Teaching time: 2021April 19.

Teaching class: Grade one of secondary vocational school.

Teaching time: 90 minutes.

Teaching type: practical

Textbook: Basic Module of Higher Education Edition (Volume I)

First, the origin of teaching

Argument is the material used to support your argument, which is divided into rational argument (also called theoretical argument and factual argument) and factual argument.

However, according to the previous teaching experience, when it comes to the knowledge points of argumentative writing, students are not familiar with the element of argument, and many of them don't know that arguments are divided into factual arguments and rational arguments.

The manifestations of factual arguments mainly refer to real cases, personal experiences, tables, practical experiences, statistical data, charts, pictures, movies and other objective facts; The manifestations of rational argument are mainly authoritative famous sayings, proverbs and aphorisms, principles, rules, formulas and documents of nature, science and law, and some ancient poems we recite.

Even if I say this, and then quote many famous books and figures in the third paragraph of the article, as well as the two sentences of Descartes and Hugo in the fourth paragraph, many students still can't say clearly, "What is factual argument? What is rational argument or logical argument or theoretical argument? "

At this point today, I suddenly had a brainwave and thought of an example of police solving a case. I said that the difference between this factual argument and the rational argument in the argumentative paper is equivalent to the police solving the case.

When I mentioned this example, many students were suddenly excited, and their eyes were suddenly full of light, curiosity, excitement, * * *. So there is the following dialogue.

Second, the dialogue record

Teacher: You should know what the police must do first if they want to arrest a person.

Student: Looking for witnesses and physical evidence. (Many students blurted out proudly)

Teacher: Yes, everyone reacts so quickly. I think the most touching things are those familiar and life-like things. This is probably the recent development zone and migration. Then, according to the above-mentioned factual arguments and rational arguments, what kind of arguments do you think "witness material evidence" belongs to?

Health: a factual argument. (The student quickly judged this time. )

Teacher: Why?

Health: Because these are the objective facts left by criminals found in investigation, either seen by others or left by themselves.

Teacher: Well, now you have understood the difference between these two arguments and started to apply them. Not only do you know the theory, but you can also use it to solve practical problems. Then, when the trial is held, if the witnesses and physical evidence are proved to be true, reliable and conclusive, and the criminals confess, they will be guilty. Finally, the judge will convict the criminal, read the legal documents and say the specific contents according to the provisions of the law. What argument does this "legal clause and specific content" belong to?

Health: It's a reasonable statement. (After a little thought, many students said it. )

Teacher: What is the basis of your judgment?

Health: Because this legal document belongs to authoritative national documents and rules with scientific legal basis. Most students talk with their mouths open.

Teacher: I had the above-mentioned teaching dialogue with my students. In order to verify whether students really understand the difference between factual argument and rational argument, the following methods are used for personal test. Now, let's read the third paragraph of the article together. From the point of view of argument, is this paragraph a factual argument or a rational argument? Why?

Health 1: It is a factual argument. Because the cited books, such as The Analects of Confucius, Historical Records and Songs of Benevolence and Righteousness, are all objective and true, and Lu Xun, Marx, Goethe, Byron and lev tolstoy are all objective figures in the past. (It came out smoothly)

Teacher: You learn so fast. It seems that you understand. Read the last three sentences of the fourth paragraph together, Descartes said and Hugo said. So what arguments do these two sentences belong to from the point of view of argument? Why?

Tip: After class, you can look at the identities of these two people by combining Notes 2 and 3.

Health 2: It's a reasonable statement. Because this is a famous saying.

Teacher: You have a strong ability to apply what you have learned. I like you. It seems that everyone has mastered what is a reasonable argument and what is a factual argument. Let's think about Xie Mian's point of view again. What are their characteristics? Are they factual arguments or rational arguments? Or to put it another way, if you choose an argument when writing an article, what kind of argument would you choose? Can all arguments be called arguments?

Hint: Read the third and fourth paragraphs together. The teacher will briefly introduce the status, distinctive features and unique styles of the above books and celebrities, and then discuss and analyze them in groups. When speaking, speak in group order, the teacher will enlighten and help each other solve problems.

The first group: these arguments are all famous people or works in history, ancient and modern China and foreign countries, which are very representative and typical.

Teacher: Well, the teacher got a key word "typicality". Yes, the argument should be typical, so as to be convincing. These classic books and celebrities have a lot to learn from, but what did the author say and why did he say it so briefly? Did the second group find anything about this?

In the second group, the author's comments on these books and characters are very concise and summarized, which can grasp the most important personality characteristics of books or characters, such as "learning serious historical spirit from Historical Records" and "learning critical spirit from Lu Xun".

Teacher: The teacher got another key word. What should the argument be? Yes, it should be general and distinctive. Then let's think about it. What are these arguments?

The third group, the so many people and books mentioned in the third paragraph, is to prove that reading can not only increase people's knowledge, but also influence and cultivate people's spirit. So what are Descartes and Hugo's arguments about reading?

Tip: Please listen carefully to my requirements of "corresponding explanation" and "reading viewpoint" in the next group.

The fourth group: Descartes explained that reading makes people do good, and Hugo explained that reading makes people avoid evil.

Teacher: Did you find out? No matter what arguments the author uses, there are corresponding views. What does this mean?

The fifth group, the argument should serve the central argument

Teacher: There is nothing wrong with this sentence. Let's take a closer look at the third and fourth paragraphs. The argument we analyzed just now is very specific. Who is a paragraph or sentence for?

Hint: What do we divide the argument into? Dichotomy and central argument?

The fifth group should also serve the argument.

Teacher: Yes, does the argument serve the sub-argument or the central argument? The key depends on the pertinence of your argument, that is, everyone should choose an argument according to their own views or goals.

Ok, let's review, what characteristics should we choose?

The sixth group: arguments should be typical, general, characteristic, targeted or targeted. (This group cooperates to solve)

Teacher: Besides, what other characteristics should we have when choosing an argument? When you look at the author's examples, do you use the examples of Du Fu, Qu Yuan and Li Bai that you often use? Many college entrance examination marking teachers will say that "the examples of Du Fu and Li Bai have been used badly by students". Note that there is a keyword "rotten" in it. Think about it. If you are a marking teacher for the college entrance examination, the papers can be marked quickly, and you see that the examples cited in a paper are all these people. How do you feel? What's your score? Are you tired of aesthetics? Will you feel nothing new, or even bored at the end and don't want to read it carefully? To put it more bluntly, no one wants to eat steamed bread chewed by others. Then some students will be very skeptical. Isn't the argument typical? Li Bai, Du Fu and Qu Yuan are typical cultural celebrities for thousands of years. Why can't it be used?

Here, the teacher also tells you that some examples are typical, but if many people use them frequently, they are not typical; But if you can use the same example to say some novel angles, it is ok. However, it is best to use some fresh and contemporary examples.

I believe everyone has found out that when giving examples, as factual arguments, what else should be paid attention to?

Health 3: Novelty. (say with a grain of salt)

Teacher: understanding! Please read the last three sentences of the third and fourth paragraphs again. The teacher also wants to ask you a question: "Where are the arguments of truth and fact?" Please read the following examples together, compare them with the third and fourth paragraphs of the text and answer the above questions.

Combined example (from network):

We need to check our words and deeds through introspection. Introspection is a kind of understanding that "people have self-knowledge". As Zhu said: save yourself, if you have it, change it, if you don't, encourage arguments and stand at the beginning of the discussion. Next is the factual argument of mark zuckerberg of Facebook. In the process of taking control of this giant enterprise, he encountered a series of problems, such as global information war, regulatory issues, privacy leakage and so on, which caused many people's dissatisfaction and even resistance. However, mark zuckerberg didn't stick to his own opinions, but chose to refute his previous theory with more conscious and practical actions, so that Facebook could develop better. If he can't bend down and reflect, and can't understand that "people are expensive and self-aware", how can the giant ship of Facebook move forward? Even if we can go forward, where and how far can we go? It can be seen that introspection is the great wisdom of life: brief analysis, reasoning and summary. (Excerpted from "Achieving the Best Self in Introspection")

Health 4: Argument, the last three sentences of the fourth paragraph are at the end, and the argument of network is at the beginning of the paragraph. (a little uncertain)

Teacher: You not only accurately grasp what rational arguments are, but also find their frequent positions in a certain paragraph. Yes, there is nothing wrong with your discovery. Be confident and say it. Some teachers added that sometimes this argument will be put in the middle.

Then let's take a look again. Where are the factual arguments?

Health 5: The factual arguments in the third paragraph of the article are all in the middle, and so are the factual arguments given by Facebook.

Teacher: Your eyes are really sharp. It seems that you have mastered what a factual argument is and understood its position!

Well, after cooperative discussion and personal positive thinking, it seems that everyone can basically master the basic knowledge of the argument and learn to use it.

Let's review the third paragraph, the paragraph given by the teacher, and the corresponding tips in the paragraph. What kind of writing ideas have you found in these two paragraphs?

Clarity: When discussing, you can also refer to the idea of "argument+road argument+fact argument+reasoning+conclusion".

Ok, class is over. That's all for this class.

Third, homework: micro-writing

1. Title: Reading Dr. Huang's thank-you letter gave me a new view on reading.

Life situation: I personally recall the whole development of the epidemic, and read the popular "Dr. Huang's thank-you letter" below, and talk about what I have actively or passively heard from my family, friends, classmates and society in recent years about the "futility of reading" and the "scholars are happy people" I have learned. What new understandings, ideas and thoughts have you had about reading? Please write it down.

Requirements: 100-200 words, unlimited, not limited to style, it is best to write an argumentative essay of this course.

The full text of the letter is as follows (you can also leave it blank and see the full text of thanks pushed by the teacher to the group):

2. High Representative

The epidemic has given me a new understanding of the role of reading.

Electromechanical Li Yunfei

Reading can not only give you temporary shelter, but also make your life full of value. The outbreak began because some people ate some illegal and unprocessed wild animals. If they knew the harm caused by wild animals from the beginning and reported it. Then the epidemic may have been killed in the cradle from the beginning.

Of course, the fact has already happened. No amount of condemnation will help, but we have seen soldiers, doctors, scientists and volunteers fighting in the front line of the epidemic, and they have played a very important role in this epidemic. Aren't they afraid of death? Don't! They are afraid. But they have unshirkable professional responsibility, courageous professional courage and fearless spirit of self-sacrifice.

What casts them is the education and knowledge they have received, which makes them understand that people live in the world, not just for life. As "A Scholar is a Happy Man" said: Reading can bring more spiritual value, reduce your own mistakes, improve your self-cultivation, be a person with lofty pursuit and interest, and be a kind but not evil person. I think reading can also bring more infinite possibilities beyond time and space to mankind!

Micro-comment: I reflected very well. I not only saw the phenomenon, but also touched myself. I also saw that the reason why these brave people can go forward bravely and take responsibility bravely is because of their accumulated professional knowledge and personal requirements. Learned to see the essence from the phenomenon, which is very important for writing thinking, processing thinking, multi-angle thinking, continue to persist and think about the most beautiful life.

Constant thinking can keep us in the state of "forever young and always crying" as Kerouac said.

Epidemic, reading makes me have a wonderful life.

? Mechanical and electrical rigor

In the journey of life, books are indispensable to us, because reading can make me firmly believe.

In this virus, many people are afraid of novel coronavirus. Although they know that life is only once, they don't want to learn. They don't know that reading can make us calm down, think and find a solution.

Scholars are happy people, let us know that happiness is at hand, and let us have a different understanding of the world. Someone once said, "Books are the crystallization of ancestors' wisdom, and record countless valuable experiences and lessons of failure. Reading is like a telescope, which can let us see farther, let our brains have the ability to distinguish right from wrong, and let us know the mysteries of the world beyond ancient and modern times. "

So read, human!

Micro-comment: Yes, reading can broaden our horizons, broaden our knowledge, and have more accumulation to mobilize when encountering difficulties, thus improving the possibility and efficiency of solving problems.

Fourthly, the text fragment of the lecture.

? Xie Mian's "scholars are happy people"

The third paragraph:

More importantly, the benefits of reading are not only broadening knowledge, but also spiritual edification. People learn to be human by reading, and learn personality from the works of sages and contemporary talents. People learn from the Analects of Confucius, the serious historical spirit from Historical Records, the heroic personality from Song Zhengqi, the love for the world from Marx, the critical spirit from Lu Xun and Leo? Tolstoy learned moral persistence; Goethe's poems are engraved with the wisdom of life, while Byron's poems call for the enthusiasm of struggle. A scholar is a lucky man, who has the opportunity to gain experiences beyond his personal life.

The fourth paragraph:

Once a person becomes attached to a book, it is probably destined to be associated with lofty pursuit and noble taste. By "most likely", we mean that meanness and treachery among scholars are not ruled out. Besides, not all books are good. In the books circulated, not all of them are works to persuade the good, but some of them are worthless and even have negative effects. However, what we call reading is always spread with its excellent quality, and the influence of such books on people is always benign. The reason why I often feel happy in reading stems from my personal love for literary books. Once addicted to this hobby, most people yearn for the lofty category. The aversion to violence and sympathy for the weak make people pure and have a sense of justice, and people tend to become elegant and avoid the secular. Or love, or warmth, or resistance, generally always leads people from childhood to adulthood and step by step to a better world. Descartes said that "reading a good book is talking to many noble people", which means that reading makes people do good; Hugo said that "under the influence of reading good books every day, all kinds of stupid things gradually melt like baking on a fire", that is, reading keeps people away from evil.

202 104 19 Tuesday afternoon is about two and a half hours.