First, the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus.

Viewpoint:

1, people can't step into the same river twice, because this river is different from this person.

Everything flows, and nothing is eternal.

Heraclitus advocated "the movement of all things" and "the flow of all things", which made him an outstanding representative of the "mobile school" with simple dialectical thought at that time.

Second, Xunzi of Zhao in the Warring States Period

Viewpoint:

1, a naturalistic view of heaven that "Ming is better than the unity of man and nature".

2. Use it to control fate.

Xunzi emphasized that "the venerable is in oneself", not "the admirer is in heaven". Even the attitude towards heaven is regarded as the criterion for distinguishing between a gentleman and a villain. It emphasizes people's subjective initiative in front of nature and advocates the idea of "dominating fate", "cutting everything" and "turning it into things". Xunzi clearly declared that knowing heaven is to dominate nature, so as to dominate nature.

Third, Han Feizi at the end of the Warring States Period

Viewpoint: it is impossible to repair ancient times unexpectedly; Things are different when the world is different; If things are different, be prepared to change;

Han Fei pays attention to the study of history and thinks that history is constantly developing and progressing. Moreover, he believes that if today's world is still praising "Yao, Shun, Tang and Wudao", "I will laugh for the new saints". Therefore, he advocated that "we should not take it by surprise to repair the ancient times", "things are different when the world is different" and "things are different when things are different" (everything is wrong), and policies should be formulated according to today's reality. His view of history provided a theoretical basis for the reform of the rulers at that time.

Representatives of idealism in ancient and modern China and foreign countries and their basic views;

I George Berkeley, United Kingdom

Viewpoint: There are only those things we feel in the world. But we don't feel "matter" or "matter".

George berkeley, born in a rural gentleman's family in kilkenny, Ireland, was the most famous philosopher in the18th century and one of the important representatives of modern empiricism, and initiated subjective idealism.

Second, Mencius in the Warring States Period

Viewpoint: The highest category of Mencius' philosophical thought is heaven. Mencius inherited Confucius' thought of destiny, removed the residual meaning of personality god, and imagined heaven as a spiritual entity with moral attributes. He said: "Honest people, heaven is also." Mencius defined the moral concept of honesty as the essential attribute of heaven, and believed that heaven was the origin of the inherent moral concept of human nature.

Extended data:

Subjective idealism is one of the basic forms of idealism philosophy, which fundamentally denies the objective existence of the material world and points out that everything in the external world is a combination of feelings or feelings, a collection of ideas and so on. Feeling and self-awareness are real and the source of the world, that is, Becker pointed out that "things are a collection of ideas."

"Being is being perceived", "Objects and feelings are the same thing" and so on. Dialectical materialism holds that this view reverses the relationship between subject and object, and regards "objective things" as the source and derivative of feelings and thinking.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Heraclitus

Baidu encyclopedia-Xunzi

Baidu Encyclopedia-Han Feizi

Baidu Encyclopedia-George Berkeley

Baidu encyclopedia-Mencius