1. The main art schools popular in the West since the 19th century

The main art schools popular in the West since the 19th century: neoclassical art, romantic and realist art, impressionism, and modernist art.

The social background of neoclassical art: Neoclassical art emerged in France at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, and was related to the bourgeois revolution. At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, French society was in turmoil. With the advent of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie opposed the outdated artistic styles under the old system. They needed art to be a powerful force in promoting revolution and advocating freedom, equality and peace. Weapons; it is necessary to use art to cultivate people's courage to fight and establish a heroic spirit. They pursued the heroic spirit of ancient Greece and Rome, and neoclassical art came into being.

Its basic characteristics are: it adopts classical forms, embodies rationality and new systems, and mostly selects historical and mythological themes from ancient Greece and Rome. The characters are full of heroic spirit fighting for freedom and peace. ; The painting style is simple, solemn and elegant, focusing on sketching, emphasizing the clarity and accuracy of lines, and pursuing formal perfection.

Representatives and representative works of this genre: French painter David "The Death of Marat" and "Coronation of Napoleon", Ingres "Fountain".

2. The social background and basic characteristics of the emergence of romantic art

Romantic art emerged during the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty after the failure of the Great Revolution. People became more and more interested in the rational kingdom promoted by the Enlightenment Movement. Feeling increasingly disappointed, some intellectuals felt depressed. They opposed authority, tradition and classical models, thus giving rise to Romantic art.

Representative figures and representative works of romantic art

France's Delacroix is ??one of the greatest romantic painters. "The Massacre on the Island of Theo" depicts the Greek-Turkish War The painter showed great sympathy for the Greek people when they were tortured and massacred by the Turkish army. "Liberty Leading the People" depicts the July Revolution of 1830, when French workers, citizens and petty bourgeois intellectuals took to the streets to oppose the feudal regime. Another outstanding representative of romantic painting is the Spanish painter Goya. His art has a distinctive "national identity, modernity and actual historical feeling." His most representative painting is "Shooting the Citizens of Madrid", which the artist depicts Reciting the historical fact that the Spanish people rose up against Napoleon's invasion in 1808, he praised the patriotic people with irrepressible enthusiasm.

The social background and basic characteristics of the emergence of realist art

Realist art emerged in France in the mid-19th century. After the bourgeoisie seized power, the darkness of capitalist society made the people and advanced intellectuals feel dissatisfied and depressed. Therefore, they require a true representation of reality, and expose and criticize reality. The basic characteristics of realism are: emphasizing the characteristics of the times in art and directly describing the current style and struggles of the times.

Representatives of realist art and representative works

Miller was born in a peasant world and is good at seeing the peasant world through peasant eyes. His art is like a mirror that truly reflects France. The face of the countryside from the 1840s to the 1860s. He not only praises the kindness, simplicity, and love of labor of farmers, but also expresses their conservative, pious, and resigned weaknesses. The representative works "The Sower" and "The Gleaner" both reflect this characteristic. Repin is one of the main representatives of Russian realist painting, and "Trackers on the Volga" is his famous work. Repin once went to the Volga River to sketch, and the life of the trackers left an unforgettable impression on him. In the painting, Repin painted eleven weather-beaten workers, who struggled to pull the tow rope on the hot riverside beach. The trackers had With different experiences and personalities, they live at the bottom of society, but this is a team that has become resilient and interdependent in hardships.

Four. "Impressionism"

The artistic characteristics, representative figures and representative works of Impressionism.

The textbook shows the artistic expression styles of Impressionism in different periods through two works: "Sunrise·Impression" and "Cherry and Peach".

(1) The reasons and basic characteristics of the Impressionism School

In the second half of the 19th century, some young painters expressed dissatisfaction with the various rules and precepts that dominated European art; after scientific proof that "color is Inspired by "the light reflected by objects", they advocated outdoor sketching. They walked out of the studio and discovered the ever-changing nature. When depicting natural scenery, they attach great importance to the expression of light, color and atmosphere. They regard light as the "master of painting". The intensity changes of light are fully expressed in the works of Impressionist painters. Most of them paint with primary colors. , so the colors are particularly fresh and bright. They strive to observe nature, and the goal they want to achieve is "a powerful yet sensitive transplantation of nature."

(2) Representatives and representative works of Impressionism

The representatives of early Impressionism were French Monet and Manet. Monet once formed an "Association of Anonymous Painters" with other young painters and held an exhibition in Paris, which caused a great sensation. Among them, Monet's painting "Sunrise Impression" is even more eye-catching. This painting shows the momentary impression of watching the sun rise through the morning fog on a foggy morning in the port of Le Havre. After seeing the exhibition, a critic wrote an article that ridiculed the painting, saying that Monet and other painters were a group of "Impressionists." Unexpectedly, the name "Impressionism" was established in the painting world. "Sunrise·Impression" became the symbol of this painting school. Manet's paintings pay attention to the relationship between light and color, with bright colors and clear and bright light. His representative work is "Lunch on the Grass". The painter wanted to show the contrast between the human body and the color blocks under external light. This painting caused fierce controversy at the time.

(3) Post-Impressionism

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Post-Impressionism School emerged. They opposed the Impressionism School’s depiction of the objective world that only stayed on the surface. On the subject, he advocated that art should be different from photography. To reveal the subjective world, the important thing is not to write form but to express freely, attach importance to self-expression, and emphasize deformation and exaggeration. The works of Dutch painter Van Gogh show the themes of pursuing light, enthusiasm and love of life. "Sunflower" is more freehand than formal, expressing subjective enthusiasm. French Cezanne paid special attention to the structure of objects. He believed that "all objects in the world can be summarized as spheres, cylinders and cones." His exploration and deformation of geometric shapes inspired later Cubism, and he was praised as the "Father of Modern Art". The artistic style of the French painter Gauguin is characterized by naive and simple figures, flat colors, lack of three-dimensionality, no light and shade, but with a strong decorative flavor. His representative work is "Where Do We Come From?" Who are we? Where are we going? 》.

Five. "Modernist Art"

The reasons for the emergence of modernist art, artistic characteristics, representatives and representative works. The artistic characteristics of modernist art are demonstrated through works such as "Dance", "Guernica", "The Man from Naples", and "Black on Purple".

(1) The concept, reasons and basic characteristics of modernist art

Many art schools that have emerged since the 20th century that are different from traditional art schools are collectively called modernist art. The reason for its emergence is that since the 20th century, two world wars have broken out, causing great trauma to people's hearts; the fast-paced life brought about by industrialization has also aggravated people's tension, making people no longer satisfied with traditional art. Forms of expression; the development of science and technology has expanded artists' horizons in understanding the world, and they have begun to create with new forms of expression and artistic spirit;

(2) Representative figures and representative works

The French painter Matisse, known as Fauvism, is one of the representatives of modernist art. His representative work "Dance".

The most influential person in modernist art is the Spanish painter Picasso. As the founder of Cubism, he completely subverted the traditional realistic techniques of the past with his painting "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon".

"Guernica" mural,

This painting combines the styles of Cubism, Realism and Surrealism to express pain, suffering and bestiality.