Punctuations include two types: dots and labels. There are seven kinds of dots, nine kinds of labels and sixteen kinds of * * *. The function of the dot is to break, which mainly indicates the pause of the sentence and the tone of the structural relationship. According to the different positions used, points can be divided into two types: the end point of a sentence and the middle point of a sentence.

First, there are three kinds of points at the end of a sentence: symbols, question marks and exclamation marks.

1, period (omitted)

2. Question mark (? (Note): A. In addition to general interrogative sentences expressing interrogative mood, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions also use question marks at the end of sentences.

Exodus: Is there anything more sinister in the world?

Who created the human world? It's us working people.

B, multiple-choice questions only use a question mark at the end of the sentence, and commas between items in the sentence; But sometimes in order to emphasize the independence of each option, you can also add a question mark after each item.

Exodus: Will you invigilate tomorrow or shall I invigilate tomorrow?

Exodus: Stand in front of them and lead them? Why not stand behind them and criticize them? Don't stand on their opposite side against them?

C, some imperative sentences that express euphemistic tone can also use question marks at the end of the sentence.

Exodus, would you please keep your voice down?

D, although some sentences contain interrogative words (who, what, how, etc. ), they don't really ask questions, but express a declarative tone, so the period should be applied.

No one in Exodus knows who he is.

3, exclamation point (! At the end of the sentence, it means a pause of strong feelings.

A means a pause at the end of an exclamatory sentence. Exodus: Sing for this glorious victory!

B, the tone is very heavy, and exclamations are also used in imperative sentences and rhetorical questions.

Example: Sister Xianglin, please stay!

Exodus: Xiao Wang, come quickly! Come on!

Exodus: No one can sing so touching!

Exodus: How can you talk so ugly!

C. For a sentence with interrogative tone and exclamatory tone, it is usually necessary to choose a suitable point according to which basic sentence pattern the sentence belongs to and where the sentence is used. This matter is too difficult. What should I do?

Exodus: Let's go, there's nothing to hesitate about!

Second, the points in the sentence: comma, pause, semicolon, colon.

1, comma: comma is the focus of the dot in the sentence. In a single sentence, commas are mainly used in the following seven situations.

(1), indicating a general pause in a sentence.

Exodus: China has always been a so-called "closed country". If he doesn't go, no one else is allowed to come.

(2) Between the general components of a single sentence-between the subject and the predicate, between the verb and the object and the complement, between the attribute, the adverbial and the head, there is generally no need to point. Commas should be used between these components in the following cases.

A, the subject and predicate are special.

First, the subject (compound word as the subject) and the predicate are both long, and commas are usually used between the subject and the predicate.

Exodus: This huge blow and unspeakable grief almost knocked Wu Jichang down.

Second, although the subject is short, it should be emphasized that a comma should be used after the subject.

Exodus She is the only female champion in this competition.

Third, the subject is followed by modal particles, and the modal particles should be followed by commas.

Exodus: You are still the same old temper.

Fourth, the predicate is a subject-predicate phrase, and sometimes there is a pause after the subject, and commas should be used.

Exodus If your application has been approved by the director.

B. use a comma in the middle of the variant sentence.

First, sentences with predicates.

Exodus: Come out!

Second, sentences with attributive postposition.

There are many trees around the lotus pond, which are lush.

Fourth, adverbial refers to the sentence before the subject.

Example: In the blink of an eye, four piles of firewood just built are ready.

Exodus, for example, suddenly, the telephone on my desk rang a very urgent bell.

C, the object is long, especially when the subject-predicate phrase or verb-object phrase is used as the object, a comma is often added in front.

Exodus I know you feel sorry for the blood of China soldiers. ...

Example: The first thing he does after getting up every morning is to play for half an hour to simplify Tai Ji Chuan.

The driver promised to send these college students to the railway station as soon as possible.

(3) Use commas after some compound reference phrases or between components.

Our monitor Sharla Cheung suddenly fell ill yesterday.

This is the general manager, our housekeeper.

(4) In addition to the general components, there are independent components in the sentence. Use commas between these independent components and common components.

Exodus: We, including leading comrades, are going to plant trees tomorrow.

(5) Commas are generally used between long coordinate words.

Political darkness, class contradictions and people's sufferings are fully reflected in his works.

(6) Use commas between repeated words.

Example: water, water, I want to drink water.

(7) Comma can be used after turning conjunctions to highlight the meaning of turning.

: Exodus My health is not very good, but I am much better than before.

In complex sentences, commas are mainly used in the following two situations.

(1) commas are used between clauses, except sometimes semicolons.

Example: Although I knew it was leap soil at first sight, it was not the leap soil in my memory.

(2) There must be several related words.

Example: Although Zu Chongzhi refuted Dai Faxing's fallacy, his Da Li Ming was shelved.

When using commas, you should pay attention to:

(1) Although commas are widely used, we should also pay attention to their correct use. In addition to the above situations, don't add commas when you encounter a pause in a sentence. Whether to use commas depends not only on whether there is a pause, but also on whether it can be broken in structure. Some long sentences need to pause in the middle of reading, but they can't be broken structurally, so you can't add commas. The following sentence is like this:

Exodus: It's a ship standing on the coast overlooking the sea, and the tip of the mast can already be seen. It was a rising sun in Ran Ran, standing on the top of a high mountain, overlooking the east. It was a nearly mature baby, restless in its mother's belly.

(2) The prepositional phrase composed of "ba" and "bei" is closely related to the head language and the concurrent language, so commas cannot be used after the prepositional phrase and before and after the concurrent language.

The current position of Exodus We must take the construction of the party style as the top priority.

"Exodus" if the principal offender was sentenced to eight years in prison by the people's court.

Exodus: We should help young people improve their cultural literacy.

Step 2 suspend

Pauses are also used between coordinate words, but they are shorter than those separated by commas. It represents the smallest pause. He quoted legends, folk songs and ancient poems. Pay attention to the following eight points when using pause.

(1) If there are conjunctions "and", "and" or "in the coordinate words, there is no need to pause. "He" conjunctions are generally used between the last two items of multi-coordinate words.

Example: China has made great progress in science, culture, literature and art, health, education and press and publication.

(2) Some coordinate words don't pause or pause very little when reading, so there is no ambiguity, so there is no need to pause in the middle. Exodus: What a sad and helpless thing it is in my mother's heart! Others such as Industry and Agriculture, Chinese and Foreign Journalists and A, B, C and D are all like this.

(3) Don't use pause between incongruous words.

Example: My family lives in Hepingli, Chaoyang District, Beijing. Before and after this pause, there is a possessive relationship rather than a parallel relationship, and there is no pause in the middle. You shouldn't use pauses.

(4) Where there are only two coordinate words, there is generally no need to pause, but conjunctions such as "He" and "He" are used.

: exodus Liu is ill. Xiao Zhang sent him snacks and fruits yesterday.

(5) coordinate words as predicates and complements, and use commas between coordinate words without stopping.

A group of young people are singing and dancing.

Exodus: This article is vivid and touching.

(6) If you want to emphasize short coordinate words, use commas instead of pauses between these coordinate words.

For this interview, you must bring three things: a pen, a tape recorder and a camera.

(7) Two adjacent numbers (one, two, three ... nine) are used together, indicating that there is no need to pause when estimating. If it is a number ellipsis, you should use pause.

Example: three or four meters, three or five days, fifteen or six meals, seven or eight out of ten.

For example, the full text is divided into four parts, and the second and third parts are the main parts.

(8) If there are coordinate words in the coordinate words, use commas between large coordinate words and pause between small coordinate words. Example (omitted)

3: semicolon

Both semicolons and commas can be used between clauses of complex sentences, but the difference is that semicolons are often used between coordinate clauses. It indicates a pause greater than a comma.

For example, this style, if not self-disciplined, will harm yourself; If you teach others, you will harm others; If we use it to guide the revolution, it will endanger the revolution.

Semicolons are only used in complex sentences, not single sentences. If commas are used in clauses other than coordinate clauses in complex sentences, semicolons are usually used between clauses. The function of semicolon is mainly to make the structure level between clauses clear.

For example, to achieve it, we must rely on the guidance of the future; Yes, you have to prove it with actions.

For example, the fragrance of beans and wheat on both sides of the river and the grass at the bottom of the river, mixed with water vapor, blows on the face; The moonlight is hazy in the steam.

Note: Sentence parallelism requires momentum, and commas are generally used instead of semicolons.

Treat comrades as warm as spring, work as hot as summer, individuals as autumn wind sweeps away leaves, and enemies as cruel as winter.

2. Parallel relative sentences, short clauses with commas instead of semicolons.

Exodus: Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.

4. Colon: The basic function of colon is to prompt the following contents and summarize the above contents. It means a big pause.

The following tips:

(a) used at the beginning of letters and speeches to attract the attention of the recipients and listeners.

(2) There is a word after "so-and-so", which means that it was quoted later.

(3) Used at the end of suggestive words, indicating that there is something to say later.

For example, history tells us more than once that when the society changes rapidly, new things are constantly emerging, old relationships are constantly changing, and languages are also impacted and changed.

As I said, I have never been afraid to speculate about China people with the worst malice.

(4) Used after a general sentence, indicating that it should be explained separately. Or the word before the colon leads to the word after it.

Exodus: We passed three stone workshops in succession: Tianmen, the place where Confucius boarded the ship, and Riling.

(5) A statement indicating that there are supplementary explanations or explanations behind it.

Exodus: It's just that I always feel that there is no spring and autumn: late winter and early summer are connected, and summer began last winter.

(6) Emphasize that the object after the verb can attract readers' attention. The verbs before the colon are commonly used: think, say, ask, yes, remember, think, prove, announce and point out, and the object is often long or complicated. Example: I think: Hope is nothing at all, nothing at all.

Exodus: Facts have proved that your point of view is completely correct.

To sum up:

When a sub-item or several aspects are finished, a colon indicates that there is a general sentence behind it.

Example: Teachers love students and students respect teachers. The relationship between teachers and students is very harmonious.

It should be pointed out that:

(1) A colon is a point in a sentence. Don't use colons without hints and big pauses (even if verbs such as "think" and "say" appear on them).

Teacher Hua criticized him for not obeying classroom discipline. (The colon is not suggestive and should be deleted. )

I think this poem is very good. (No colon, use correctly)

(2) Colons are usually managed to the end of sentences. If you need to extend, you should manage a few words or a paragraph, usually marked with ordinal numbers or quotation marks. Example: This dictionary has been revised as follows: 1. More than 1000 words were added; Second, the exact location under the definition is modified. Example: My sister wrote, "It's very hot in Shanghai recently. Mom has moved into a new house. "

(3) "so-and-so" and the like are placed in front of the quoted words with colons, and in the middle or behind the quoted words without colons. Exodus: Miss Li said, "When I leave, Miss Wang will take care of me."

Example: "Thank you," said Miss Li. "Is the bus coming soon?"

Example: "What time is it, Miss Li?" Fan Fuxi asked.

(4) Appellations with strong feelings and high voices are not followed by colons, but by exclamation marks; Generally speaking, there is no colon after the address forms that belong to mutual conversation, but a comma.

Ex: comrades! You have worked hard! Example: Gao, here is your ticket.

(5) Don't use two colons in a sentence.

For example, Xiao Liu wrote that there have been more than three phenomena in rural areas recently: more small businesses, more household appliances and more motorcyclists.

Xiao Liu wrote that there have been some phenomena in the countryside recently, which can be summarized as three points: more small businesses, more household appliances and more motorcyclists.

Usage of quotation marks:

Quotes have two main purposes:

(1) What is said in quotation marks is actually said (or intended to be said) or quoted.

Exodus: The boatman wakes up from a deep sleep: "Why are you knocking at the door?"

(2) It means that the words in quotation marks have special meanings, such as prominent meanings and not being taken literally. The author disagrees with or doubts this statement, irony, irony, etc.

Example: Mother is an "ordinary" person. (highlight, emphasize)

Example: The bright light of the day completely exposed the "achievements" of criminals. (sarcastic)

In addition, words, proper nouns, terms and idioms that need to be pointed out are sometimes quoted.

Exodus: This is the origin of this idiom.

Fortunately, it points out the key point of Mr. Nanguo, and this key point lies in the word "filling".

When using quotation marks, there are three points that need special attention:

(1) If quotation marks are used, there are still words that need to be quoted. Double quotation marks are used for the outer layer and single quotation marks are used for the inner layer.

(2) Whenever a quotation is used independently, the punctuation at the end is put in quotation marks; Anyone who regards the quoted words as part of the author's own words does not punctuate the end. But if you quote, the punctuation marks behind it are question marks or exclamation marks, which should generally be kept, even as part of the author's own words.

Example: Jia Daoshi said, "Two sentences in three years, one song and two tears."

For example, when writing an article, we should "see the strangeness in plain words, the danger in common words, the novelty in old words and the color in plain words".

Exodus: He said, "Don't laugh when you are drunk in the sand. How many times have you fought in ancient times? " These two sentences have been repeated several times.

Exodus: That night, as soon as I arrived at the east entrance of the lake, I heard "Ouch!" Let me know.

(3) Tell the meaning of others' words without quoting them as they are. This is called reporting. Do not quote.

Exodus: Some people say that you left, just like I lost an arm; Yes, when you leave, it's like eating without salt; Some people say that if you can carry it, your mother will carry you across the Yalu River.

Dash usage: Dash is the key point in the label. It has many uses, mainly the following two.

(1) Words indicating explanations or supplementary explanations.

Exodus: The first work of art in my life was a hut.

Exodus: There is no need to hang a picture. There is a huge painting outside the door-it's called nature.

In writing, dashes are usually used to lead to explanations or supplementary explanations, such as the above two examples. If this kind of sentence is inserted in the middle of the sentence, dashes are often used in both places.

Every new discovery in theoretical science-its practical application may be unpredictable at all-will make Marx feel sincerely happy. ...

(2) If it means jumping or turning behind.

Example: "What a delicious dish-have you heard the wind?" Zhao stood behind the seven catties and said to the seven catties' sister-in-law.

Dashes have other uses:

(1) means that the speech was interrupted.

Example: "You-"Lao Zhang looked at me and said kindly, "The future belongs to you. You young people must study hard and strive to become experts in this field. "

(2) Indicates the prolongation of sound.

We shouted to the sea: Premier Zhou-

(3) Before and after the subtitle, or just before it.

Entrusted by Premier Zhou ...

-Wu Jichang, a farmer scientist.

(4) Enumeration of the marked items. This usage is mostly used in literature and scientific literature.

(5) The source should be indicated at the back of the quotation.

Example: the wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones. -Du Fu

(6) After the annotation, explain the annotation.

For example, Green (translator, founder of the New Kant School in England, New riegel) had a greater influence on him.

In addition, dashes can sometimes be used to summarize the previous text.

Revolution and revolutionary war are offensive, but there are also defenses and retreats, which is completely correct.

When using dashes, you need to pay attention to the fact that the words before dashes are punctuated. After using dashes, it is generally said that you don't need to keep that punctuation, jump or turn. Because you always pause when reading dashes, omitting that punctuation mark will not affect your understanding of the meaning.

Parentheses: Parentheses mainly indicate that the enclosed words are words or sentences before comments or supplementary explanations. This kind of annotation or supplementary explanation has a wide range, which can explain semantics, indicate time, explain introduction, list specific contents, satirize, criticize and correct mistakes.

Pay attention to when using parentheses:

(1) Parentheses are close to words or sentences that have been annotated or explained before.

(2) According to the size of comments, brackets can be divided into two types: in-sentence brackets and out-of-sentence brackets. The former only pays attention to some words in the sentence. If there is a dot before the bracket, it should be placed outside the bracket, and the last dot in the bracket (except question mark and exclamation mark) is omitted. The latter should be placed after the dot at the end of the whole sentence, and the punctuation in brackets should be treated as usual.

Exodus: He read aloud: "When the light shines, there will be a new sun." (Guo Moruo: Praise of the Sun)

The ape-man was the first person who could make tools by hand. He is essentially different from ordinary Australopithecus, who can only instinctively use natural tools (stones and sticks).

Parentheses and dashes can be used to mark the previous text, and the difference between them is roughly as follows: if the content is important and belongs to the text, dashes are used; The content is not very important, not a part of the text, just a note, without which it will not affect the complete meaning. Use parentheses.

Then explain the common expression of ordinal numbers.

(1) Use "first", "second" and "last" or "first", "second" and "third", followed by a comma.

First of all, we should attach importance to it ideologically. ..... Secondly, we should master relevant knowledge.

(2) Use "one", "two", "three" or "a", "b" and "c", followed by a pause.

Example: according to the different objects, pronouns can be divided into three types: personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns,

Third, demonstrative pronouns.

(3) Numbers are bracketed, and no symbols are added after ordinal numbers.

Example: Unit 1 has the following text: (1) On the characters and structure of Water Margin.

(2) said "Xiao" (3) two literary criticism.

(4) Arabic numerals are followed by dots.

Ellipsis usage:

It refers to ellipsis in quotation or quotation, repetition or ellipsis in similar tone, listing similar things and ellipsis in ordinal numbers.

(2) it means that the words are not finished, the meaning is endless, there is a gap in the speech, or the speech is intermittent and silent.

Examples; I see! ……

Example: Hello! Is it Xiao Chen? I got the book you asked me to buy ... when will you pick it up? ..... Ok, ok, bye!

Pay attention to the following three points when using ellipsis;

(1) Omission of similar things indicated by ellipsis need not be exhaustive, and should generally be used after listing three items, so that readers can associate and supplement the omitted contents accordingly.

(2) Before the ellipsis, if there is a pause, what punctuation mark should be used (if it is a pause or comma, it can also be used): there is no need to use a symbol indicating a pause after the ellipsis.

(3) Ellipsis is equivalent to "etc" and "etc", and "etc" is not needed after ellipsis.

Both ellipsis and dash can indicate language interruption. The difference between the two is that the ellipsis indicates that Yu Sheng didn't finish, and the dash indicates an abrupt end.

As for the usage of punctuation marks, the ones mentioned above are particularly important. In the college entrance examination, this topic tends to develop in the direction of comprehensive use of various punctuation marks. The review principle of this test center should be based on familiar types and transparent concepts, supplemented by practice standards, and carry out bold practical exercises, so that you will definitely get good results by constantly taking exams, and the practice of simply memorizing concepts is undoubtedly an armchair strategist, and the final result can be imagined.