Freedom is the right to do everything permitted by law.
In a monarchy, there is only civil war without * *. But in authoritarian countries, only * * has no civil war.
The law is made to punish the viciousness and absurdity of human beings, so the law itself must be the purest and spotless.
Although I have some advantages, my most important advantage is my modesty.
6. Morality should be noble; Life should be honest; Mind your manners. You should be polite.
7. Loving learning is our only eternal motivation. Nothing can stop us unless life comes to an end.
8. If the rich are not extravagant, the poor will starve to death.
9. The income of the state is a part of every citizen's own property, so as to ensure that the rest of his own property is safe or enjoyable to enjoy.
10, reading is the best way for me to dispel the unhappiness in my life. There is no distress that reading can't dispel.
1 1. I have never known any distress that can't be relieved by an hour's study.
12, the law is always fair in general, but it is almost always unfair in practical application.
13. When I say "harmony", I mean loving the motherland, that is, loving equality. This is not a moral virtue, nor a Christian virtue, but a moral virtue.
14, if you just want happiness, it's not difficult at all; The hard part is that we always expect to be happier than others.
15, the relationship between law and sentient beings In the most general sense, law is the inevitable relationship between the essence of things, that is, the inherent laws between things. In this sense, law in a broad sense refers to law.
16, people obey officials only because they are afraid of the power of law. If there is no law, people will be very cruel to officials and they will retaliate.
17, we speak in front of people who are as vain as we are, and their vanity is tortured to the same extent as ours.
18, all people with power are prone to abuse their power, which is never an easy experience. People with power often use power until there is a boundary. "Power is naturally inflated and vicious. As long as there is insufficient restraint and supervision, any power will lead to corruption. To prevent abuse of power, it is necessary to restrict power with power.
19. Charm is by no means an acquisition. To gain charm, you must be naive first. But how can people be naive?
20. People's safety is the supreme law.
2 1, the first people who don't obey the laws of nature are those who are powerful, because others don't have to worry about the punishment of others. The same is true of international relations.
22. It is a major feature of human life that powerful people tend to invade those who are powerless.
23. If you like reading, you can turn boring moments into happy moments.
24. Loving reading is equivalent to turning a lonely and boring time in life into a moment of great enjoyment.
25. Human beings are both extremely hopeful and extremely fearful. Religion without region and heaven will not please mankind.
26. Time has given us new life, which is precious, and natural life can't afford it.
Modesty is an indispensable virtue.
28. An injustice to one person is a threat to all.
29. In the East, in a country with a climate like ours, people always have to marry many wives to offset their great power over us. But in Constantinople, the law of monogamy gives women great power: this situation often makes the rule weak.
If a person is morally perfect, he won't have friends.
3 1, for very rich people, everything that can't bring them power and honor is regarded as an insult.
32. In order to make the country stable, we must make the two poles as close as possible; Neither the rich nor the poor are allowed. These two naturally inseparable grades are equally fatal to the happiness of the public; One will produce advocates and the other will produce tyrants. There is always a free trade between them: one is to buy freedom, and the other is to sell freedom.
33. Beauty must be clean and clear, not only in image, but also in mind.
Generally speaking, a smart person is difficult to get along with others, and he chooses few people.
35. Good-natured ridicule is a kind of speech that is harmful to people's benign and beneficial to intelligence.
36. In order to maintain discipline, it destroys humanity. It should be noted that human nature is the source of discipline.
37. In countries where there are bound to be differences in status, there are bound to be privileges.
There are four good habits: punctuality, correctness, persistence and quickness. Without the first item, time is wasted; Without the second item, there are many mistakes; Without the third item, things will never be done well; If you miss the fourth item, you miss the opportunity in vain.
39. In order to maintain the rule of * * * and the country, it is always necessary to correct the powder, but this will only do great harm to the rule of the emperor, because this kind of dispute will only make the ruler change hands, but it will not make the law established and prevent the abuse of power.
40. Dictatorship of powerful people is not as harmful to people's well-being as indifference of democratic people.
4 1. Society is a collection of people, not everyone.
42. Everyone is equal whether in a * * * country or an authoritarian country. However, the degree of equality between the two is different. * * * The equality of all people in the Republic means that everyone is the master; The equality of all people in authoritarian countries lies in that everyone is a slave.
43. Luxury always follows fornication, and fornication always follows luxury.
44. The most powerful law is that citizens obey officials.
45, detailed legal provisions is a way to reduce the judge's autonomy; Increasing judicial procedures is another way to limit judges' autonomy. The existence of judicial procedures greatly reduces the chances of judges being acquitted and convicted at will.
46. Freedom is not unlimited freedom, but the right to do anything permitted by law.
47. Freedom does not mean that people can do whatever they want. Freedom only means the right to do anything within the scope permitted by law.
48. Democracy tramples on all these ideals in a frivolous and impetuous way, no matter what a person used to do or what his personality is. As long as he claims to be kind to the people when he turns to politics, he can also get respect and honor.
49. All people with power tend to abuse their power for their own personal gain; The purpose of education in any authoritarian country is to lower people's minds.
50. above people, treat others as people; Under people, you should treat yourself as a person.
5 1. As an animal with desires, human beings are easily freed from the bondage of reason and conscience by various desires and expand infinitely.
52. Morality should be noble; In life, you should be honest, disciplined and polite.
53. The freedom of citizens is a state of inner peace. This state of peace of mind comes from the view that everyone thinks they are safe. To enjoy this freedom, we must establish a kind of * *. Under its rule, one citizen is not afraid of another.
54. People at both ends of happiness, that is, those who are particularly happy and unfortunate, are often cruel. People who are in the middle of happiness will have gentle compassion.
55. The law governing all people on the earth is human reason.
56. All men are born equal, and there is no distinction between high and low. We have no right to order others on the pretext of paying the next day, and there is no reason to feel sorry for ourselves for what happened the day after tomorrow. Above people, treat others as people; Under people, you should treat yourself as a person.
57. The difference between good democracy and bad democracy is that the former only gives citizens legal equality, that is, everyone is equal before the law; The latter tries to equalize different levels and different status, so that people can obtain absolute equality.
58. What dominates and rules everything is the legal power in the monarchy and the monarchy always holds high the iron fist under the autocratic rule. However, in a people's country, there is also a driving hub, and that is virtue.
59. A tolerant regime is not based on an accidental whim, but is established after careful consideration through checks and balances of various factions, so it is standardized and stable. On the contrary, the autocratic regime is based on contingency, which is the unpredictable and ever-changing will and insatiable greed of the autocratic monarch.
60. I have never had a sadness that even an hour's reading can't dispel.
6 1. If you pursue wit, you will eventually find stupidity.
62. * * is a blunt knife. He fell down and slowly achieved his goal.
63. Noble people don't do business, and business people are not noble.
64. Under the absolute monarchy, few people pursue frugality. People who are corroded by ease and pleasure will not like to live a frugal life. Those who envy or appreciate the luxury of others will not like thrift.
When we talk to others, we should pay special attention, because this is the time when others "evaluate" us.
66. If you can pin your life on other people's memories, your life seems to be longer.
67. Some ethnic groups are abnormal and are kind and tolerant to them. Instead, they feel justified and tolerate their country's bullying. If we retaliate against it and make it suffer great disasters, it will be friendly to that country. For such an ungrateful and abnormal country, there is no better means than revenge.
68. Politeness makes polite people happy, and also makes people who are treated politely by others happy.
69. The principle of autocracy is * *.
70. Education should improve people's thinking, while education in authoritarian countries lowers people's thinking. Even for those in power, slave sex education is beneficial, because there are no tyrants and no slaves. Absolute obedience means that the subject is stupid, even the person who gives orders repeatedly is stupid, because he doesn't need to think, doubt or reason, as long as he expresses his willingness to obey.
7 1. The measure of a person's true character is what he did when he knew no one would find out.
The true spirit of equality does not mean that everyone is commanding or not commanding, but that we obey or command people who are equal to us.
73. It is an eternal experience that all people with power are prone to abuse their power. The way to prevent abuse of power is to restrict power with power.
74. A soul corroded by luxury is full of thousands of desires. In order to realize their own desires, they do not hesitate to be enemies of the law.
75. To prevent abuse of power, it is necessary to restrict power with power.
76. If you can pin your life on the memory of others, your life seems to be longer; Glory is our new life, which can be as precious as natural life.
If a person wants to succeed in this world, he must act like a fool, but he is smart.
78. Ordinary people often praise mediocre people. For mediocre people, people are ready to help others; For smart people, people will soon be deprived. The latter became the object of jealousy and people did not forgive him; However, for the benefit of the former, people spare no effort to give support, and he is supported by people's vanity.
79. All people with power will abuse their power, which is a difficult experience. From the essence of things, the only way to prevent power from being abused is to restrict power with power.
80. Since nature has caused different degrees of strength in the world, it is often used to cross the rubicon and make the weak no less than the strong.
8 1. is by no means a new generation has gone bad. Only when the old people are corrupted will they fall.
82. In the eyes of a loving mother in civil law, everyone is the whole country.
83. Morality is closely related to freedom, but when freedom develops to the extreme, it will become extreme slavery.
84. Let's take dishonor as the heaviest part of punishment!
85. I have met some people who have beautiful virtues and natural attitudes, which make people feel that they are virtuous, because they are not reluctant to fulfill their due obligations, and all their performances are instinctive. They will never give a long speech and point out their rare advantages, because they don't seem to know at all.
86. The larger the population, the denser the population proportion, the more people want and the stronger their vanity. The more people there are, the more people don't know them, and the stronger the desire to be different and outstanding. People want to prove that they are better than others in order to gain their respect. Respect is also a limited resource. Everyone wants to get respect from others, and as a result, everyone can't get it.
87. The relationship between law and sentient beings In the most general sense, law is an inevitable relationship produced by the essence of things, that is, the internal laws between things. In this sense, law in a broad sense refers to law. All living beings have their own methods. God has his laws, God has their laws, animals have their laws, and people have their own laws.
88, ah! Praise, from your own mouth, how boring!
Introduction to Montesquieu
Montesquieu (1689 65438+ 10/8-1755 February 10), a great French enlightenment thinker and jurist, was also one of the early scholars who systematically studied the ancient oriental society and legal culture in modern European countries. Although his works are few, they have a wide influence, especially the Spirit of Law, which laid the foundation for the development of modern western legal theory and greatly influenced Europeans' views on eastern legal culture. His representative works include Persian Letters and On the Spirit of Law. Montesquieu is an encyclopedic scholar. He has made great academic achievements and won high honors. He was elected as a member of the Bordeaux Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of England and the Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
1689, Montesquieu was born into a noble family in Label's view manor near Bordeaux. Received a good education from an early age. He used to be a lawyer and the Speaker of Bordeaux Parliament.
1707, 19 years old, obtained the bachelor of law degree and became a lawyer. 1709, traveling in Paris for the first time. 17 14, started to work as a court consultant in bordeaux. 17 16, he inherited the position of president of bordeaux court (Montesquieu's grandfather and uncle always held this position) and was awarded the title of baron. Montesquieu is a well-read man with profound attainments in law, history, philosophy and natural science, and has written many related papers.
172 1 year, Montesquieu published a famous Persian letter under the pseudonym "Bohr Madoff". Through the story of two Persians who roamed France, this book exposes and criticizes the evils of feudal society, and outlines the faces of French upper-class figures in an ironic style, such as dissolute and shameless priests, boastful salon gentlemen, arrogant and ignorant dignitaries, and sluts on the stage. The book also expresses hatred for Louis XIV, saying that France is more autocratic than the East. This book is very popular.
1726, Montesquieu betrayed the hereditary position of the president of the bordeaux court and moved to Paris to concentrate on writing and research. I have traveled to many European countries, especially in Britain for more than two years, inspected the British system of * *, carefully studied the works of early enlightenment thinkers, and was elected as a member of the Royal Society. From 65438 to 0728, he made an academic investigation in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Britain and other countries, and made an on-the-spot investigation of their social systems and other conditions. 173 1 After returning to China, I devoted myself to writing.
1734, he published "On the Reasons for the Rise and Fall of Rome", and expounded his proposition of * * with ancient Roman historical materials.
1748, Montesquieu's most important and influential book "On the Spirit of Law" was published. This is a comprehensive book about * *. This book is very popular, with 22 editions published in two years. Montesquieu opposed theology and advocated science, but he was not an atheist or materialist. Montesquieu is a deist. Montesquieu's most important contribution is his outstanding contribution to the bourgeois state and legal theory. Montesquieu clearly put forward the theory of "separation of powers" on the basis of Locke's thought of decentralization; Montesquieu particularly emphasized the role of law. Montesquieu believes that law is the embodiment of reason, and law is divided into natural law and man-made law. Natural law is a law that existed before the establishment of human society, when human beings were in an equal state. Artificial law includes * * law and civil law. Montesquieu advocated bourgeois freedom and equality, but at the same time stressed that the realization of freedom should be limited by law, and freedom does not mean doing whatever you want. Montesquieu said, "Freedom is the right to do everything permitted by law; If a citizen can do what is forbidden by law, he no longer has freedom. Because others will also have this right. " It also puts forward "geographical environment determinism", which holds that climate will have a great influence on a nation's character, feelings, morality and customs, that soil has a very close relationship with residents' character, especially with the national system, and that the size of a country's territory has a close relationship with the national system.
1750 Defend the spirit of the law and respond to criticism.
1755, Montesquieu fell ill and died during the trip.