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In the primitive times of mankind, everyone had their own individual consciousness, which was embodied in their own material and spiritual needs (which can be understood as two main lines, wealth and freedom). At that time, although there was the simplest and primitive human consciousness of tribal leaders, it was still very weak.
If there is no tribal leader, everyone will compete for food and women for themselves, which is a pure manifestation of individual consciousness, and the final result is not good for everyone's consciousness.
So the initial activity of cultivating human consciousness took place. People appointed the strongest (or wisest) person as the leader and asked the leader to propose rules. In addition to the existence of his original individual consciousness, this leader has also been endowed with a kind of human consciousness, and he has to think about things that only human consciousness can think about (what rules are better for everyone, where our tribe should move to hunt, and so on).
Human consciousness has some natures. For example, it is impossible to achieve a rich life for every individual consciousness in a society with low productivity, so human consciousness adopts a distorted way of thinking: it denies the individual consciousness of some people, and slavery appears.
Under slavery, the thinking angle of human consciousness is the citizen interests of non-slaves, and a small number of people live a rich life, satisfying the desire of human consciousness. But the denied individual consciousness does not disappear. The denied individual consciousness rebelled against human consciousness, just like the slave uprising of Spartacus.
There are thinkers in almost any human group, which is an individualized manifestation of the curiosity of human consciousness, while in any human group, even if the society is backward and low, there are rich enjoyment people, which is an individualized manifestation of human consciousness enjoyment desire. It seems that human consciousness has been doing such a thing all the time: first, satisfy the affluence and enjoyment of a few people, and as for others, it depends on the situation. Only in this way can human consciousness appear.
Why is this so? Because early human consciousness needs to be endowed with individuals, and these endowed individuals have to solve their own individual consciousness needs first to give human consciousness room to show.
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In the historical torrent, human consciousness finally gave in, recognized the individual consciousness of slaves, and feudalism appeared.
If the main problem of slavery is the contradiction between denied individual consciousness and human consciousness, then the main problem of feudalism is the distortion of the influence of very few individual consciousness on human consciousness, and there are countless examples.
The feudal system designated the emperor as the human consciousness to consider all individual consciousness, but the emperor himself had his own individual consciousness (later, there were almost no saints). If individual consciousness found that the emperor was not human consciousness and went too far, they would overthrow it and re-cultivate a human consciousness, but the cost of this cycle was too great, and human beings urgently needed a more useful form of human consciousness. In what form? The fundamental problem of human consciousness before was that it was incompatible with individual consciousness, or that it was not related, so perhaps the best way is to make human consciousness compatible with individual consciousness.
Capitalism or capital is an exquisite and ingenious human consciousness cultivated by individual consciousness, but its problem is that it is easy to get out of control. Capitalism allocates resources in a better way through capital flow. When capitalists think about where to invest their funds, on the one hand, they think about their own interests, on the other hand, capital also thinks about human consciousness, thinking about where to allocate resources is most beneficial to society.
In this way, individual consciousness and human consciousness are magically compatible. Human consciousness is distributed in the capitalist's mind, and human consciousness resides in the capital. However, capitalism also inherited the natural defect of feudalism: individual consciousness twisted human consciousness, so in the early stage of capitalist development, some people's individual consciousness was denied to some extent, which led to the rebellion of the largest individual consciousness against human consciousness in the history of the * * * capitalist movement. Moreover, capitalism, a major feature of human consciousness, is distributed, and the scattered human consciousness itself is still far from the ideal human consciousness.
Religion is a pure human consciousness, and the essence of religion is a human consciousness. The three major religions in the world encourage people to be kind. Why? Because goodness is the most ideal form of social contract for human beings (followed by the sub-ideal form of social contract such as morality and law), it is difficult to advocate it if it is not an existence of human consciousness. Why Taoism, a native of China, has not developed into a universal religion in the historical torrent, is of course partly due to historical factors, but the most fundamental reason is that Taoism is not the embodiment of human consciousness, but the embodiment of a small number of individual consciousness.
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Since the changes of human society, human consciousness has taken countless forms, and the most puzzling one is a form that is not cultivated by human beings: technology.
According to some thinkers, technology has life. With the continuous improvement of human political system, alienated human consciousness urgently needs to find a new habitat, and technology has become his habitat (you can expect lark's article "Is technology alive?"). It's not that human beings are developing technology, but that technology itself is developing technology. In history, the political and economic processes of human beings will be interrupted. Only the development of technology will never be interrupted, and the development of technology can even gain momentum from war.
the progress of technology is actually out of human control. So does human consciousness live in technology? Think about what technology has brought to mankind, the greatest use is to meet the needs of all individual consciousness to the greatest extent. As we have mentioned, in order to show human consciousness in individuals, it is necessary to meet the individual consciousness needs of a small number of people in order to have room for empowerment. So is this function of technology to make human consciousness appear in all individuals? Will the consciousness at this time still be human consciousness? What kind of consciousness is it?
We still don't know what the purpose and significance of the extreme development of technology is. If human consciousness inhabits it, we don't know what he really wants to do. According to Kant's teleology of history, the purpose of historical process is to give rationality and freedom to human beings. According to the trend of technological development, the purpose of history is likely to deprive rationality and freedom from everyone.
what kind of scene is that? Technology-led human society is only to expand its own boundaries. Such expansion is not the consciousness of any individual, and it doesn't make much sense to every individual consciousness, but it is the tendency of the whole human society. Everyone has become the gear of this huge expansion machine and is unable to change this tendency.
in the pre-historical stage of human beings, people cultivate human consciousness to serve themselves, but in the post-historical stage, people probably need to work hard to get rid of the shackles of human consciousness.
The concept of human consciousness is not a nihilistic concept like absolute spirit. It is juxtaposed with the concept of individual consciousness and both exist in reality. Human consciousness can not only be cultivated artificially, but also exists in every individual in its original form. For example, psychologists have been puzzling about the altruistic behavior of people, and why people have altruistic behavior when they are sure that there is no return. The existing explanations have not answered the point.
This is because of the primitive human consciousness contained in human heart, which looks at the world from the perspective of human consciousness, and altruistic behavior is the guiding result of this consciousness. However, such a weak original consciousness is still far from the practical stage, and practical human consciousness needs to be cultivated deliberately.
in the course of human history, even though the social forms in different periods are very different, there is still a common point: all individual consciousness has a desire for an ideal human consciousness, and this desire has a concrete embodiment in history.
For example, in ancient Greece, people foolishly called the ultimate law of history Logos, believing that Logos rationally promoted the historical process; For a long period of time, including the Middle Ages, human consciousness was quite imperfect, so people reflected this desire as worship of God and enthusiasm for religion, but in people's hearts, God played the role of that ideal human consciousness and satisfied people's desire. Such a desire came true, and people at that time actually thought that the historical process was driven by God, and God became the ultimate law of history.
Why don't people in China believe in religion? Because people in China had an ideal human consciousness in the earliest ancient times: saints (such as Yao Shunyu), and people in China don't need a virtual god to make up for their desire for an ideal human consciousness. Such an ideal human consciousness has always been very realistic for people in China. The saints and wisdom we worship have been teaching people how to cultivate an ideal human consciousness in reality.
Later, rational determinism was born in the western world. Rational determinism means that the historical process is driven by a kind of rationality, and rationality is the fundamental law of history. This kind of rationality is nothing more than another beautiful expression of the two historical main lines (wealth and freedom) mentioned in this paper. This theory has its historical background and historical role, and it is to give theoretical support to the bourgeois revolution at that time, because rationality is the rationality of wealth, which is the so-called free rationality, so the historical process should be rational and revolutionary.
rational determinism is of little value and cannot be called the fundamental law of history; As for the later humanistic historical theory, it is nothing more than saying that history is created by people. This is nonsense. Is history created by orangutans?
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These historical theories after that do not reflect a deeper understanding of history, but reflect people's desire for ideal human consciousness into their own hearts, and they feel too confident that their rationality can replace human consciousness. Little did they know that this way of thinking is nothing more than returning to before human beings cultivated human consciousness, at least with such a tendency.
At first, this way of thinking seems to have a butterfly effect, which affects the current world pattern: Westerners and China people think differently about the government. Westerners think that the government is another individual consciousness, because everyone feels that their rationality is almost invincible. This kind of cognition is well explained from the psychological point of view. It is a kind of self-contempt for placing the desire for ideal human consciousness on God in the previous period, so they go to the other extreme to balance their psychology.
China people think that the government belongs to everyone's human consciousness, just like parents. Western philosophy thinks that ancient China people were too afraid of the government and lost their freedom. In fact, Chinese people never feared the government, while China people trusted the government as much as their parents. China people always expected and believed that the government should belong to everyone's human consciousness.
In historical reality, human consciousness does not belong to everyone, but to a small number of people who cultivated him and used him. One kind of such division is the internal division of society (such as slaves and slave owners), and the other is the regional division, the typical form of which is the state. A country has a human consciousness, and there are interactions between different human consciousness.
On the one hand, countless individual consciousness needs human consciousness, on the other hand, it is also afraid of human consciousness. The contradiction between human consciousness and individual consciousness seems to exist forever and cannot be completely solved. The idea adopted in the history and current political system in Europe and America is to make the government a mechanical superposition of individual consciousness, so as to avoid various problems of individual consciousness and human consciousness, instead of adopting a better way to cultivate better human consciousness. China is on the latter road.
China people ended all political systems in the Yanhuang period, because after cultivating human consciousness, China people at that time did not encounter the contradiction between human consciousness and individual consciousness at all (but they did encounter some later). All we did was go back there. If we look back at Hegel's view of absolute spirit history, we can guess that if absolute spirit is a phenomenon and a model, then the mechanism behind it is individual consciousness and human consciousness model.
individual consciousness is real, so is human consciousness (it exists in the endowed individual). The interaction between individual consciousness and human consciousness, as well as the interaction between human consciousness and human consciousness, picks up all historical processes from the deepest place, which is in line with the category of dynamic explanation.
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Why does the interaction between human consciousness and individual consciousness produce a phenomenon that the historical process contains an absolute spirit? When we first put forward individual consciousness, we mentioned that individual consciousness is an impulse to pursue material spiritual satisfaction and freedom, so as long as people deal with it better, such pursuit will inevitably be continuously satisfied, and the so-called process of history will develop towards freedom. Then the theory of historical purpose freedom mentioned in the absolute spiritual view of history seems to explain nothing, and the' purpose' of history is also to make everyone eat more, dress better, play more time and be more free. There is no need to talk about the progress of freedom with an absolute spirit, otherwise, there must be an absolute spirit of eating, playing or dressing.
in my opinion, Marx's view of history is much more advanced than Hegel's. He thinks that the fundamental driving force of the historical process is the development of productive forces and the change of production relations. Larks do not deny this valuable view. From the perspective of this paper, the fundamental driving force of the historical process is the change of the relationship between human consciousness and individual consciousness, and the relationship of production is just a projection of this relationship. Art, religion and culture are basically the projection of the relationship between human consciousness and individual consciousness.
the motive force of social change is that human consciousness does not meet the needs of individual consciousness, or the contradiction between alienated human consciousness and individual consciousness. In a sense, the conclusion of this paper can be understood as a sublimation of historical materialism, which holds that the process of history is driven by human social activities, and the most fundamental of such social activities is production activities. Larks believe that this is not fundamental enough. The most fundamental social activity of human beings is the activity of individual consciousness to cultivate, restrain, destroy and fight against human consciousness.
from the perspective of human consciousness and individual consciousness, what will the future human society be like? In the book "A Brief History of the Future", the author puts forward a worrying situation in the future: with the development of science and technology, a very small number of elites have absolute advantages in science and technology and resources, and social productivity has reached the extreme. Most ordinary people have become a kind of' useless ordinary people', and the existence of useless ordinary people depends entirely on the pity of the elite.
is there a solution to this situation? Yes, through the alienation of human consciousness. In the future, one situation is that human consciousness has been alienated, and the result of alienation is that human consciousness has become its own independent individual consciousness. Such human consciousness is out of human control and has some characteristics, such as expanding its mission to extraterrestrial space.