Understanding of Hegel’s words: 1. Hegel believes that reason is the essence of things. "What exists is reason" means that the task of philosophy or the purpose of knowledge is to achieve rationality through knowledge and understanding of the essence of things. This kind of knowledge and understanding must start from the phenomenon, and the essence of things is reflected in the phenomenon. Therefore, there is no thing without characteristics or determination, and there is no essence without phenomenon. In the final analysis, things must conform to their own nature, which is rationality, so what exists is rationality. 2 To understand things is to understand the essence of things. The essence of things can only be grasped by thoughts and concepts. But ideas have their historical limitations. Therefore, philosophy is the understanding of the current world, which is bound by the times and has the limitations of the times.
Understanding Hume’s words: Hume started from Locke’s empiricism, and based on this, further distinguished the objects of experience (Locke called them ideas, Hume called them perceptions) into impressions and ideas. The reason why Hume makes such a distinction is to provide a source for ideas to refute the theory of "innate ideas". He used the difference in "their intensity and vividness when they stimulate the mind and enter our thoughts or consciousness" as the standard, and called the strongest and most powerful perceptions when they enter the mind impressions, including all those that first appear in the soul. All our feelings, feelings and emotions in it, while ideas refer to "the weak images of our feelings, feelings and emotions in thinking and reasoning". Hume believed that "our impressions and ideas are alike in every respect except intensity and liveliness." Hume explained this similarity as imitation, "all ideas are obtained from impressions, and are only copies and representations of impressions." But there are "limitations" to such a conclusion, because some concepts do not have corresponding impressions, and some impressions do not have corresponding concepts. He also believed that simple impressions generally precede simple ideas and are always more vivid than corresponding simple ideas.
Understanding of Kant’s words: On the basis of his transcendental philosophy, Kant proposed that his ethics elevated the purity of morality and the dignity of virtue to the supreme status. In Kant's view, any appeal to "human nature", whether natural, social, innate, or acquired, cannot establish universal and necessary moral laws. This universal necessity can only be established by appealing to pure human reason, because happiness can vary, but morality has no price. As a principle that should be applied by any rational person, moral law is an unconditional, mandatory and absolute command that must be obeyed by people with sensibility and flesh and blood. It is supreme, noble and pure. , sacrosanct. The highest command of rationality is your responsibility. Since it is your responsibility, that is what you should do. You cannot negotiate terms and prices.
Understanding of Occam’s words: Offending Pope Occam said to the Kaiser: "You protect me with your sword, and I protect you with my pen." From then on, he had a place to be published. "Commentary on the Book of Proverbs", "Complete Logic", "Topics on Physics", "Dialogue on the Power of Emperors and Popes" and other masterpieces that opened up the light of modern European civilization. At the same time, these articles defending the royal power have indeed fulfilled their promises. By attacking the church and reforming doctrine, he served the political and economic interests of the Kaiser who protected him. In our country, the famous Ming Dynasty general Hu Zongxian said to the famous scholar Xu Wei: "You are a scholar. Without me, you can't be famous." Xu Wei said to Hu Zongxian: "You are a hero. Without me, you can't be famous throughout the ages."