1. From practice to cognition: a leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge

The development process of cognition is from practice to cognition, that is, perceptual knowledge is generated from practice, and then it develops to rational knowledge actively. This is the first leap in the process of understanding.

perceptual knowledge is the low-level stage of cognition, which is a direct and concrete reflection of the external form of things through the senses in practice. It includes three forms: feeling, perception and representation. The characteristics of perceptual knowledge are directness and concreteness. This is both its advantages and its disadvantages; It is both its reliability and its limitations. The limitation of perceptual knowledge is that it only reflects the phenomenon, one-sided and external relations of things. However, the task of cognition requires the connection between the essence, the whole and the interior of things, which is the first contradiction encountered in the process of cognition. To solve this contradiction, we must realize the leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge.

Rational cognition is the advanced stage of cognition, and it is an indirect and general reflection of people's internal relations through thinking. It includes concepts, judgments, inferences, hypotheses and theories. The characteristics of rational knowledge are its indirectness and abstraction. Rational understanding transcends objective things in form, but reflects objective things more profoundly, correctly and completely in content. This is its characteristics and advantages, but it also creates the possibility that knowledge is divorced from reality.

perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are two stages in the process of unified understanding, which are both different and related. There are qualitative differences between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge in content and form. Therefore, "familiarity is not equal to true knowledge" and "what we feel, we can't understand it immediately". Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are interrelated. First of all, perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are interdependent. Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, which is the materialism of epistemology; Perceptual knowledge needs to be developed into rational knowledge, which is the dialectics of epistemology. Secondly, in the actual process of understanding, perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are intertwined and infiltrated with each other. On the one hand, sensibility is permeated with rational factors. When people get perceptual knowledge, they always take the original knowledge as the background, use the existing concepts and logical framework, and proceed with the participation and guidance of rational knowledge. The same contact with objective things, due to different theoretical preparations, the feelings may be very different. The so-called "only what is understood can feel it more deeply" is the truth. The so-called "observation infiltration theory" in modern philosophy of science also points out that people always observe with their own historical and cultural background. On the other hand, rationality is permeated with perceptual factors. Rational knowledge is not only based on perceptual knowledge, but also explained through perceptual knowledge. Compared with people with poor experience, people with rich perceptual knowledge have different understanding of things. Hegel once said that the same motto, which comes from the mouth of the weather-beaten old people and the mouth of the inexperienced teenagers, has different connotations.

perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are dialectical unity, and the basis of their unity is practice. Perceptual knowledge is produced in practice, and the transition from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge is also realized on the basis of practice. If we separate the dialectical unity between them, we will move towards rationalism and empiricism, and we will make mistakes of dogmatism and empiricism in practical work.

To leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, two basic conditions must be met: First, be brave in practice, conduct in-depth investigation, and obtain very rich and practical perceptual materials. This is the basis for correctly realizing the rise from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. Second, rich perceptual materials must be processed and made through rational thinking, and the perceptual knowledge can be upgraded to rational knowledge by removing the rough and the fine, removing the false and retaining the true, and from the outside to the inside. In other words, we must use the scientific method of dialectical thinking to get a real understanding.

second, from cognition to practice: a leap from rational cognition to practice

whether the leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge is reliable or not, and whether it can be turned into reality, rational knowledge itself cannot answer. This is another contradiction encountered in the process of understanding. To solve this contradiction, we must realize the leap from rational understanding to practice. This is a more important leap in the process of cognition, and its necessity and importance lie in: from the practical point of view, the leap from rational cognition to practice is a process in which cognition guides practice, and understanding the world is to transform the world. Only when rational cognition returns to practice can it guide practice, make cognition materialized and objectified, and achieve the purpose of transforming the world; From the perspective of cognition, the leap from rational cognition to practice is a process of testing cognition in practice. Only when rational cognition returns to practice can it be tested by practice and revised, supplemented, enriched and developed.

to realize the leap from rational knowledge to practice, certain conditions must be met. First, we should proceed from reality and adhere to the principle of combining theory with practice. Rational understanding reflects the essence and laws of things, which are general things, while the problems to be solved in practice are individual and specific things. There are both connections and differences between the general and the individual, and between theory and practice. We must proceed from reality, combine the general theory with concrete practice, and analyze the specific situation, instead of mechanically copying from theoretical principles regardless of the actual situation. The idioms of "tailor-made" and "follow the map" are two typical positive and negative examples. Second, we should combine the understanding of the nature and laws of objective things with the understanding of the subject's own needs and interests to form a correct and reasonable practical concept. The fundamental purpose of transforming theory into practice is to change the existing form of things to meet people's needs. Therefore, it is necessary to make a scientific evaluation of the value of the object, that is, its usefulness to people, based on the factual understanding of the objective things, and to construct the ideal object that should be achieved by practical transformation in the concept according to the scale of the objective things (external scale) and the scale of people themselves (internal scale), that is, to form the practical concept. This is an intermediary link from rational knowledge to practice and from theory to reality, and it is also a decisive link. Third, we should unify the correctness of theory with the feasibility of reality, and seek specific ways and working methods to realize the ideal object. Fourth, the theory must be mastered by the masses and internalized into their conscious actions. In order to finally turn the practical concept and action plan into reality, we must also practice through human activities. The masses are the main body of practice, and only when the theory is mastered by the masses can it become a material force to transform the world.

III. Rational factors and irrational factors in the process of cognition

Rational factors refer to people's ability of rational intuition and rational thinking, and its functions in cognitive activities mainly include: ① guiding role. People's cognitive activities are purposeful activities to seek truth. Whether it is the choice of cognitive topics, the use of cognitive tools, or the summary and generalization of cognitive results, it is inseparable from the guidance of rational factors. ② Explanatory function. With the help of scientific theory, we can make a systematic explanation of complicated and rapidly changing phenomena. ③ Foresight. Scientific foresight based on scientific theory is more reliable than empirical deduction of diamond logging based on daily experience.

irrational factors refer to people's emotion and will, including motivation, desire, belief, belief, habit and instinct, etc. Fantasy, imagination, intuition and inspiration in illogical form are also irrational factors. Irrational factors, such as emotion, will, desire and need, do not belong to people's cognitive ability, but they play an important role in controlling and regulating the occurrence and stop of people's cognitive activities and the exertion and suppression of the subject's cognitive ability. Mainly manifested in: ① Dynamic action. Practice is the driving force for the development of cognition, and the effect of practice on cognition depends on irrational factors such as emotion and will. People always engage in practical activities and cognitive activities under the influence of certain emotions and will. Positive emotions inject vitality into cognitive activities. The development of knowledge is a driving force. Lenin said: "Without' human feelings', there will never be and cannot be anyone's pursuit of truth". Will is also an important supporting force and driving force for people's cognitive development. Marx said: "There is no royal road to science, and only those who are not afraid to climb along steep mountain roads can hope to reach the pinnacle of glory." ② Induction. Strong curiosity and strong interest. Will make people have all kinds of imagination and fantasy, and imagination and fantasy are extremely valuable qualities in scientific creation. Lenin said: "It is unreasonable to think that only poets need to imagine. This is a stupid prejudice! Even in mathematics, imagination is needed, and even the discovery of calculus is impossible without imagination. " ③ Excitation. Inspired by irrational factors such as emotion and will, it will lead to intuition and inspiration. Intuition and inspiration, which are illogical forces, can make up for the lack of logical thinking and stimulate people's creativity. It is an important cognitive ability.

Marxist philosophy not only affirms the leading role of rational factors in cognitive activities, but also emphasizes that irrational factors should be restricted by sexual factors; At the same time, it also recognizes and attaches importance to the important role of irrational factors, which comprehensively analyzes the positive role and possible negative impact of irrational factors in cognition, thus drawing a clear line with irrationalism.

IV. Repeatability and infinity of the cognitive process

Repeatability of the cognitive process means that people's understanding of a complex thing often needs to be repeated from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, and then from rational knowledge to practice. This is because there are always subjective and objective contradictions in the process of understanding. From an objective point of view, the exposure of all aspects of things and their essence has a process; Subjectively, people's cognitive ability has a process of improvement. People's understanding is restricted by the scope of practice, standpoint, viewpoint, method, thinking ability, work experience and knowledge level. Engels said, "From a historical point of view? 6? 1? 6? 1? 6? 1? 6? 1? 6? 1? 6? 1 We can only recognize it under the conditions of our times, and to what extent these conditions reach, we will recognize it. " In the development of natural science, the understanding of a natural phenomenon often needs to be repeated through practice, understanding, re-practice and re-understanding before a more scientific theory can be formed. This is especially true in understanding social life. Our Party's understanding of building socialism in China has gone through a tortuous process, and it was not until the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party that it reached a relatively complete and scientific understanding, and gradually formed the system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory.

The infinity of cognitive development refers to the endless and infinite development of human knowledge for the postgraduate entrance examination of tourism management, which is manifested in the infinite cycle of "practice, knowledge, practice and re-knowledge" and the endless forward movement from the low stage to the advanced stage. The infinite development process of this kind of knowledge is cyclical in form and progressive in essence.

Five, the concrete historical unity of cognition and practice

From practice to cognition, from cognition to practice, practice, cognition, re-practice, re-cognition, the movement of cognition develops repeatedly and infinitely, which is the dialectical development process of human cognition movement and the basic law of human cognition movement. The process and basic law of this cognitive movement determine that the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, cognition and practice is concrete and historical. The so-called concrete, that is, subjective understanding should be consistent with objective practice under certain time, place and conditions; The so-called historical, that is, subjective understanding should be adapted to the objective practice in a specific historical development stage. Since objective practice is concrete and historical, so should subjective understanding. When the specific process of things has moved forward and changed to another specific process, subjective understanding should change accordingly. If the subjective understanding remains at the original stage and the thought lags behind the reality, it is easy to make conservative mistakes. When the specific process of things has not yet ended, the original contradictions have not been fully exposed and unfolded, and the conditions for the transition to another specific process are not yet met, if people stubbornly take what they may do in the future to do it now in an attempt to surpass the stage, they will easily make rash mistakes. Therefore, "our conclusion is the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, theory and practice, knowledge and action in concrete history, and we oppose all' left' or right erroneous ideas that leave concrete history."

Marxist epistemology is the philosophical basis of the party's mass line working methods. The party's working method of "from the masses to the masses" is the creative application of dialectical materialism and historical materialism epistemology in practical work. The masses are the subject of practice and cognition. Understanding comes from the masses, mainly from the practice of the masses; When knowledge goes back to practice, it mainly goes back to the practice of the masses.

Exquisite exercises

1. Multiple choice questions: Only one of the options given in each of the following questions meets the requirements of the topic.

1. People have different first impressions of a person, which shows that ()

A. Sensibility is permeated with rational knowledge B. Rationality is permeated with perceptual knowledge

C. The difference of subjects plays a decisive role in understanding D. Perceptual knowledge is not reliable at all

2. Hegel said that the same maxim comes from the mouth of the weather-beaten old people and from the inexperienced teenagers. This shows that ()

A. Sensibility is permeated with rational knowledge B. Sensibility is permeated with perceptual knowledge

C. The difference of subjects plays a decisive role in cognition D. Perceptual knowledge is not reliable at all

3. The difference between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge is ()

A. Perceptual knowledge is reliable. Rational knowledge is unreliable

B. Perceptual knowledge is the understanding of phenomena, while rational knowledge is the understanding of essence

C. Perceptual knowledge comes from practice, and rational knowledge comes from books

D. Perceptual knowledge comes from direct experience, and rational knowledge comes from indirect experience

4. Regardless of the actual situation, Epistemologically, this view belongs to ()

A. Rationalism B. Empiricism C. Reflection D. Transcendentalism

Second, multiple-choice questions: At least two of the options given in each of the following questions meet the requirements of the topic, and you can't score if you choose more, less or wrong.

1. To realize the leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, we should ()

a. Observe a large number of vivid phenomena on the basis of practice

b. Possess rich and real perceptual materials as much as possible

c. Use scientific thinking methods to process and make perceptual materials

d. Understand the essence of things through their phenomena

2. Realize rational knowledge. The following statement is correct: ()

A. We should adhere to the principle of combining theory with practice

B. We should form a correct and reasonable concept of practice

C. We should organically combine the correctness of theory with the feasibility of reality

D. We should let the theory be mastered by the masses and turn it into their conscious actions

3. Xun Ziyun said, "If you don't see what you hear, see it." This sentence implies