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1. The principle of intuition (corresponding to: the law of combining indirect experience and direct experience).

The principle of intuitiveness means that in teaching activities, teachers should try to make use of students' multiple senses and existing experiences, and enrich students' direct experience and perceptual knowledge through various forms of perception, so that students can Obtain vivid representations and master knowledge more comprehensively and profoundly.

There are many kinds of intuitive methods, which are generally divided into three categories: physical intuition, image intuition, and language intuition.

2. Inspirational principle (corresponding to: bilateral law, that is, the law of the unity of the teacher's dominance and the student's subject).

The heuristic principle of teaching is proposed based on the law that the leading role of teachers in teaching and the subjectivity of students in learning are unified in the teaching process.

Teaching activities must rely on teachers’ inspiration and induction to keep students in a positive state and give full play to students’ initiative.

Therefore, teachers should put students in a dominant position during teaching, stimulate students' interest in learning and curiosity, inspire students to think positively, guide them to think independently, explore actively, learn lively, and master consciously scientific knowledge and skills and develop your own capabilities.

At the same time, teachers must be good at establishing a democratic and equal teacher-student relationship and student-student relationship, and create a democratic and harmonious teaching atmosphere.

3. The principle of consolidation (famous sayings, such as: learn and practice, it is not true).

The principle of consolidation means that in teaching, teachers should guide students to firmly grasp knowledge and basic skills on the basis of understanding, keep them in memory for a long time, and present them accurately when needed. come out.

4. The principle of step-by-step (corresponding to: the sequential law of individual physical and mental development).

Teaching should be carried out in accordance with the logical sequence of basic subject knowledge and the sequence of students' cognitive development, so that students can systematically master basic knowledge and basic skills, and promote the development of students' intelligence and cognitive abilities.

Students’ cognitive activities are a process of forward development from simple to complex, from low-level to advanced.

The principle of step-by-step reflects the characteristics of scientific knowledge itself and the law of students' intellectual development.

Adhering to the principle of step-by-step, teaching should be carried out in accordance with the systematic nature of subject knowledge, paying attention to the connections between subjects, and teaching in the order of students' cognitive activities, from shallow to deep, from simple to complex.

5. The principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude (corresponding to: individual differences in individual physical and mental development rules).

There are often differences in knowledge base, learning ability, intelligence level and way of thinking between individual middle school students. Therefore, teachers must handle the relationship between unified requirements and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

Teaching should not only be oriented to all students, put forward unified learning requirements, and promote their all-round development in moral, intellectual, and physical aspects, but also adopt a variety of different teaching measures according to the individual differences of students, so that Students’ talents and personalities are developed healthily.

To implement this principle, teachers must first have a deep understanding of students' development characteristics and ability levels, and then adhere to a combination of collective teaching and individual guidance to teach.

6. The principle of integrating theory with practice (corresponding to: the law of combining indirect experience and direct experience).

The principle of integrating theory with practice means that teaching should combine book knowledge with practical knowledge, allowing students to understand knowledge from the connection between theory and practice, and guiding students to use the knowledge they have learned to analyze and solve problems. .

Teaching should be connected with the reality of social life and the reality of students' own development.

Only by allowing students to combine the teaching of knowledge with vivid practice, and combine learning knowledge with applying knowledge, can we solve the problems of indirect experience and direct experience, rational knowledge and perceptual knowledge, brain use and perceptual knowledge, and brain use and practice in teaching. Hands-on relationship.

On the one hand, teachers should effectively strengthen the teaching of basic knowledge.

On the other hand, teaching should be connected with practice, and teachers should guide students to apply knowledge to practice, thereby developing students' skills and techniques and cultivating students' abilities.

7. The principle of combining scientificity and education (corresponding to: Herbart’s educational teaching law).

Also known as the principle of combining scientific and ideological aspects, it means that the basic knowledge and basic skills of modern advanced science must be taught to students, and at the same time, the inherent moral education factors in knowledge and skills must be combined with the students. Carry out political, ideological education and moral character education.

8. The principle of ability (corresponding to: the stages of individual physical and mental development rules).

The principle of feasibility is also called the principle of acceptability, which means that teaching activities should be suitable for the development level of students. This principle is put forward to prevent the teaching difficulty from being lower or higher than the students' actual level.