has nothing, but he is very economical. Zhu Yuanzhang said: "People's hobbies are very heavy, and frugality is enough to cultivate their nature. Advocating extravagance will lead to moral loss. (-"A Record of Ming Taizu") "The owner is the emperor, saying that your relationship of preferences is very big and serious. If you want to be frugal, you can cultivate your virtue. If you are extravagant, you will lose your virtue. Thrift raises the nature, luxury loses the virtue. Moreover, it is a downward effect, and you will drive the atmosphere of the whole society. Zhu Yuanzhang was also very strict with ladies-in-waiting and eunuchs in his palace. Once he found someone throwing silk thread underground on the ground, he called the ladies-in-waiting to him and said, Do you know that this is the tax of the people, which is earned by their hard work? It is not allowed to be wasted like this. If it is found again, it will be severely punished. still