Zhang Ruzhou, who is concerned about the country and the people, is famous for his cleverness when he was young. Liang Boling, a rural xian who founded a new school, was appointed as the principal of Jingxinsi Primary School (later Zhang Ruzhou went to the county education bureau and was renamed Bailing Primary School), and personally invited Zhang Ruzhou to enter the school. Liang Boling said to Zhang Ruzhou's mother, "All the expenses for miscellaneous accommodation and meals should be borne by me. My son will have food in the future, and your son will have food; My son has books to read and your son has books to read. " Just after Zhang Ruzhou graduated from primary school, Liang Boling suddenly died of illness.
when Zhang ruzhou's mother heard the news, she beat her chest and cried bitterly and said, "half the sky in my house is falling." Later, Zhang Ruzhou had passed the normal school because the normal school did not charge tuition fees and also managed meals. On the day of the exam, others rode in a sedan chair and wore brocade clothes, while Zhang Ruzhou wore patched old clothes and walked dozens of miles to the examination room. The results are listed, and he ranks first. The teacher said to him regretfully, "Yazi, although you got the first place in the exam, the school only accepts rich children and won't admit you." After returning home, the father and son hugged each other and cried, touching the people and letting Zhang Ruzhou grow the only six acres of public land in the village.
Based on this, Zhang Ruzhou was admitted to Quanjiao Middle School, which didn't charge tuition fees at that time, but didn't include meals. He carried rice and vegetables to a small shop near the school to board. After graduating from high school, I was unable to pursue further studies. I taught in a private school for 8 years and was admitted to Southeast University with the support of my classmate Yu Mingli. I studied under Mr. Huang Jigang (Kan). After that, Zhang Ruzhou went to teach in Hefei. Every winter break, the villagers went to work in Hefei, where they ate and lived. He specially invited two people to cook and stir-fry, and gave each person a trip fee before leaving. Poor farmers are bullied by bullies, and Zhang Ruzhou always spares no effort to write a complaint for them. Once a local bandit caught an innocent farmer, and Zhang Ruzhou went into the bandit's den to get back to the farmer.
During the hard years in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Zhang Ruzhou cared about the country and the people, educated students to take the rise and fall of the country as their own responsibility, and actively participated in the anti-Japanese war to drive out the Japanese aggressors and rebuild their homeland. He was extremely dissatisfied with the surrender policy of Chiang Kai-shek's government. Zhang Ruzhou's old classmate, Chen Dongyuan, the chairman of Hunan Province, hired him as the secretary-general of the provincial government with a high salary in the name of recruiting talents, but he would rather live a poor life as a teacher than apply.
In p>1947, Zhang Ruzhou returned to Anhui from Guizhou and passed by Guiding. He saw many road builders building the Guizhou-Guangxi Railway, that is, he wrote a poem: Every day's work is done, and the road is convenient for me. My Cao is drunk and hungry, who will pull a dime for a thousand! Telling the history of blood and tears of the working people for thousands of years shows his deep concern for the country and the people.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang authorities launched a civil war, which made politics more corrupt and dark, and the economy was on the verge of collapse, making the people miserable. At that time, Zhang Tingxiu, the president of Guizhou University, ignored the hunger of teachers, students and staff, and misappropriated a large amount of public funds to go to Guangzhou to engage in hoarding business activities. After hearing the news, Zhang Ruzhou sent a series of professors to protest in early 1949, strongly demanding to withdraw the embezzled funds and solve everyone's food problem, which made the school authorities discredited and embarrassed.
Zhang Ruzhou is sincere in Buddhism, blindly emphasizing that students should study hard, and running around to rescue progressive students based on the principle of mercy and salvation. Not afraid of evil forces, he was nicknamed "Fighting Buddha" by his colleagues. He often said: "Be born with the heart and do things in the world."
in 1949, the nationwide student hunger campaign spread to your university. Shi Jian, an Anhui student of Foreign Languages Department, was elected as the president of the Student Union. He organized and directed a massive demonstration and strike struggle, which dealt a heavy blow to the reactionaries. Shi Jian became the main persecution target of reactionaries, and a large number of spies came to your university to search for Shi Jian. At a critical juncture, Zhang Ruzhou and his wife hid Shi Jian in the ceiling interlayer of their kitchen and secretly transferred Shi Jian out. For the arrested students, he appealed for rescue everywhere with his social reputation, and guaranteed the arrested students with the life of his whole family. The reactionary authorities were forced to release the students under pressure.
In August p>1955, during the movement to eliminate counter-revolutionaries, Zhang Ruzhou was quarantined and censored, and innocent people were imprisoned for 1 months. Later, because there was no evidence, he was cleared up. After regaining his freedom, he did not complain about others, but wrote a poem "Rain on the Way": the sudden rain and wind suddenly cleared up, and the soft mud made the straw sandals lighter. Pedestrians are busy packing, so they have to catch a ride in the setting sun. Feeling the wisdom and greatness of the Party's policy of seeking truth from facts, he should redouble his efforts to make up for the lost precious time. In 1978, in the poem "The First Degree of Eighty", he wrote heroically: "It takes eighty days to make a success, but it can still make three or five sounds. ..... The poor state is prosperous, and the red light shines on my future. " He forgot that he was old, and he had to make progress and work hard.
The spring breeze is full of peaches, plums and flowers. Zhang Ruzhou has been teaching all his life, being conscientious and diligent. Before entering Central University, I was taught in the countryside of Jiangpu County, Jiangsu Province. After graduating from Zhongda University in 193, he has been teaching in middle schools and universities, and died in Chuzhou Teachers College, Anhui Province in early 1982. In 6 years, peaches and plums are all over the world.
In the 195s, Zhang Ruzhou was teaching modern Chinese in the Chinese Department of Guiyang Normal University (now Guizhou Normal University). His student Zhang Guoguang recalled that Mr. Ruzhou was the most inconspicuous among the teachers at that time, "black and thin, short with a cloth cap and deep myopia glasses", and his clothes were dim and heavy, which made him look rather cold. But he soon conquered the students. He is not afraid of authority, never follows others' advice, and is full of the spirit of innovation and seeking truth. There is always a small notebook in the upper right pocket of his tunic suit. When he meets a student who asks a question or answers a bit, he immediately takes out the notebook, then glances out from the lens of deep myopia, stares at the student, writes down his name, and circles it with a red pen. This is his "red triangle". Zhang Ruzhou promised to make great efforts to cultivate the Red Triangle, so those who are not in the Red Triangle "forced" to drill into libraries, reference rooms, and ask for advice at home, striving to become the Red Triangle.
he doesn't read the lecture notes in class, and sometimes he seems to have no lecture notes with him. Talking endlessly, hundred schools of thought, pre-Qin classics, poems and songs are well known by heart.
Zhang Ruzhou teaches students in accordance with their aptitude, gives excellent students and top students enough to eat and eat, adds topics, makes up reading various works and grammar materials, expands the field of knowledge, and broadens the scientific horizon, so as to have special attainments. Follow the guidance of secondary school students, guide them to dig deep into teaching materials, stimulate their interest in learning, and cultivate their independent thinking ability so that they can study independently in the future. For inferior students, get rid of their weariness of learning and make progress day by day, so as to be qualified for Chinese teaching in middle schools after graduation.
He teaches and educates people, giving full consideration to the understanding and acceptance of young students, and always sees the essence in the complexity and makes it clear in the chaos. When teaching grammar, I can understand it easily, especially when I encounter some long-standing problems. I don't make tedious citations, but simply explain it in simple terms. It is practical and easy to understand, and it will arouse students' interest in studying grammar. In phonology, some people have written hundreds of thousands of words, but in class, they can be classified into two categories: "homophony" and "simultaneous symbol", which can be explained through. When he was talking about the Book of Songs, Xiaoya Luming Literature had the sentence "A gentleman is an effect", which was interpreted as "a gentleman's legal effect" in Zheng Xuan's Zhu Xi's annotation and many other commentators. He thought that "a gentleman's legal effect" and "an effect" were synonyms, which meant imitation. This sentence was prepositional object's "mercenary" sentence, which should be translated as "imitating a gentleman". It's really concise. When talking about the pictographs, signifiers and sounds in the Six Books, he said: "Pictographs and signifiers are unique, and the tangible can be like pictographs, while the intangible can be like signifiers; Knowing, sound and form are a combination, meaning can be knowing, and unintentional can be sound and form. " Get to the point.
Zhang Ruzhou's example is also very strict with students. He often said: Only with good moral character can we do good learning. At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, he led the students of Luzhou Middle School in Hefei, Anhui Province into exile in the southwest, crossed the Dabie Mountains from Anhui, passed through Hubei and Hunan, crossed Dongting Lake, and reached Yongsui County in western Hunan. Along the way, it was extremely hard to wear sandals barefoot and sleep in the wind. Everywhere people go, students are not allowed to live in the inner room, and they are not allowed to get off the door. They can only sleep underground. When they leave, they should clean the inside and outside, which will never disturb the people. The students are convinced and abide by it. He often warns students with his teachers' words and deeds, hoping that students will "encourage behavior with moral integrity" and "take self-cultivation as the foundation and erudition as the branches and leaves". Students also consciously take Mr. Wang as a model, learn from him, and learn from his serious attitude towards learning.
Sincere knowledge reflects mountains and rivers. When Zhang Ruzhou was studying at Central University, he had the reputation of "extensive knowledge and numerous books". In the fields of ancient philosophy, ancient ephemeris, ancient literature, Chinese and Buddhism, there are in-depth studies, especially the study of phonology and exegetics, which can find a new way to the ancient astronomical calendar and make the fog clear. He believes in the famous saying of Yao Jichuan, a Tongcheng scholar: "Justice, rhetoric and textual research should not be neglected. It must be justified, and then the words are based on it, and the textual research is returned. " He practiced himself to the end of his life. Rooted in philosophy, his thoughts are profound; Relying on the rhetoric, his words are magnificent; Belonging to textual research, his research is bound to be enriched. Therefore, when he makes an in-depth study of any subject, he can achieve a complete system and become his own.
The ancient astronomical calendar is Zhang Ruzhou's unique skill. After 1957, he devoted himself to the study of ancient astronomical calendar in his spare time without class, thus establishing a complete and unique ancient astronomical calendar system, which became a school of its own. He has made great contributions to the ancient astronomical calendar science in China, and many famous scholars in China have given him a lot of praise. Yin Menglun of Shandong University once praised him for his "hard study and exquisite writing; Be indifferent to yourself and forget its reputation. Counting the number of days, especially the swan song, with the biography of Guangda Zhang and Huang Zhixue, it is worthy of a generation of famous artists. "
As we all know, the ancient astronomical calendar in China is a shining pearl in the splendid cultural treasure house of the motherland, but it has been considered difficult to study since ancient times, so it is inevitable to flinch. If you want to get to the bottom of it, you can't do anything, it will take time and get twice the result with half the effort. Coupled with the influence of traditional concepts such as "Four Elephants Theory", "Three Orthodoxies Theory", "Year of the Stars", "Three Calendars", "Year of the Year" and "Divination", the whole ancient astronomical calendar has been fascinated by smoke for thousands of years, and has lost its due glory for a long time. Based on the reliable data provided by astronomical science at home and abroad, Zhang Ruzhou researched the cultural relics unearthed underground and studied ancient books and records. Through careful study, refutation of fallacies and careful deduction, it is concluded that Sima Qian's almanac and almanac Jiazi is the first calendar treasure book in China and the first complete four-quarter calendar method-Yin calendar. He revealed the internal law of Jia Zi of Li Shu as the "method" of the quarter calendar. Based on Zu Chongzhi's assertion that the quartering technique is "one day short in three hundred years", he confirmed that the quartering calendar has a floating difference of 3.6 points every year, and based on this, he calculated the close actual astronomical phenomena. According to his research, we can easily deduce the qi of the new moon and leap in any year of the next five thousand years with two tables, but only add, subtract and multiply, which has solved many specific age problems that have not been solved for a long time in history. In this way, the book "Jia Zi Li Shu", a glorious calendar book that has been covered by dark clouds and fog for more than a thousand years, has come to light again, and a strange gobbledygook has finally become a readable document for everyone.
Zhang Ruzhou spoke highly of Han Shu Li Zhi Di Du, and thought that it was the astronomical basis of the quartering method, and together with Li Shu Jia Zi, it constituted a double gem of ancient Chinese astronomical calendar, which made the truth of ancient Chinese astronomical calendar known to the world. He concluded with sufficient materials that Yin Lixing was used in Zhou Kaowang for fourteen years (427 BC). He not only analyzed the "Three Orthodoxies" and "Chronology of the Stars" handed down from the Warring States, but also criticized the "Three Unified Calendars" and the four images of Twenty-eight Hostels, pointing out their harmful effects in the study of ancient astronomical calendars. He affirmed the ancient theory that the moon phase was fixed, and thought that Wang Guowei's "four points of the moon phase" was a misunderstanding for granted. Kao Nian in the Western Zhou Dynasty is a monograph on the application of astronomical calendar in chronology, which embodies the core point of Zhang Ruzhou's whole ancient astronomical calendar. He argued that the exact year of King Wu's business was 116 BC, and pointed out that the Japanese expert in astronomy and literature, Shinzo Shinzo, made the mistake of setting the year of King Wu's business as the first 166. It can be said that "A Brief Interpretation of Jia Zi of the Calendar" is an introductory book of his astronomical calendar viewpoint, and "Examining the Year in the Western Zhou Dynasty" is his highest achievement in studying the calendar.
Zhang Ruzhou paid great attention to the study of Chinese grammar long before liberation. In order to meet the needs of teaching, he has written monographs such as Chinese Grammar, Concise Grammar, Outline of the Development of Chinese Grammar, etc. This part of the text has been compiled by Zhang Ruzhou's posthumous finishing team of Guizhou University as "On Chinese Grammar in Erwushi", which was published by Guizhou People's Publishing House in March 1987. These treatises are a set of Chinese grammar system summarized from ancient chapters and sentences, which is concise and practical. Zhang Ruzhou advocates that Chinese grammar should be concise and applicable. Through long-term exploration, he has established his own distinctive concise grammar system in the study of Chinese grammar.
Zhang Ruzhou is also devoted to Chinese phonology. During my college years, I devoted myself to the study of 19 ancient sounds and 28 ancient rhymes of Mr. Huang Jigang, and promoted the study of Huang. The academic papers on phonology mainly include Errors in Examining External Articles of Qieyun, Notes on Seventeen Parts of Duan, Phonology Teaching Plan, Examples of Rhyme Reading of the Book of Songs, etc. It uses traditional linguistic research methods and inherits and develops the phonological achievements of Zhang Huang School. Among them, the first two kinds are synthesized into two kinds of phonology in two rooms. He compared 28 works of Mr. Ji Gang with the research results of various schools of Ganjia School in Qing Dynasty, and then came to a conclusion. He thinks that the 28 works of Huang's are composed of Dai Zhen, Duan Yucai, Wang Niansun and Kong Guangsen, and Mr. Ji Gang is a master of ancient phonology.
in addition, in terms of textual research on ancient poems and exegetics, Zhang Ruzhou has also written papers, such as An Introduction to Chinese Characters, Supplementing the Righteousness of Laozi and Zhuangzi, Being Doubtful and Waiting to Be Recorded, Textual Research on Qilu, Textual Research on Nine Classics in Southern Song Dynasty, New Theory on Nine Songs, Talking about Du Shi Shu and so on, which cover a wide range.