1875165438+1October 7 Kalinin was born in a peasant family in Chacha village, Upper Troy, Tver Province. 1889, he went to Petersburg, and first worked as a "domestic servant" in the home of Dmitry petrovich, an engineer and nobleman of the Ministry of Communications. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/893, I worked in the old arsenal in Petersburg. 1April, 896, moved to Poutiloff, the largest factory in Petersburg. At this time, during the growing period of the workers' movement in Petersburg, Kalinin was influenced by the propaganda of the "Working Class Liberation Struggle Association" led by Lenin and began to accept Marxism. From 65438 to 0898, Kalinin joined the "Working Class Liberation Struggle Association" in Petersburg and organized a Marxist group in Putilov Factory. In March, the "First Congress" of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was held, and Kalinin became party member. During this period, Kalinin fought resolutely with the "economic faction". Kalinin was arrested for the first time in July 1899.
1902, Kalinin went to work in Levi Railway Repair Shop. He organized a Marxist group in the factory, established contact with the editorial department of Mars newspaper through the Mars organization in Petersburg, and became the agent of Mars newspaper. 1June, 903, Kalinin was arrested again. In the revolutionary era, revolutionary activities are always carried out in exile under the "special surveillance" of the police. A gendarme's information gave him a clear description: "He is one of the excellent propagandists of anti-government ideas, he is the disseminator of illegal books and periodicals among workers ... he acts decisively."
1905 during the revolution, at the height of the revolution, Kalinin secretly returned to Petersburg and entered the Putilov factory. He was elected as a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in Narvadan and participated in the staff department of the workers' fighting team in the armed uprising. Soon, Kalinin met Comrade Lenin, who had long admired him. 1906 In April, Kalinin, as a representative of the Bolshevik organization in Petersburg, attended the fourth (unified) Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held in Stelmore. At the meeting, "Kalinin sided with Lenin on all issues of principle".
During the period of Stolypin's reaction, Kalinin fought resolutely against the "cancelers" and "depositories" in the Mensheviks, and effectively defended the Leninist line. He believes that the new revolutionary crisis is inevitable, and the most important issue at present is to use all legal and illegal forms of struggle to educate, organize and unite the proletariat, farmers and the army.
19 12 At the beginning of this year, in the absence of the Sixth Bolshevik Congress held in Prague, Kalinin was elected as an alternate member of the Central Committee, and let him participate in the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee established to lead the actual revolutionary work in Russia. Kalinin secretly returned to Petersburg from his hometown in Troyicha village, and entered Aivaz factory (now renamed engers factory) in 19 13 as a model worker-spinner. Soon, he joined the Petersburg Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and founded Pravda. He often organized workers to read and discuss newspaper articles, which expanded the revolutionary influence of Bolsheviks.
19 13, at the meeting of the central Committee held in poloninovo, Poland, Lenin proposed to select representatives from workers to hold the central position of the party, and personally nominated Kalinin as a candidate for the central Committee.
1916 65438+1October 8th, Kalinin was arrested for the last time. When the military police asked him how many times he had been arrested, he said frankly, "... it seems to be the fourteenth time." 19 17 according to the decision of the Petersburg Committee, Kalinin did not serve his exile sentence and went underground to carry out party affairs in Petersburg.
19 17 After the victory of the February Revolution, Kalinin participated in the Bolshevik Provisional Committee of Petersburg on behalf of Vyborg District. In the temporary committee, he insisted on returning to work according to the eight-hour working system to prevent the party from going too far and persisting in continuing the strike regardless of the livelihood of workers. Soon, he joined the editorial department of Pravda. In newspapers, he often writes articles about countryside, farmers and land. On March 7, Kalinin was elected as a member of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee. 10 10 16, at the enlarged meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China hosted by Lenin, Kalinin spoke in support of Lenin's resolution on "calling on all staff and soldiers to step up preparations for an all-round armed uprising". 165438+1On the night of October 6th, the great October Revolution broke out. 165438+1On the morning of October 7, Bolshevik representatives such as Kalinin came to the Duma in Petrograd (renamed after the outbreak of World War I) for a meeting. Here, Mensheviks, Russian social revolutionaries and constitutional Democrats are still clamoring in vain, and Kalinin severely condemned them.
1917165438+1on October 30th, at the Duma meeting in Petrograd, Kalinin was elected as the mayor. In order to restore municipal order, Kalinin led the people in a tenacious struggle against destruction, famine, disease and counter-revolutionary destruction.
1965438+On March 23rd, 2009, the 8th Bolshevik Congress was held, and Kalinin was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. On March 30th, at the12nd meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, on the proposal of Comrade Lenin, Kalinin was elected as the head of the first socialist country in the world-the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Lenin said that it is extremely difficult to find a person who can really replace Sverdlov, and this person is Comrade Kalinin.
1965438+In April 2009, Kalinin took the propaganda instructor train of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the October Revolution at Lenin's initiative and began a national inspection. In response to questions from Pravda and Izvestia reporters, Kalinin said: "Our main purpose is to get close to the county towns and villages directly, to get close to the working people far away from the center, to understand their needs and to listen to the voice of real life itself." 19 19 April to 1922 June, he toured all parts of the country by this train, explaining the policies of the new regime to the people, deeply understanding their hopes and demands, eliminating the influence of reactionary forces and gaining their full trust in the Sourville regime. People affectionately call him "the old general manager of all Russia"
1922 12.30 The first meeting of the first Soviet Central Executive Committee elected Kalinin as the chairman of the same meeting of the Soviet Central Executive Committee.
On the eve of Lenin's death, Trotsky challenged the party and threw out the "46-member platform". Kalinin made a speech at the Moscow party activists' conference and mercilessly exposed Trotsky. The producer in Moscow severely condemned the factional struggle within the party according to his proposal.
In the struggle of the Soviet Union to realize socialist collectivization. Kalinin believes that the existing lifestyle in rural areas cannot be changed by administrative means. The party's work should be to improve the agricultural commodity rate and issue low-interest loans to farmers. In the final analysis, it is to let farmers cooperate.
The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), held in February, 1996, formulated the national industrial plan. But before the meeting, the "new opposition" headed by Kamenev and Zinoviev opposed Lenin's theory of building socialism in one country and slandered the national industrialization of the Soviet Union as a national capitalist industry. 1926 65438+ 10, Kalinin came to Leningrad as a member of the Political Bureau (1926 1, the Central Plenary Session of UFJ * * * elected Kalinin as the Central Committee of UFJ * * (Bolshevik)), and Zinoviev was appointed as the party organization. On behalf of a group of members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (Bolshevik), he preached the resolution of the 14th National Congress and exposed the anti-party activities of the "new opposition".
1938 65438+1October 17 The first meeting of the first Soviet Supreme Soviet elected Kalinin as the chairman of the presidium of the Soviet Supreme Soviet. In the difficult years when war increasingly threatened the whole world, Kalinin went deep into the masses as always. He often gives speeches to the people and receives working people's delegations. He deeply studies the education problem and is very concerned about the growth of children. Author of "On Productive Education" and other books.
1941On June 22nd, Hitler's fascist Germany declared war on the Soviet Union and the Great Patriotic War broke out. On this day, under the auspices of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, an order on wartime status was adopted. At the joint meeting held on June 30, it was decided to set up a national defense commission and transfer all state power to the commission. The Soviet Central Committee sent Kalinin to lead the ideological work in wartime. Old Kalinin devoted himself wholeheartedly to this work. 1in March, 944, Kalinin won the highest prize, and was awarded the title of "socialist labor hero" because Kalinin worked in the highest organ of Soviet regime for 25 years.
/kloc-0 In the summer of 944, Kalinin was hospitalized for intestinal tumor. 1946 In March, the Supreme Soviet Conference approved Kalinin's request to dismiss him as the chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. 1On June 3rd, 946, Kalinin died in Moscow.